Deck 5: From Periphery to Center: Creating an American Psychology

Question 1

In typical historical accounts of the beginning of the new Psychology in America, the existing tradition of American mental and moral philosophy is often presented as

A)an outdated way of thinking from which the new Psychology was a radical departure.
B)similar to the new Psychology.
C)a rich source of material for the new psychologists.
D)American mental and moral philosophy before the new Psychology is never presented because it not exist.

Answer 1

an outdated way of thinking from which the new Psychology was a radical departure.

Question 2

Walter Dill Scott is perhaps best known for his influential work in

A)child psychology.
B)educational psychology.
C)advertising.
D)forensics.

Answer 2

advertising.

Question 3

Gilbreth formulated an approach to incorporating psychology into industry that involved

A)introducing individual counseling for workers in the workplace.
B)offering women the same opportunities for advancement as men, provided they scored well on psychological tests.
C)changing work conditions to better suit the worker.
D)organizing each distinct work task with specific requirements that would produce optimal work output.

Answer 3

changing work conditions to better suit the worker.

Question 4

Which of the following scholars was both a prominent leader in the development of psychology and an avid member of the psychical research community?

A)William James
B)Phineas P.Quimby
C)Hugo Münsterberg
D)Leonora Piper

Question 5

The American Psychological Association was founded by which prominent American psychologist in 1892?

A)William James
B)John B.Watson
C)Franz Boas
D)G.Stanley Hall

Question 6

The system of belief based on the existence of an immortal soul and afterlife, which often involved attempted communication with the spirit realm, was

A)mesmerism.
B)phrenology.
C)clairvoyance.
D)spiritualism.

Question 7

One of the most important outcomes that arose from the mesmeric and spiritual practices popular in mid-19th-century America was

A)they inspired a wave of increased religiosity that resulted in a more inspired and hopeful American society.
B)they helped create a psychological sensibility that provided an opening for the science of Psychology.
C)they created an overall increase in moral righteousness that had significant impacts on all facets of American life, including a decrease in the crime rate.
D)they produced a sense of collectivity in many Americans, including new immigrants, who were looking for a strong sense of direction and affiliation with others.

Question 8

What were the consequences of Frederick Winslow Taylor's reconceptualization of the workforce for psychologists?

A)Psychologists saw the opportunity to use the popularity of Taylor's work to apply psychology to the industrial workforce.
B)Taylor's popular approach overshadowed the advancements that psychologists had been making in the field of industrial psychology.
C)Taylor's workplace reform had no impact on the field of Psychology.
D)Psychologists were provided with the opportunity to further develop Taylor's original plan, which had proven to be unsuccessful, and provide other suggestions to improve efficiency and worker morale.

Question 9

Marquis de Puységur, the most important disciple of Franz Anton Mesmer, referred to the mesmeric state as

A)magnetic somnambulism.
B)automation.
C)hypnotism.
D)a psychotic break.

Question 10

Deism is the belief that

A)God created the universe and has set a divine plan in motion over which He has complete control and purpose.
B)there is no way to determine the existence of God or His level of intervention in the day-to-day affairs of humankind.
C)God designed the universe and set things in motion but does not intervene in the subsequent affairs of the world.
D)through direct experience and inductive methods the true purpose of God's will can be determined.

Question 11

At the beginning of the 1900s, William James stated that Americans were looking for a particular kind of psychology, one that was

A)useful.
B)more empirical.
C)simpler.
D)a radical departure from German traditions.

Question 12

Methodist revivalist preacher La Roy Sunderland was critically important in the creation of an everyday psychology because

A)he sought to understand religiously inspired phenomena in psychological terms.
B)he advocated the use of mesmerism to provide solutions to life's problems.
C)he helped to persuade the public to accept the science of Psychology.
D)he was an amateur psychologist.

Question 13

The process of inducing a mesmeric state is characterized by

A)chanting from the mesmerist to induce the trance.
B)the subject's intense focus on an inanimate object.
C)creating a deep connection between the mesmerist and the subject.
D)the mesmerist's ability to produce a trance in even the most skeptical of subjects.

Question 14

Who wrote Psychology and Industrial Efficiency in 1913?

A)Lillian Moller Gilbreth
B)Hugo Münsterberg
C)Lightner Witmer
D)James McKeen Cattell

Question 15

The Scottish philosophical school of common sense realism states that

A)we use common sense to make all informed decisions.
B)the divine force is responsible for all human functioning.
C)we perceive the world directly through our senses.
D)all mental processes are the result of a combination of smaller, simpler processes.

Question 16

Historian Roger Smith has claimed that "every man is his own psychologist." In the context of this text, what does this statement imply?

A)Anyone can learn to be a professional psychologist.
B)Psychologists have never been able to gain complete cultural and intellectual authority over the subject matter of Psychology.
C)Individuals bring personal experiences to the subject of Psychology, which creates a science that is deeply imbued with subjectivity.
D)Women had no position of authority with the psychological sciences.

Question 17

James McCosh, a Scottish realist philosopher, responded to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by stating that

A)Darwin's research was simply a collection of diary entries, had no empirically support, and was not valid.
B)Darwin was rejecting God on the mistaken notion that the variety and adaptability of species was something other than God's work.
C)the theory of evolution by natural selection was a fairy tale buttressed by science.
D)evolution was simply an example of God's handiwork.

Question 18

Until the late 19th century, when research universities were established, the only way to obtain graduate training in the United States was through

A)seminary training.
B)mentorship outside of an educational institution.
C)private institutions that offered training in various fields.
D)apprenticeships.

Question 19

The shout tradition of Methodist revivalism had many implications for the development of an everyday psychology in America, with one of the most influential implications being that

A)the emotional and psychological intensity of these experiences began to be perceived by some as psychological phenomena.
B)it strengthened the appeal of a cool and detached scientific Psychology.
C)it created a space for the study of abnormal psychology.
D)the emotional and psychological intensity of these experiences proved to many that religious fervor was a dangerous force that needed to be countered with reason.

Question 20

One of the most influential textbooks on American mental philosophy was written by Thomas Upham.This textbook is of particular interest to historians of psychology because

A)it outlines subjects, such as perception and emotion, that would later become a focus of experimental psychology.
B)it was the first scientific Psychology textbook written specifically for American students.
C)it became an extremely popular text in American universities because it offered many practical solutions to life's problems.
D)Upham stated that Americans needed to create a psychology that was uniquely theirs.

Question 21

Phineas P.Quimby was an influential proponent for what area of psychology?

A)New Thought
B)Christian Science
C)Spiritualism
D)Mesmerism

Question 22

The movement that began in the 1870s among physicians, parents, educators, and social workers to better understand how children learn is called

A)the child study movement.
B)the child learning movement.
C)the educational reform movement.
D)the student movement.

Question 23

Clinical psychology is a term originally coined in the United States by

A)Wilhelm Wundt.
B)Lewis Terman.
C)Alfred Binet.
D)Lightner Witmer.

Question 24

From 1890 to 1920 in the United States, public school enrollment

A)decreased as more children left school to work in factories.
B)decreased as more children attended private schools.
C)increased as a result of mandatory schooling legislation and immigration.
D)increased as a result of urbanization.

Question 25

The primary area of application for Psychology when it first debuted as a science with practical aims was

A)psychiatric hospitals.
B)prisons.
C)education.
D)advertising.