Deck 4: Crisis and Recovery in Afro-Eurasia 1300-1500

Question 1

Which of the following is credited with forcing pastoral peoples and plague-bearing rodents into closer contact with settled agricultural villages?

A) Advancing glaciers across the central Asian steppes
B) Soil depletion from over-farming of the central Asian steppes
C) Drought in the central Asian steppes
D) Warmer winters and rainy summers in the central Asian steppes

Answer 1

Drought in the central Asian steppes

Question 2

Which of the following is the best description of the economic impact of the Black Death on Afro-Eurasia?

A) South Asian societies were most disrupted by the Black Death, with the destruction of the Brahman caste.
B) The plague left much of the Islamic world in a state of near political collapse, destroying the Umayyad caliphate.
C) Infected victims died slowly, coughing blood and oozing pus from sores the size of tennis balls.
D) The deaths of many farmers led to food shortages, which in turn led to rapidly rising prices, work stoppages, and unrest.

Answer 2

The deaths of many farmers led to food shortages, which in turn led to rapidly rising prices, work stoppages, and unrest.

Question 3

Questions refer to the passage below.
An Imperial Edict Restraining Officials from Evil by the Hongwu Emperor (Zhu Yuanzhang)
Those of you in charge of money and grain have stolen them for yourselves; those of you in charge of criminal laws and punishments have neglected the regulations. In this way grievances are not redressed and false charges are ignored. . . . Occasionally these unjust matters come to my attention. After I discover the truth, I capture and imprison the corrupt, villainous, and oppressive officials involved. I punish them with the death penalty or forced labor or have them flogged with bamboo sticks in order to make manifest the consequences of good and evil actions.
Alas, how easily money and profit can bewitch a person! With the exception of the righteous person, the true gentleman, and the sage, no one is able to avoid the temptation of money. . . .
. . . during the final years of the Yuan dynasty, there were many ambitious men competing for power who did not treasure their sons and daughters but prized jade and silk, coveted fine horses and beautiful clothes, relished drunken singing and unrestrained pleasure, and enjoyed separating people from their parents, wives, and children. I also lived in that chaotic period. How did I avoid such snares? I was able to do so because I valued my reputation and wanted to preserve my life. Therefore I did not dare to do these evil things. . . .
In order to protect my reputation and to preserve my life, I have done away with music, beautiful girls, and valuable objects. Those who love such things are usually "a success in the morning, a failure in the evening." Being aware of the fallacy of such behavior, I will not indulge such foolish fancies. It is not really that hard to do away with these tempting things.
Hongwu Emperor, Founder Ming Dynasty (1368-1398)
Based on your knowledge of dynastic rule in China, which of the following represents a continuity in transitions from one dynasty to another?

A) New dynasties established their capital in the capital of the dynasty they replaced in order to claim legitimacy.
B) New dynasties frequently proposed new ideas to modernize the country and to improve the economy.
C) The new dynasty would venerate the ancestors of the old dynasty to show respect and to accept the transfer of the Mandate of Heaven.
D) New dynasties emphasized a return to traditional Chinese values, claiming the old dynasty had stopped following them.

Answer 3

New dynasties emphasized a return to traditional Chinese values, claiming the old dynasty had stopped following them.

Question 4

Questions refer to the passage below.
An Imperial Edict Restraining Officials from Evil by the Hongwu Emperor (Zhu Yuanzhang)
Those of you in charge of money and grain have stolen them for yourselves; those of you in charge of criminal laws and punishments have neglected the regulations. In this way grievances are not redressed and false charges are ignored. . . . Occasionally these unjust matters come to my attention. After I discover the truth, I capture and imprison the corrupt, villainous, and oppressive officials involved. I punish them with the death penalty or forced labor or have them flogged with bamboo sticks in order to make manifest the consequences of good and evil actions.
Alas, how easily money and profit can bewitch a person! With the exception of the righteous person, the true gentleman, and the sage, no one is able to avoid the temptation of money. . . .
. . . during the final years of the Yuan dynasty, there were many ambitious men competing for power who did not treasure their sons and daughters but prized jade and silk, coveted fine horses and beautiful clothes, relished drunken singing and unrestrained pleasure, and enjoyed separating people from their parents, wives, and children. I also lived in that chaotic period. How did I avoid such snares? I was able to do so because I valued my reputation and wanted to preserve my life. Therefore I did not dare to do these evil things. . . .
In order to protect my reputation and to preserve my life, I have done away with music, beautiful girls, and valuable objects. Those who love such things are usually "a success in the morning, a failure in the evening." Being aware of the fallacy of such behavior, I will not indulge such foolish fancies. It is not really that hard to do away with these tempting things.
Hongwu Emperor, Founder Ming Dynasty (1368-1398)
The third paragraph implies that the Yuan dynasty (Mongols) failed because:

A) the rulers did not observe Confucian values.
B) the pastoralist Mongols were unfit to rule a dynasty.
C) the Yuan dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven.
D) they were unable to successfully integrate into Chinese culture.

Question 5

Questions refer to the passage below. Use the passage and your knowledge of world history to answer the following questions.
"The plague frightened and killed. It began in the land of darkness. Oh, what a visitor! It has been current for fifteen years. China was not preserved from it nor could the strongest fortress hinder it. The plague afflicted the Indians in India. It weighed upon the Sind. It seized with its hand and ensnared even the lands of the Uzbeks. How many backs did it break in what is Transoxiana! The plague increased and spread further. It attacked the Persians, extended its steps toward the land of Khitai, and gnawed away at the Crimea. It pelted Rum with live coals and led the outrage to Cyprus and the islands. The plague destroyed mankind in Cairo. Its eye was cast upon Egypt, and behold, the people were wide-awake. It stilled all movement in Alexandria. . . ."
Plague in Southwest Asia Ibn al-wardi (1349)
The MOST immediate cause of the Black Death was:

A) the impact of the "Little Ice Age" in Europe.
B) trade connections throughout Afro-Eurasia.
C) the Mongol conquests of the thirteenth century.
D) changing climate patterns in the central Asian steppe borderlands.

Question 6

Questions refer to the passage below.
An Imperial Edict Restraining Officials from Evil by the Hongwu Emperor (Zhu Yuanzhang)
Those of you in charge of money and grain have stolen them for yourselves; those of you in charge of criminal laws and punishments have neglected the regulations. In this way grievances are not redressed and false charges are ignored. . . . Occasionally these unjust matters come to my attention. After I discover the truth, I capture and imprison the corrupt, villainous, and oppressive officials involved. I punish them with the death penalty or forced labor or have them flogged with bamboo sticks in order to make manifest the consequences of good and evil actions.
Alas, how easily money and profit can bewitch a person! With the exception of the righteous person, the true gentleman, and the sage, no one is able to avoid the temptation of money. . . .
. . . during the final years of the Yuan dynasty, there were many ambitious men competing for power who did not treasure their sons and daughters but prized jade and silk, coveted fine horses and beautiful clothes, relished drunken singing and unrestrained pleasure, and enjoyed separating people from their parents, wives, and children. I also lived in that chaotic period. How did I avoid such snares? I was able to do so because I valued my reputation and wanted to preserve my life. Therefore I did not dare to do these evil things. . . .
In order to protect my reputation and to preserve my life, I have done away with music, beautiful girls, and valuable objects. Those who love such things are usually "a success in the morning, a failure in the evening." Being aware of the fallacy of such behavior, I will not indulge such foolish fancies. It is not really that hard to do away with these tempting things.
Hongwu Emperor, Founder Ming Dynasty (1368-1398)
Which of the following Chinese belief systems best supports punishments for corrupt behavior by government officials?

A) Confucianism
B) Daoism
C) Mandate of Heaven
D) Legalism

Question 7

Questions refer to the image below. Devshirme in the Balkans
All of the following were methods used by the Ottoman Sultans to legitimize their rule EXCEPT:

A) the adoption of Byzantine bureaucratic administrative practices.
B) the building of monumental architecture like Topkapi Palace and Suleymaniye Mosque.
C) proclaiming religious authority, as well as political authority.
D) the extensive use of a volunteer military to show widespread support for the Sultan.

Question 8

Questions refer to the passage below. Use the passage and your knowledge of world history to answer the following questions.
"The plague frightened and killed. It began in the land of darkness. Oh, what a visitor! It has been current for fifteen years. China was not preserved from it nor could the strongest fortress hinder it. The plague afflicted the Indians in India. It weighed upon the Sind. It seized with its hand and ensnared even the lands of the Uzbeks. How many backs did it break in what is Transoxiana! The plague increased and spread further. It attacked the Persians, extended its steps toward the land of Khitai, and gnawed away at the Crimea. It pelted Rum with live coals and led the outrage to Cyprus and the islands. The plague destroyed mankind in Cairo. Its eye was cast upon Egypt, and behold, the people were wide-awake. It stilled all movement in Alexandria. . . ."
Plague in Southwest Asia Ibn al-wardi (1349)
Which of the following was among the various sociocultural impacts of the Black Death?

A) Women became primary caregivers; therefore, the social construct of patriarchy was eliminated.
B) Trans-regional trade and the feudal system were seriously disrupted.
C) Religious faith was severely tested, with many people rejecting their faith.
D) Many people turned to more artistic pursuits, which resulted in the Renaissance.

Question 9

Questions refer to the passage below.
"The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth. For kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth, and sit upon God's throne, but even by God himself they are called gods. There be three principal similitudes that illustrate the state of monarchy. One taken out of the word of God, and the two other out of the grounds of policy and philosophy. In the Scriptures kings are called gods, and so their power after a certain relation compared to the divine power. Kings are also compared to fathers of families, for a king is truly parens patriae, the politic father of his people. And lastly, kings are compared to the head of this microcosm of the body of man."
King James VI (Scotland) and I (England) Speech to Parliament, 1610
In China, a common method used to legitimize the rule of a new dynasty was to:

A) marry a daughter of the deposed emperor.
B) pay tribute to the family of the defeated dynasty.
C) adopt a new religion.
D) move or rebuild the capital.

Question 10

Questions refer to the passage below.
An Imperial Edict Restraining Officials from Evil by the Hongwu Emperor (Zhu Yuanzhang)
Those of you in charge of money and grain have stolen them for yourselves; those of you in charge of criminal laws and punishments have neglected the regulations. In this way grievances are not redressed and false charges are ignored. . . . Occasionally these unjust matters come to my attention. After I discover the truth, I capture and imprison the corrupt, villainous, and oppressive officials involved. I punish them with the death penalty or forced labor or have them flogged with bamboo sticks in order to make manifest the consequences of good and evil actions.
Alas, how easily money and profit can bewitch a person! With the exception of the righteous person, the true gentleman, and the sage, no one is able to avoid the temptation of money. . . .
. . . during the final years of the Yuan dynasty, there were many ambitious men competing for power who did not treasure their sons and daughters but prized jade and silk, coveted fine horses and beautiful clothes, relished drunken singing and unrestrained pleasure, and enjoyed separating people from their parents, wives, and children. I also lived in that chaotic period. How did I avoid such snares? I was able to do so because I valued my reputation and wanted to preserve my life. Therefore I did not dare to do these evil things. . . .
In order to protect my reputation and to preserve my life, I have done away with music, beautiful girls, and valuable objects. Those who love such things are usually "a success in the morning, a failure in the evening." Being aware of the fallacy of such behavior, I will not indulge such foolish fancies. It is not really that hard to do away with these tempting things.
Hongwu Emperor, Founder Ming Dynasty (1368-1398)
The second paragraph could be used to support the claim that:

A) Buddhism must be rejected as a corrupting influence.
B) trade along the Silk Road should be banned.
C) Chinese society regarded merchants as less honorable than peasants.
D) Zheng He's voyages to the Indian Ocean were worthless and should be discontinued.

Question 11

Questions refer to the passage below. Use the passage and your knowledge of world history to answer the following questions.
"The plague frightened and killed. It began in the land of darkness. Oh, what a visitor! It has been current for fifteen years. China was not preserved from it nor could the strongest fortress hinder it. The plague afflicted the Indians in India. It weighed upon the Sind. It seized with its hand and ensnared even the lands of the Uzbeks. How many backs did it break in what is Transoxiana! The plague increased and spread further. It attacked the Persians, extended its steps toward the land of Khitai, and gnawed away at the Crimea. It pelted Rum with live coals and led the outrage to Cyprus and the islands. The plague destroyed mankind in Cairo. Its eye was cast upon Egypt, and behold, the people were wide-awake. It stilled all movement in Alexandria. . . ."
Plague in Southwest Asia Ibn al-wardi (1349)
One area that was spared the bubonic plague and thrived during the fourteenth century was:

A) Southeast Asia.
B) South Asia.
C) Northeastern Asia.
D) Southwest Asia.

Question 12

Questions refer to the passage below.
"The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth. For kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth, and sit upon God's throne, but even by God himself they are called gods. There be three principal similitudes that illustrate the state of monarchy. One taken out of the word of God, and the two other out of the grounds of policy and philosophy. In the Scriptures kings are called gods, and so their power after a certain relation compared to the divine power. Kings are also compared to fathers of families, for a king is truly parens patriae, the politic father of his people. And lastly, kings are compared to the head of this microcosm of the body of man."
King James VI (Scotland) and I (England) Speech to Parliament, 1610
The passage above, although written in the seventeenth century, reflects arguments used by earlier European rulers to legitimize their rule. This argument is known as the:

A) "Mandate of Heaven."
B) "Divine Right of Kings."
C) "Hammer of the Gods."
D) "Son of God."

Question 13

Which of the following reflects a way that ruling families in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries consolidated their power after having established their legitimacy?

A) The rulers would overthrow the existing religious hierarchy and seize its wealth.
B) The rulers would enact coercive laws and establish standing armies.
C) The rulers would prevent foreign entanglements by only marrying their heirs to people within their own states.
D) The rulers would preserve wealth by not investing in frivolous art or architecture.

Question 14

Approximately what percentage of the European population had died from the Black Death by around 1400?

A) 15 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 70 percent
D) 90 percent

Question 15

Which of the following explains why South Asia was less severely affected by the Black Death than were China, Europe, or the Islamic world?

A) South Asian societies had escaped the Mongol conquest and were not directly linked to Mongol-controlled trade routes.
B) South Asians had a natural immunity to the microbes that caused the plague.
C) No rats live in South Asia because the climate does not support them.
D) Indian Ocean merchants were never hit by the Black Death.

Question 16

Questions refer to the image below. Devshirme in the Balkans
The expansion of the Ottoman Empire was driven primarily by which of the following?

A) The efforts of Sufi missionaries that emphasized a personal relationship with Allah
B) An Islamic Reformation that resolved Sunni-Shi'a differences
C) Military conquest, highlighted by the capture of Constaninople
D) An alliance with the Mughal Empire to defeat and occupy the Safavid dynasty of Persia

Question 17

Questions refer to the passage below. Use the passage and your knowledge of world history to answer the following questions.
"The plague frightened and killed. It began in the land of darkness. Oh, what a visitor! It has been current for fifteen years. China was not preserved from it nor could the strongest fortress hinder it. The plague afflicted the Indians in India. It weighed upon the Sind. It seized with its hand and ensnared even the lands of the Uzbeks. How many backs did it break in what is Transoxiana! The plague increased and spread further. It attacked the Persians, extended its steps toward the land of Khitai, and gnawed away at the Crimea. It pelted Rum with live coals and led the outrage to Cyprus and the islands. The plague destroyed mankind in Cairo. Its eye was cast upon Egypt, and behold, the people were wide-awake. It stilled all movement in Alexandria. . . ."
Plague in Southwest Asia Ibn al-wardi (1349)
A historian using this passage would MOST likely use it support the argument that:

A) the death toll of the Black Death was catastrophic.
B) the Mongols were responsible for the spread of the plague.
C) Silk Road trade was the primary route of transmitting the Black Death.
D) the Black Death was a widespread pandemic.

Question 18

Questions refer to the image below. Devshirme in the Balkans
Which of the following methods did the Ottoman Empire use to centralize its control?

A) The taking of male children from distant provinces as hostages to prevent rebellions
B) The forced conversion of Islamic Shi'a children to Sunni Islam, the official religion of the empire
C) The conscription of young Christian boys to raise and train as bureaucrats and soldiers in the Janissary Corps
D) The recruitment of the young sons of urban elites to serve as elite guards at Topkapi Palace

Question 19

Questions refer to the image below. Devshirme in the Balkans
What did the Ottoman Empire have in common with European kingdoms and the Ming dynasty between 1300 and 1500?

A) All of them looked to traditions of the past to guide their path to the future.
B) All of them embraced new philosophies that challenged long-held belief systems.
C) All of them shared a clearly defined process for succession upon the death of the ruler.
D) All of them developed a highly centralized bureaucracy to help rule large empires.

Question 20

Populations in both China and Western Europe succumbed to the plague in large numbers because both had:

A) been conquered by the Mongols and had no strong political structure.
B) suffered from years of famine and food shortages that had weakened the populations.
C) little settled agriculture.
D) large pastoral populations who spread the plague.

Question 21

Following the devastation of the plague, which of the following responses was shared by Ming, Ottoman, and European elites?

A) The ruling elites of all three societies accepted limitations on their power to pacify the middle and lower classes.
B) The ruling elites of all three societies opened their countries to new religious groups.
C) The ruling elites of all three societies reverted to core traditions for guidance as they rebuilt.
D) The ruling elites of all three societies favored realistic portrayals of the human form in art.

Question 22

In Spain, a strong dynasty was created primarily through:

A) marriage.
B) warfare.
C) the leading role of the rulers of Granada.
D) the establishment of a merit-based bureaucracy.

Question 23

To consolidate rule over their conquered empire, the Ottoman sultans:

A) adopted Byzantine administrative practices while maintaining devotion to Islam.
B) left the protection of Islamic holy cities to the local inhabitants.
C) left the city of Istanbul to crumble while building their new imperial capital at Bursa.
D) embraced a warrior ideal, while shunning civil bureaucratic administration.

Question 24

What was the Western European Christian church's response to challenges to its authority following the plague?

A) The church threw its support behind one ruler for all of Europe.
B) The church demanded strict obedience and persecuted those who questioned its doctrines.
C) The church gave up its attempts to reassert its former secular powers.
D) The church became less hierarchical.

Question 25

Which of the following describes the reason the Ottoman sultan created the janissaries?

A) The janissaries maintained steadfast loyalty to the sultan, while limiting the autonomy of provincial rulers.
B) The janissaries were a group of Sufis whose task was to spread mystical insights throughout the region, connecting the Sultan to Allah.
C) The janissaries were used as conscript labor in Ottoman building projects, such as the Topkapi Palace.
D) The janissaries, conscripted from Muslim villages, were meant to maintain the religious purity of the bureaucracy.

Question 26

Which of the following statements best describes the Ottoman rulers' stance toward regional differences within their territory?

A) They demanded strict conformity to the Shiite branch of Islam.
B) They were flexible and tolerant.
C) Their policies forced the Turkish language upon both Arabs and Europeans.
D) They abandoned control of rural areas to local authorities and focused their attention exclusively on controlling urban areas.

Question 27

In the late fifteenth century, Ferdinand and Isabella reacted to the Ottoman expansion by:

A) using the Inquisition to create a more homogeneous state.
B) opening new trade routes in the Mediterranean.
C) financing exploration along the western coast of Africa.
D) establishing a society where Muslims, Jews, and Christians lived in relative harmony.

Question 28

Identify the primary reason that many Renaissance scholars were able to access ancient Greek and Roman texts for the first time.

A) The persecution of Renaissance humanists in Spain forced them to move to Northern Europe, bringing their scrolls with them.
B) Rich patrons gave scholars money to purchase more books.
C) The use of the printing press made many more texts available to western scholars.
D) Muslim intellectuals fled to Europe after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, bringing their texts with them.

Question 29

To reestablish political order following the crises of the fourteenth century, ruling households:

A) stated that their power had a divine source.
B) turned to popularly elected councils and civil servants for support.
C) rejected support from traditional religious leaders because of the people's loss of faith in the answers they provided.
D) closed trade routes to concentrate on the problems of the local populace.

Question 30

Which of the following was used by the Ottomans to recruit followers?

A) The Ottomans offered freedom to all slaves, regardless of their religion, who joined their military.
B) The Ottomans ruled through tributary states, permitting local elites to remain in control.
C) The Ottomans promised wealth and glory to new subjects.
D) The Ottomans declared a holy war to push the Moors out of Granada.

Question 31

Which of the following was the most important factor in the Ottoman triumph over their rivals?

A) Speaking Arabic allowed the Ottomans to communicate effectively with neighboring states.
B) All competing rivals of the Ottomans had been destroyed by the Mongols.
C) The Ottomans integrated diverse religious groups and adapted techniques of administration from the Byzantines.
D) The Ottoman expansion was characterized by state craft and trade, not warfare.

Question 32

Which of the following did the rulers of Ming China, the Ottoman Empire, and Western Europe use to unify their expanded territories?

A) A single official language of governance
B) Centralized governments with strong bureaucracies
C) Overseas trade to generate revenue
D) Artists and architects who projected each ruler's grandeur and power

Question 33

Which of the following was a major difference between the rulers of Spain and Portugal and the Ottomans?

A) The Ottomans appointed leaders of local religions to their governmental bureaucracy; the Spanish and Portuguese monarchs did not.
B) The Spanish and Portuguese rulers expelled or forced the conversion of members of other religions; the Ottomans permitted those with diverse religious beliefs to remain in their territories.
C) The Ottomans taxed overseas trade to fill the imperial treasury; the Spanish and Portuguese rulers did not.
D) The Ottomans used marriage as a way to consolidate their political power; the Spanish and Portuguese monarchs did not.

Question 34

Which of the following was a major consequence of the Renaissance?

A) Peasants revolted against the feudal order in Western Europe.
B) The church regained much of the power it lost in the aftermath of the Black Death.
C) Italian ruling elites created city-states based on Athenian models of democracy.
D) A network that consisted of independent, educated people-and those who were not totally reliant on either the state or the church-developed.

Question 35

Which of the following was a major milestone in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain?

A) The monarchs became politically isolated in Europe as other monarchs refused to make alliances with these "new" rulers.
B) The last Muslim stronghold in Spain-Granada-fell to Christian forces.
C) Spain instituted broad religious toleration so that Jewish learning and finance could be used to support naval exploration.
D) The Spanish economy oriented itself toward the Mediterranean to take advantage of new trade with the Ottoman Empire.

Question 36

Which of the following is a way that Christian rulers on the Iberian Peninsula attempted to consolidate power during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?

A) They rejected the Catholic Church and aligned themselves with Greek Orthodox Christians.
B) They tried to establish closer ties to the other states on the Iberian Peninsula.
C) They channeled their subjects' religious fervor toward fighting the Moors.
D) They adopted a pacifist ideology and built a lasting state around it.

Question 37

Which of the following people was famous for supporting Portuguese maritime expansion in the North Atlantic and along the coast of Africa?

A) Isabella of Castile
B) Prince Henry the Navigator
C) Joan of Arc
D) King João the mapmaker

Question 38

Which of the following contributed to the political fragmentation of Western Europe-in contrast to China and the Muslim world?

A) Trade never rebounded after the Black Death.
B) Europe lacked a common religious tradition that could support its rulers.
C) Feudalism was revived in the late fourteenth century.
D) Europe lacked a unifying written language.

Question 39

Seeing themselves as "the shadow of God" on the Earth, Ottoman sultans:

A) forced all of their subjects to convert to Islam.
B) assumed the role of protector of holy cities in Greece and Italy.
C) funded construction of elaborate mosques.
D) made Arabic the official language of administration.

Question 40

In Western Christendom during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, which of the following events exemplifies warfare between dynastic monarchies that attempted to consolidate their rule?

A) The War of the Spanish Succession
B) The Beghard Rebellion
C) The Hundred Years' War
D) The Fourth Crusade

Question 41

While the Ming, the Ottoman, and the Iberian kingdoms all acquired territory through military conquest, only the Ottomans and the Ming also pursued state-sponsored naval expansionism.

Question 42

Later Ming officials, in contrast to rulers in Portugal and Spain, viewed overseas expansion as:

A) an important source of government revenue.
B) a means of expanding the influence of the ruler.
C) a potential source of disorder and instability.
D) a means of expanding the reach of Buddhism.

Question 43

The main goal of Zheng He's voyages was to:

A) learn more about the cultures beyond China's borders.
B) generate scientific knowledge.
C) reestablish trade and collect tribute.
D) search for new lands in which to export the surplus population.

Question 44

Rulers in the fourteenth century were unable to deal with or explain the causes of the Black Death.

Question 45

The group that eventually drove the Mongols out of China was known as:

A) the Red Turbans.
B) the Yellow Turbans.
C) the Beghards.
D) the Uighurs.

Question 46

Emperor Hongwu's reputation for a harsh and cruel disposition was tempered in which of the following ways?

A) His wife, Empress Ma, was known for her compassion and emerged as the kinder face of the regime.
B) He placed governance in rural regions into the hands of sympathetic local leaders.
C) He emphasized social equality in order to earn loyalty from the marginalized members of society.
D) His prime minister took responsibility for the care of the poor.

Question 47

In what way was the popular effect of the Forbidden City similar to that of Topkapi Palace?

A) Both created labor for unemployed peasants.
B) Both provided an educational center for training the bureaucracy.
C) Both showcased Mongol arts.
D) Both projected a sense of awe and power.

Question 48

Why did the Ming dynasty abandon official support for oceanic expeditions after the death of the Yongle Emperor?

A) Markets for Chinese goods were saturated and overseas trade was in decline.
B) The Ming believed they needed to reallocate resources to prevent invasion from the north.
C) The Ming wanted to position themselves to more effectively defend against military threats from Korea.
D) European navies had conquered key Chinese ports in the fourteenth century, making maritime trade more difficult.

Question 49

Rulers in both the Ottoman Empire and Ming China used monumental architecture to project imperial grandeur and power.

Question 50

To project imperial power and grandeur, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty:

A) constructed the Forbidden City.
B) overthrew the Yuan dynasty.
C) began building the Great Wall.
D) began building the Grand Canal.

Question 51

Use the two maps below and your knowledge of world history to answer all parts of the question that follows.
Map 1 of Europe
c. 1400-1500

Map 2 of Ottoman Empire
c. 1300-1556

(A) Identify and explain ONE similarity in the expansion of the Ottoman Empire and of European states in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
(B) Identify and explain ONE difference in the expansion of the Ottoman Empire and of European states in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
(C) Explain ONE long-term impact that Ottoman expansion had on European states in the fifteenth century.

Question 52

Why did many European intellectuals turn to humanism as they attempted to rebuild their society following the devastation of the Black Death?

A) Humanism supported the scientific teachings of Islamic scholars.
B) Humanism provided more scope for secular individuals to act in a changing world.
C) Humanism adopted the ideals of the successful Ming bureaucracy.
D) Humanism endorsed traditional scholarship.

Question 53

Following the crises of the fourteenth century, which of the following was the most resistant to change?

A) Patterns of trade and commerce
B) Political systems
C) Feudalism
D) Religious and cultural systems

Question 54

Use the passage below to answer all parts of the question that follows.
"Many early histories portrayed epidemics as the seemingly inevitable effect of transplanting new germs in "virgin soil." Mass death seemed to be the horrific, but unavoidable result of introducing new microbes among people who had no prior opportunity to develop "natural defenses." However, such common interpretations of how diseases travel are seriously flawed. First, simply moving a microbe to a new location is rarely sufficient to trigger a catastrophic disease. Although a few new germs did lead to some of the most devastating disease outbreaks in history, the vast majority of new germs fall on infertile soil. . . . If every novel microbe caused an epidemic, humanity would not have survived the invention of the ocean liner. Second, the same new germ often produced significantly different effects in different physical and cultural environments. Third, diseases travel to new locations by the importation of environmental, social, and cultural changes, along with, or sometimes without, the introduction of novel germs."
Martin S. Pernick Diseases in Motion
(A) Identify ONE of the author's arguments that would be supported by the spread of the Black Death in the fourteenth century.
(B) Identify and explain ONE of the author's arguments that is not supported by the spread of the Black Death in the fourteenth century.
(C) Explain ONE environmental factor that limited the spread of the Black Death in the fourteenth century.

Question 55

Ming rulers strengthened their role in traditional rites and ceremonies to:

A) successfully undermine the practice of Confucianism among their subjects.
B) show that the gods favored the Ming.
C) eliminate civil and military cults as a threat to Ming authority.
D) ensure that farmers would pay their taxes to distant rulers.

Question 56

Several contemporary paintings offer evidence that giraffes were included in the exotic tribute Zheng He brought back to China.

Question 57

Which of the following statements best describes a way that the Hongwu emperor sought to reestablish order and consolidate his rule?

A) He built on the economic success and stability of the Yuan dynasty.
B) He tried to reestablish order and stability in China by supporting Islam, which the Mongol Yuan dynasty had introduced.
C) He chose bureaucrats because of their success on the restored Confucian civil service exams.
D) He faced the challenge of establishing foreign rule over the Chinese people by relying on the support of fellow Turkic tribesmen

Question 58

In The Prince, Niccolò Machiavelli argued that:

A) the prince had a responsibility to demonstrate good morals to his subjects.
B) the main goal of the prince was holding and exercising power.
C) the prince should rule based on the principles of modern statecraft instead of moral or religious values.
D) the prince had a natural right to force religious uniformity on his kingdom.

Question 59

The bureaucratic structure of the Ottoman Empire was much more extensive than that of the Ming dynasty.

Question 60

Answer all parts of the question that follows.
(A) Identify and explain ONE way religion/belief systems affected society in Eurasia between 1300 and 1500.
(B) Describe ONE intellectual development in Europe between
c.1300 and
c.1500.
(C) Identify and explain ONE consequence of the intellectual development described in part B.

Question 61

Compare the ways that the bureaucratic structures of the Ming and Ottoman dynasties supported the strength of the ruling family.

Question 62

Questions refer to the images below.
Image A. Miniature depicting a banquet in an Ottoman coffeehouse, sixteenth century. Image B. Interior of a London coffeehouse, c. 1690-1700.
In what ways are the subjects of images A and B similar?

A) They both depict the consumption of a forbidden beverage.
B) They both demonstrate political activity.
C) They both show the emergence of an elite social activity.
D) They both demonstrate the labor-intensive nature of coffee consumption.

Question 63

Analyze the similarities and differences between the persistence of traditional belief systems in Ming China and Western Europe.

Question 64

Questions refer to the table below.
Key words and their classification into thematic categories from the first edition of the French Encyclopédie by Diderot and d'Alembert, 1751.
Which of the following categories seemed to be a major focus for the authors?

A) Natural science
B) African slavery
C) Commerce
D) Religion

Question 65

Questions refer to the images below.
Image A. Miniature depicting a banquet in an Ottoman coffeehouse, sixteenth century. Image B. Interior of a London coffeehouse, c. 1690-1700.
What do the images reveal about social norms in this time period?

A) Women were excluded from some public social activities.
B) People of different ethnic groups did not socialize.
C) Drinking stimulants was associated with boisterous behavior.
D) Political activity was associated with coffeehouses.

Question 66

Questions refer to the map below.
Based on your knowledge of world history, which of the following made Portuguese oceanic voyaging possible in the fifteenth century?

A) Funding from chartered companies
B) New knowledge of the size of the Atlantic Ocean
C) New shipbuilding technology and navigational skills
D) Discovery of maps showing the kingdom of Prester John

Question 67

Questions refer to the images below.
Image A. Miniature depicting a banquet in an Ottoman coffeehouse, sixteenth century. Image B. Interior of a London coffeehouse, c. 1690-1700.
Which of the following contributed to the global flow of goods in the seventeenth through eighteenth centuries?

A) The development of Eurasian land-based empires
B) The creation of the Atlantic trading system
C) The withdrawal of China from the world economy
D) European imperial expansion in the Indian Ocean

Question 68

Questions refer to the table below.
Key words and their classification into thematic categories from the first edition of the French Encyclopédie by Diderot and d'Alembert, 1751.
Based on the information above, which of the following is an accurate interpretation of the data in the table?

A) References to commerce and trade far exceed references to religion, ethics, and theology.
B) No attention was given to non-Christian religions or religious leaders.
C) Fascination with new scientific approaches was reflected in multiple categories, including articles on trading rivals such as Turkey.
D) The data in the table shows that the philosophes were only interested in empirical studies of the world around them.

Question 69

In the wake of Mongol invasions and the Black Death, Eurasian states and people faced calamity, the scale of which was unprecendented in world history.
Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which religious belief systems aided the rebuilding of Eurasian states in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
In your response you should do the following:
$\bullet$ Respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.
$\bullet$ Describe a broader historical context relevant to the prompt.
$\bullet$ Support an argument in response to the prompt using specific and relevant examples of evidence.
$\bullet$ Use historical reasoning (e.g., comparison, causation, continuity or change) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt.
$\bullet$ Use evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the prompt.

Question 70

Questions refer to the images below.
Image A. Miniature depicting a banquet in an Ottoman coffeehouse, sixteenth century. Image B. Interior of a London coffeehouse, c. 1690-1700.
Which of the following factors drove the consumption of commodities like coffee on a global scale?

A) The development of social habits, customs, and rituals associated with the product
B) Spiritual practices that fostered communal consumption of stimulants
C) Strict edicts that curtailed such consumption, adding to its appeal
D) Increased demand in commercial products from Southeast Asia

Question 71

Questions refer to the table below.
Key words and their classification into thematic categories from the first edition of the French Encyclopédie by Diderot and d'Alembert, 1751.
Which of the following might explain the reason for the frequency of key words concerning Turkey or Muhammad?

A) Turkish Muslims were persecuting Christians in the Ottoman Empire and threatening a new holy war with the West.
B) Western scientists wanted to collaborate with Muslim scientists who had made many discoveries in chemistry and geometry.
C) Western theologians were interested in discovering more about Islam, especially Sunni Islam practiced by the Turks.
D) Turkish Muslims controlled strategic routes to the lucrative trade with East Asia, which sparked oceanic exploration by the Portuguese and Spanish.

Question 72

Questions refer to the map below.
Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning the voyages shown above?

A) East Asian countries sailed the largest and best-built ships in the fifteenth century.
B) Ottoman expansion forced Venetian merchants to search for alternate routes to Asia.
C) The Spanish controlled most of the islands in the eastern Atlantic.
D) Western European countries dominated the voyages of exploration in the Atlantic Ocean.

Question 73

Questions refer to the images below.
Image A. Miniature depicting a banquet in an Ottoman coffeehouse, sixteenth century. Image B. Interior of a London coffeehouse, c. 1690-1700.
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the production of cash crops like coffee and sugar was based on which of the following forms of labor?

A) Peasant labor in South Asia and China
B) Indentured servitude in eastern Europe
C) Small farms in western Africa
D) Slave labor on plantations in the Americas

Question 74

Questions refer to the passage below.
Spanish king Charles V appointed Hernán Cortés governor of Mexico. The king also appointed several royal officials to constrain his power.
"It happened, however, that a Spaniard saw an Indian of Temixtitan eating a piece of flesh taken from the body of an Indian who had been killed when they entered Iztapan, and he told me this; so in the presence of that chief I had the culprit burned, explaining that the cause was his having killed that Indian and eaten him which was prohibited by Your Majesty, and by me in Your Royal name. . . . I wished that none should be killed, but that, on the contrary, I came by order of Your Majesty to protect their lives as well as their property and to teach them that they were to adore but one God, who is in the heavens, Creator and Maker of all things . . . ; and that they must turn from their idols, and the rites they had practised until then . . . I, likewise, had come to teach them that Your Majesty, by the will of Divine Providence, rules the universe, and that they also must submit themselves to the imperial yoke, and do all that we who are Your Majesty's ministers here might order them in Your Royal name; for, acting thus, they would be favoured and maintained in justice, and their lives and properties protected, but that, acting otherwise, they would be proceeded against and punished according to justice."
Fifth Letter of Hernán Cortés to Emperor Charles V, September 1526.
Which of the following best explains the point of view of this passage?

A) Cortés, as a devout Christian, was appalled by the taking of a human life and cannibalism.
B) Cortés was trying to reassure the chief that he had come to protect their lives and property.
C) Cortés was trying to justify his governance of Mexico to the emperor by using flattery.
D) Cortés needed the chief's cooperation to help him conquer Tenochtitlán.

Question 75

Compare Chinese and Portuguese maritime exploration in the fourteenth century. What were the long-term effects of each?

Question 76

Questions refer to the map below.
The voyages shown on the map above precipitated which of the following major events in world history?

A) The Columbian Exchange
B) The industrial revolution
C) The bubonic plague
D) The Crusades

Question 77

Analyze the effects of the Black Death on Western Christendom and China.

Question 78

Questions refer to the map below.
Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning the voyages shown on the map above?

A) Drake was the only voyager who circumnavigated the globe in the sixteenth century.
B) In the fifteenth century, Spain dominated transatlantic exploration, while Portugal explored the coast of Africa.
C) Spain and Portugal were the only nations who sponsored transatlantic voyages in the fifteenth century.
D) Dutch sailors dominated the Indian Ocean trade routes in the sixteenth century.

Question 79

How did the basic tenets of European Renaissance humanism challenge political and religious assumptions?

Question 80

A variety of internal and external factors contributed to state formation, expansion, and decline.
Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures.
Develop an argument that evaluates how rulers legitimized and consolidated their power in land-based empires from 1200-1500.
In your response you should do the following:
$\bullet$ Respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.
$\bullet$ Describe a broader historical context relevant to the prompt.
$\bullet$ Support an argument in response to the prompt using specific and relevant examples of evidence.
$\bullet$ Use historical reasoning (e.g., comparison, causation, continuity or change) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt.
$\bullet$ Use evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the prompt.