Deck 2: New Empires and Common Cultures 600-1000 Ce

Question 1

The emergence of which of the following demonstrates the cultural influence of Muslim merchants in Africa?

A) Swahili language, which became the language of trade in East Africa
B) Yoruba literature, which described the journeys of sufi missionaries in West Africa
C) Ghanaian mosques, which reflected the influence of Hagia Sophia
D) Shona epics, which praised military exploits

Answer 1

Swahili language, which became the language of trade in East Africa

Question 2

Why might Ghana have been known in Baghdad as the land of gold?

A) It was set in the golden sands of the Sahara, which provided much of the city's building material.
B) It was the terminus of major trans-Saharan gold-salt trade routes.
C) It was the site of the famous gold mines of King Solomon.
D) It was the site where the so-called "golden" scholarship originated.

Answer 2

It was the terminus of major trans-Saharan gold-salt trade routes.

Question 3

Which of the following accurately characterizes sharia law?

A) Sharia law covered exclusively spiritual life.
B) The Umayyad period saw the beginning of sharia law's codification.
C) Sharia law placed the ulama at the heart of Islam as they, rather than rulers, became the lawmakers.
D) The role of the ulama in defining and interpreting Islamic law prevented division between the religious and secular leaders.

Answer 3

Sharia law placed the ulama at the heart of Islam as they, rather than rulers, became the lawmakers.

Question 4

Which of the following accurately describes Ibn Sina's scholarship?

A) Ibn Sina was knowledgeable in the Frankish language, the language of academia at the time.
B) Ibn Sina shared Abbasid learning with non-Muslim students.
C) Ibn Sina studied Indian religious practices because they fascinated him.
D) Ibn Sina wrote the standard medical text used in both Southwest Asia and Europe for centuries.

Question 5

According to Peter R. Brown, author of The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150 to 750, what was the impact of the Abbasids moving the capital to Baghdad?

A) Moving the capital turned the Abbasids away from the Hellenistic Mediterranean, thus marking the end of the Late Classical period.
B) Moving the capital meant that the Abbasids could now concentrate on the unity of their tradition with Christianity and Judaism.
C) The new capital was closer to Constantinople, a source of trade and religious influence.
D) The new capital allowed the Arab conquerors to live a more isolated life, away from those they had conquered.

Question 6

Which of the following accurately describes the reign of Abd al-Rahman III in Spain?

A) He unified his kingdom politically and religiously by forcing all non-Muslims to convert or die.
B) He instituted a simple and austere life in the royal court to prevent corruption.
C) He increased regional instability by waging constant war against nearby Christian states.
D) He used an evenhanded approach to governance that facilitated friendly relations among Muslims, Christians, and Jews.

Question 7

Which of the following accurately describes a key difference between Islam and Christianity around 1000 CE?

A) Islam disrupted trade networks while Christianity facilitated trade.
B) Islam created an empire to spread their faith while Christianity grew in an existing empire where the leader adopted that faith.
C) Christianity was a universalizing religion, but Islam was limited to Arabs.
D) Islam limited agricultural and commercial experimentation in favor of sharia, which promoted stability and tradition.

Question 8

Which of the following accurately describes the origins of the Fatimid regime?

A) The Fatimids began when a Shiite religious and military leader overthrew the Sunni ruler in North Africa.
B) The Fatimids established themselves as a Sunni regime and refused to acknowledge the legitimacy of the Abbasid caliphs.
C) The Fatimids began as religious purifiers, who destroyed earlier centers of learning that had attracted Islamic scholars from all over Afro-Eurasia.
D) The Fatimids brought the Egyptian population into the Shiite faith and established Egypt as the primary base for Shiism.

Question 9

Which of the following was a significant impact of the dispersal of new crops originating in Southeast Asia throughout the Islamic world and China during the Green Revolution?

A) New crops fed growing urban centers, but required fewer agricultural laborers.
B) Widescale famine ensued as traditional food crops were replaced with cotton.
C) Increased agricultural production created denser populations in the countryside.
D) New agricultural pests were transmitted along with the new crops, destroying many traditional food sources.

Question 10

Which of the following is an accurate comparison between Sunnis and Shiites?

A) Both Sunnis and Shiites believe in the divinity of the Prophet Muhammad.
B) Sunnis believe that caliphs are chosen by election from the umma, while Shiites trace political succession through the lineage of the Prophet Muhammad.
C) Both share a reverence for a single God, but only the Sunnis followed the sharia and hadith.
D) Shiites never spread their sect to Africa or Asia.

Question 11

In what way were the Abbasid rulers similar to the Roman emperors?

A) Both increasingly relied upon diverse populations far from the imperial center to fill their armies.
B) Both effectively balanced the center and the periphery in imperial administration.
C) Both empires ultimately relied upon a single ethnicity for support.
D) Both located the center of religious devotion inside their imperial capital city.

Question 12

Islam supplanted family, clan, and tribal communities and created a new community of believers that was called:

A) the umma.
B) the sharia.
C) the jihad.
D) the hijri.

Question 13

What was the impact of the Five Pillars of Islam on regional political structures?

A) They included declaring allegiance to Islamic political rulers.
B) They created a doctrinal and legal structure for the empire.
C) They committed the believer to participating in jihad to spread the faith.
D) They alienated potential converts, thereby limiting the early spread of the religion.

Question 14

Which of the following best characterizes the role and position of women in early Islamic society?

A) Women had a shifting status, as patriarchy was only starting to emerge in the Arabian communities.
B) Women lost all rights to inherit or own property.
C) Women from poor families were required to wear veils and be secluded, while women from wealthy families were allowed open access to male society.
D) Women enjoyed the right to divorce freely and to take multiple husbands.

Question 15

Which of the following is an accurate description of Mecca before the introduction of Islam?

A) Learned men gathered there to debate the doctrines of Zoroastrianism and Judaism.
B) The Roman and Ptolemaic empires had already influenced the city and its surrounding region.
C) Mecca was a major trade center, a kind of paradise, with flowing rivers, lush grasses, and bountiful fruit trees.
D) Mecca was a village of mud huts that contained a revered sanctuary where polytheistic Meccans worshipped.

Question 16

What precipitated the unrest that led to the replacement of the Umayyads?

A) The Umayyads refused to spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula.
B) The Umayyads destroyed Arab influence over Islam.
C) The Umayyads discriminated against non-Arab converts to Islam.
D) The Umayyads rejected many elements of Islam, such as the use of Arabic

Question 17

Which of the following accurately describes Abbasid culture?

A) The Abbasid rulers ordered the burning of all non-Muslim books and the execution of anyone found to possess these banned books.
B) The Abbasids encouraged mathematicians, who pioneered advances in arithmetic, geometry, algebra, and trigonometry.
C) The Abbasids believed correct knowledge of the world began with the birth of the Prophet Muhammad; therefore it was pointless to study the pre-Islamic past.
D) The Abbasids absorbed the European invention of paper, allowing for the mass production of the Quran.

Question 18

The Prophet Muhammad had many components to his teaching. Which of the following best represents the primary and most central part of his early teachings?

A) That there is only one god
B) That care must be delivered to the less fortunate
C) That righteous living was important
D) That Islam must be carried to nonbelievers

Question 19

Which of the following accurately describes al-Khwarizmi's cultural legacy?

A) He was an important Islamic scholar, famed as a collector of hadith.
B) He studied Greek and Christian teachings and promoted the Platonic idea of the philosopher king.
C) He created a mathematical system based on modifying Indian digits into Arabic numerals.
D) He furthered medical knowledge by following Egyptian teachings on anatomy and dissection.

Question 20

What spurred Islam's remarkably rapid territorial expansion under the "rightly guided" caliphs?

A) Its unique dictate to convert nonbelievers combined with tolerance of diverse beliefs permitted it to adapt to many different societies.
B) Its geographical point of origin, which was at a nexus of trade routes, allowed rapid military movement.
C) Its creation and observance of the Five Pillars required the forced conversion of Christians and Jews.
D) Its warriors were driven by religious enthusiasm and a desire to acquire the wealth of conquered territories.

Question 21

In what way was the Tang military in China similar to that of Islamic forces?

A) Both consisted of large groups of highly trained infantry.
B) Both reduced the size of the empire to more defensible borders.
C) Both relied upon pastoral nomadic soldiers from the Inner Afro-Eurasian steppes.
D) Both rejected the use of cavalry because their enemies relied on it.

Question 22

Which of the following is an accurate description of life in the Tang capital Chang'an?

A) The population reached nearly one hundred thousand.
B) It was one of the most dangerous cities in the world.
C) Inhabitants were free to roam the city streets at all hours of the day and night.
D) It had a large foreign population, including Christians, Buddhists, and Zoroastrians.

Question 23

What was the primary export commodity traded by the Franks?

A) Wool
B) Timber
C) Copper
D) Slaves

Question 24

What was the reaction of the Tang when the rise of Islam threatened the Silk Road?

A) The Tang emperors expanded their military presence in Central Asia to protect trade and the lucrative taxes it produced.
B) The Tang dynasty found itself financially strapped and unable to support all of its military and political commitments.
C) Tang merchants instead focused on developing domestic markets between eastern and western China.
D) Tang merchants formed a "silk road by the sea" using southern Chinese ports.

Question 25

Muslim and Jewish religious leaders emphasized what they had in common with those around them. Which of the following reflects the view of Christians?

A) Many believed that those who were isolated from laypeople could best mediate between the believer and God.
B) An active life of ministering to the poor was preferred to copying sacred texts.
C) Frankish warrior society applauded the role of warrior monks such as the Knights Templar.
D) The monastic lifestyle offered similarities between the lives of Christian clerics and those of Jewish and Muslim religious leaders.

Question 26

Which of the following crops imported to China during the Green Revolution led to hillside paddies with water-lifting devices?

A) Millet
B) New varieties of rice
C) Sweet potatoes
D) Citrus fruits

Question 27

What technological advantage led to the Vikings' successful conquests and trade?

A) Sophisticated ships that could travel up rivers and across open ocean waters
B) Superior metallurgy techniques that produced stronger and more durable weapons
C) The ingestion of medicinal herbs that eliminated pain during battle
D) The development of gunpowder technologies that they had learned from merchants along the Silk Road

Question 28

Which of the following stemmed from Empress Wu's attempts to secure her rule?

A) She expanded the military and recruited her administrators from the civil examination candidates.
B) She ordered scholars to write epic poems comparing her to military heroes from the past.
C) She destroyed the Confucian schools because they taught that women should be subordinate to men.
D) She sought to ban Buddhism from China because Buddhist monks rejected her authority.

Question 29

What was an important effect of the reforms instituted by Nakatomi no Kamatari?

A) The power of the ruler was enhanced by exalting the emperor under the mandate of heaven.
B) The clan chief embraced Buddhist ideals on the proper role of the state.
C) Shintoism was instituted a single state religion, and other religious practices were outlawed.
D) Confucian models of government were rejected as too binding on imperial expressions of power.

Question 30

Who was the Christian bishop who argued that the "City of God" was represented by the universal Catholic Church?

A) Ambrose of Milan
B) Augustine of Hippo
C) Thomas Aquinas
D) Clement of Alexandria

Question 31

European historians who recognize the political and cultural continuation between Rome and its successor states prefer which of the following terms for the period from 400 CE to 1000 CE in Western Europe?

A) The Dark Ages
B) The Byzantine Age
C) Late Antiquity
D) Romanesque

Question 32

What was the role of the eunuch bureaucracy in the Tang dynasty?

A) It was responsible for keeping the emperor's household fed and cleaned.
B) It mediated between the emperor and the provincial governments.
C) It was limited by military officers who refused to work with them.
D) It had very little respect because the eunuchs were not considered to be true men.

Question 33

Which of the following accurately describes the impact of the arrival of a clan of warlike Koreans in southern Japan?

A) Social equality became a distinctive characteristic of the "Tomb Culture" society.
B) Japanese clans prevented more Korean immigrants from coming to the islands.
C) Women had little or no power as Japan imported patriarchal culture from India.
D) The ruling Yamato clan incorporated both Korean migrants and native Japanese kinship groups.

Question 34

The economic achievements of the Tang Dynasty were enhanced by which of the following?

A) Establishing large privately-owned plantations to grow cotton and silk
B) Limiting trade on the Silk Road to concentrate on the local handicraft market
C) Using the Grand Canal and Yangzi River to aid transportation and communication
D) Focusing on the iron and silver trade with Japan

Question 35

In what way were the Yamato rulers of Japan bolstered by adopting Buddhism as the state religion?

A) By limiting the political power of Shinto priests
B) By linking the Yamato to a universalizing religion that stretched from India to Korea
C) By allowing the Yamato an entrance into the Silk Road trade system
D) By forcing Korea to recognize the Yamato as equals

Question 36

What did the Tang gain by dismantling Buddhist landholdings and monasteries?

A) The Tang ensured that no religion would rival its power.
B) The Tang created new prose styles to mark their rejection of the past.
C) The Tang gained the trust of the Muslim merchants on the Silk Road.
D) The Tang created religious homogeneity in China under Daoism.

Question 37

Which of the following characterized Charlemagne's rule?

A) His empire was smaller in both population and wealth compared to regimes of the Islamic world.
B) He ruled for fewer than twenty years but managed to halt the slave trade.
C) His empire incorporated much of the old Byzantine Empire.
D) He introduced to Europe an urban-based culture that valued educated citizens over warriors.

Question 38

Which of the following accurately demonstrates the cosmopolitan nature of Tang China?

A) Buddhism was imported into China from Japan through Korea.
B) The Inner Asian state of Annam sent tribute in the form of women and blood horses to China.
C) Buddhism and new ideas in medicine and mathematics were imported from India.
D) Chinese methods of governance reflected Abbasid influence.

Question 39

Which of the following illustrates the relationship between the Silla state in Korea and the Tang Empire?

A) The Tang engaged in constant warfare with the Silla.
B) The Tang borrowed a new form of Buddhism from the Silla.
C) The Silla modeled their capital city on the Tang capital at Chang'an.
D) The Silla refused to send tribute to the Tang.

Question 40

On what did day-to-day control of the Tang Empire rest?

A) A common spoken language that united the Chinese people
B) A shared spiritual commitment to monastic Buddhism
C) An efficient, loyal civil service versed in Confucian political culture
D) A rejection of foreign cultural and religious influences

Question 41

Compare the Christian communities that emerged in western and eastern Europe between 600 and 1000 CE. What factors contributed to the emergence of these distinct regions?

Question 42

Which of the following was a key theological difference between Greek Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism?

A) Greek Orthodoxy did not support the divine origins of Jesus.
B) Greek Orthodoxy did not pursue missions and proselytizing outside of Constantinople.
C) Greek Orthodoxy held that Jesus did not become mortal to atone for humanity's sins, but instead to facilitate the transformation of humans into divine beings.
D) Greek Orthodoxy avowed that Jerusalem, not Rome, was the center of Christianity.

Question 43

Both Islam and Christianity are universalizing religions, but Islam united religious and secular authority while Christianity at first opposed the state's power.

Question 44

Questions refer to the passage below.
[The Caliph] built . . . a hospital consisting of blocks of houses and hospices for the sick poor who come to be healed. Here there are about sixty physicians' stores which are provided from the Caliph's house with drugs and whatever else may be required. Every sick man who comes is maintained at the Caliph's expense and is medically treated. . . . Money is given to those that have stayed in the hospices on their return to their homes. . . . All this the Caliph does out of charity to those that come to the city of Bagdad, whether they be sick or insane. The Caliph is a righteous man, and all his actions are for good.
A depiction of Baghdad by Benjamin of Tudela,* a Jewish traveler who visited many Jewish and other communities in Europe and the Middle East, circa 1165
*A city in Navarre, the northern Iberian Peninsula
Which of the following is an accurate description of Benjamin of Tudela's historical situation?

A) As an inhabitant of Spain, he was beholden to the Almoravid rulers of Al-Andalus.
B) As a military man, he was most concerned with the defenses of the cities he encountered.
C) As a Jew, he was a member of a minority religion in both Europe and the Muslim world.
D) As a merchant, he was interested in the opening of the Silk Road under the Mongols.

Question 45

Which of the following accurately describes the Vikings?

A) They raided land from ocean coasts but avoided following rivers inland for fear of losing their naval advantages in narrow, shallow rivers.
B) They created a commercial avenue that directly linked Scandinavia and the Baltic to Baghdad.
C) They lost their military strength when crushed by Charlemagne at L'Anse aux Meadows.
D) They quickly abandoned their warlike ethos and adopted settled agriculture once they arrived in Europe.

Question 46

Chinese manufacturing between 600 and 1000 CE made many improvements in the production of porcelains and textiles that stimulated trade and increased tax revenues.

Question 47

The Tang dynasty made knowledge of classical Chinese and Confucianism the primary route to power and the means for uniting the Chinese state by establishing a civil services examination system that tested candidates in their literary skills and knowledge of the Confucian classics.

Question 48

Compare the factors that aided or inhibited the efforts of Islamic leaders and the Tang dynasty to create unified empires in their respective regions. How did opponents respond to those efforts?

Question 49

Questions refer to the passage below.
[The Caliph] built . . . a hospital consisting of blocks of houses and hospices for the sick poor who come to be healed. Here there are about sixty physicians' stores which are provided from the Caliph's house with drugs and whatever else may be required. Every sick man who comes is maintained at the Caliph's expense and is medically treated. . . . Money is given to those that have stayed in the hospices on their return to their homes. . . . All this the Caliph does out of charity to those that come to the city of Bagdad, whether they be sick or insane. The Caliph is a righteous man, and all his actions are for good.
A depiction of Baghdad by Benjamin of Tudela,* a Jewish traveler who visited many Jewish and other communities in Europe and the Middle East, circa 1165
*A city in Navarre, the northern Iberian Peninsula
According to the author, which of the following was a function of the Caliph's rule?

A) Expanding the borders of the Islamic world
B) Ensuring equality between different ethnic and religious groups
C) Providing health care and medical centers
D) Imprisoning criminals and administering justice

Question 50

Questions refer to the passage below.
[The Caliph] built . . . a hospital consisting of blocks of houses and hospices for the sick poor who come to be healed. Here there are about sixty physicians' stores which are provided from the Caliph's house with drugs and whatever else may be required. Every sick man who comes is maintained at the Caliph's expense and is medically treated. . . . Money is given to those that have stayed in the hospices on their return to their homes. . . . All this the Caliph does out of charity to those that come to the city of Bagdad, whether they be sick or insane. The Caliph is a righteous man, and all his actions are for good.
A depiction of Baghdad by Benjamin of Tudela,* a Jewish traveler who visited many Jewish and other communities in Europe and the Middle East, circa 1165
*A city in Navarre, the northern Iberian Peninsula
Which of the following is an accurate description of evidence Benjamin of Tudela used to support his main idea or claim?

A) The Caliph is a righteous man.
B) Sixty pharmacies dispense medication to the physicians.
C) The Caliph pays all the physicians.
D) The Caliph supplies nurses from his household to help heal the sick.

Question 51

Compare the Abbasid and Fatimid impact on Africa.

Question 52

Questions refer to the passage below.
The Spread of the Black Death
The initial route of transmission of the Black Death was confined mainly to the ________ routes.

A) Indian Ocean
B) Silk Road
C) trans-Saharan
D) Mediterranean Sea

Question 53

Questions refer to the passage below.
"[Many] of our Fathers have gone into the countries of the Mongols, and Turks, and Chinese and have taught them the Gospel, and at the present time there are many Mongols who are Christians. For many of the sons of the Mongol kings and queens have been baptized and . . . they have established churches in their military camps . . . Now the king [of the Mongols] . . . hath the desire to take Palestine, and the countries of Syria, and he demandeth from you help in order to take Jerusalem. He hath chosen me and hath sent me to you because, being a Christian, my word will be believed by you."
Rabban bar Sauma, a Chinese Christian monk, recounts his conversation with
Catholic cardinals in Rome, c. 1290
What was the purpose of the author's visit to the cardinals?

A) He was a scholar who wanted to learn about Christian doctrine.
B) He was a diplomat seeking a military alliance against the Muslim rulers of Jerusalem.
C) He was a merchant who needed Church approval to engage in trade in Europe.
D) He was captured by European soldiers and wanted a pardon from the pope.

Question 54

Questions refer to the passage below.
"[Many] of our Fathers have gone into the countries of the Mongols, and Turks, and Chinese and have taught them the Gospel, and at the present time there are many Mongols who are Christians. For many of the sons of the Mongol kings and queens have been baptized and . . . they have established churches in their military camps . . . Now the king [of the Mongols] . . . hath the desire to take Palestine, and the countries of Syria, and he demandeth from you help in order to take Jerusalem. He hath chosen me and hath sent me to you because, being a Christian, my word will be believed by you."
Rabban bar Sauma, a Chinese Christian monk, recounts his conversation with
Catholic cardinals in Rome, c. 1290
Based on your knowledge of world history, which of the following historical developments occurred around the time of this conversation?

A) The height of the Songhai Empire and the start of the Mughal Empire
B) The Spanish conquest of Mexico and the growth of the Ottoman Empire
C) Portuguese naval exploration and the Ming dynasty
D) The European Crusades and the Mongol conquest of Central Asia

Question 55

While both Japan and Silla Korea were influenced by Tang China, Japan had more autonomy because of its location on an archipelago separated from the mainland.

Question 56

The Battle of the Talas River reinforced Tang dominance in Central Asia over Muslim forces in Turkistan.

Question 57

Questions refer to the passage below.
The Spread of the Black Death
Which of the following best explains the spread and distribution pattern seen on the map?

A) Urbanization and population density
B) Proximity to the location of the initial outbreaks
C) Regions that had been under Mongol control
D) Proximity to maritime port cities

Question 58

How did the emergence of Islam shape the transmission of knowledge across Afro-Eurasia? How did the spread of Islam compare with the initial growth of Christianity and Buddhism?

Question 59

Questions refer to the passage below.
"[Many] of our Fathers have gone into the countries of the Mongols, and Turks, and Chinese and have taught them the Gospel, and at the present time there are many Mongols who are Christians. For many of the sons of the Mongol kings and queens have been baptized and . . . they have established churches in their military camps . . . Now the king [of the Mongols] . . . hath the desire to take Palestine, and the countries of Syria, and he demandeth from you help in order to take Jerusalem. He hath chosen me and hath sent me to you because, being a Christian, my word will be believed by you."
Rabban bar Sauma, a Chinese Christian monk, recounts his conversation with
Catholic cardinals in Rome, c. 1290
Based on your knowledge of world history, which of the following historical developments or processes facilitated the eastward spread of Christianity?

A) Silk Road trade routes
B) The Black Death
C) Zheng He's voyages
D) Japanese silver mining

Question 60

Analyze the impact of the late antiquity Green Revolution on Afro-Eurasia.

Question 61

Use the passage below to answer all parts of the question that follows.
Answer all parts of every question. Use complete sentences; an outline or bulleted list alone is not acceptable. Label each portion of the question separately and clearly as you complete your answer.
"When in 1421 the Ming rulers of China changed their capital city-leaving Nanking, and moving to Peking, in order to face the dangers of the Manchu and Mongol frontier-the massive world economy of China swung round for good, turning its back on a new form of economic activity based on ease of access to sea-borne trade. A new landlocked metropolis was established deep into the interior and began to draw everything toward it. Whether conscious or unconscious, this choice was decisive. In the race for world dominion, this was the moment when China lost her position in a contest she had entered without fully realizing it, when she had launched the first maritime expeditions from Nanking in the early fifteenth century."
Fernand Braudel, The Perspective of the World: Civilization and Capitalism, 1992
(A) Identify and explain ONE change or development from
c. 1200 CE to 1450 that would support the author's assertion in the passage above.
(B) Identify and explain ONE change or development from
c. 1200 CE to 1450 that would challenge the author's assertion in the passage above.
(C) Identify and explain ONE foundational cultural reason that could be used to justify the actions taken by Ming rulers.

Question 62

Questions refer to the passage below.
The Country of Chao-wa (Java)
"The country contains three classes of persons. One class consists of the Muslim people; they are all people from every foreign kingdom in the West who have migrated to this country as merchants; [and] in all matters of dressing and feeding everyone is clean and proper.
"One class consists of T'ang people; they are all men from [the southeastern coast of China] . . . who fled away and now live in this country; the food of these people, too, is choice and clean; [and] many of them follow the Muslim religion, doing penance and fasting.
"One class consists of the people of the land; they have very ugly and strange faces, tousled heads, and bare feet; they are devoted to devil worship, this country being among the 'devil-countries' spoken of in Buddhist books; the food which these people eat is very dirty and bad things like snakes, ants, and all kinds of insects and worms, which are slightly cooked by being toasted in the fire and then eaten."
The Overall Survey of the Western Shores, 1433 Ma Huan, Chinese voyager and
translator on Zheng He's voyages
Which diasporic community was the author describing in this passage?

A) Jewish merchants who traveled throughout the Indian Ocean network of exchange
B) Chinese merchants who relocated to Southeast Asia
C) Muslim merchants who traded along the Swahili Coast
D) Indian Hindus who brought their faith to the islands of Southeast Asia

Question 63

Questions refer to the passage below.
The Spread of the Black Death
Which of the following was the MOST significant long-term consequence of the Black Death in Europe?

A) A resurgence of the Christian Church that had increased control in political affairs
B) Closer connections and ties with Muslim states
C) A restructuring of society that created new political and cultural forms
D) A declining interest in obtaining goods from East, South, and Southeast Asia

Question 64

Questions refer to the passage below.
The Country of Chao-wa (Java)
"The country contains three classes of persons. One class consists of the Muslim people; they are all people from every foreign kingdom in the West who have migrated to this country as merchants; [and] in all matters of dressing and feeding everyone is clean and proper.
"One class consists of T'ang people; they are all men from [the southeastern coast of China] . . . who fled away and now live in this country; the food of these people, too, is choice and clean; [and] many of them follow the Muslim religion, doing penance and fasting.
"One class consists of the people of the land; they have very ugly and strange faces, tousled heads, and bare feet; they are devoted to devil worship, this country being among the 'devil-countries' spoken of in Buddhist books; the food which these people eat is very dirty and bad things like snakes, ants, and all kinds of insects and worms, which are slightly cooked by being toasted in the fire and then eaten."
The Overall Survey of the Western Shores, 1433 Ma Huan, Chinese voyager and
translator on Zheng He's voyages
The passage above is best understood in the context of:

A) the neo-Confucian debate over the superiority of Chinese culture during the fifteenth century.
B) China's economic rivalry with Muslim merchants in the Indian Ocean during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
C) the Chinese search for alternative trade routes to the Mongol-controlled Silk Road.
D) the Ming diplomatic and tribute-seeking voyages in the Indian Ocean basin in the fifteenth century.

Question 65

Evaluate the extent to which religious motives sparked the Crusades.
Document 1
Pope Urban II, speech at the Council of Clermont, responding to the request by the Byzantine emperor for aid against the invading Seljuk Turks, 1095
"Although, O sons of God, you have promised more firmly than ever to keep the peace among yourselves and to preserve the rights of the church, there remains still an important work for you to do. For your brethren who live in the east are in urgent need of your help, and you must hasten to give them the aid which has often been promised them. For, as the most of you have heard, the Turks and Arabs have attacked them and . . . have occupied more and more of the lands of those Christians and have overcome them in seven battles. They have killed and captured many and have destroyed the churches and devastated the empire. On this account I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds to publish this everywhere and to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends. I say this to those who are present, it meant also for those who are absent. Moreover, Christ commands it.
"All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested. . . . Let those who have been accustomed unjustly to wage private warfare* against the faithful now go against the infidels and end with victory this war which should have been begun long ago. Let those who for a long time, have been robbers, now become knights. Let those who have been fighting against their brothers and relatives now fight in a proper way against the barbarians."
*Christians fighting against other Christians in Europe
Document 2
Miniature: Crusaders bombard Nicaea with the severed heads of Muslim soldiers, 1097 Miniature by an anonymous thirteenth-century French artist, in History of Outremer (Medieval French Crusader states), by Guilluame de Tyr (William of Tyre), twelfth-century archbishop of Tyre and historian born and raised in Crusader-controlled Jerusalem
Document 3
Fulk of Chartres, cleric who participated in the First Crusade including the siege
of Jerusalem in 1099
Count Raymond and his men, who were attacking the wall on the other side, did not yet know of all this, until they saw the Saracens leap from the wall in front of them. Forthwith, they joyfully rushed into the city to pursue and kill the nefarious enemies, as their comrades were already doing. Some Saracens, Arabs, and Ethiopians took refuge in the tower of David, others fled to the temples of the Lord and of Solomon. A great fight took place in the court and porch of the temples, where they were unable to escape from our gladiators. Many fled to the roof of the temple of Solomon, and were shot with arrows, so that they fell to the ground dead. In this temple almost ten thousand were killed. Indeed, if you had been there you would have seen our feet colored to our ankles with the blood of the slain. But what more shall I relate? None of them were left alive; neither women nor children were spared.
This may seem strange to you. Our squires and poorer footmen discovered a trick of the Saracens, for they learned that they could find byzants [a gold coin] in the stomachs and intestines of the dead Saracens, who had swallowed them. Thus, after several days they burned a great heap of dead bodies, that they might more easily get the precious metal from the ashes. . . . The carnage over, the crusaders entered the houses and took whatever they found in them.
Chronicled in The Deeds of the Franks Who Attacked Jerusalem, written between 1101 and 1128
Document 4
Kneeling Crusader with his horse, from the Westminster Psalter,
c. 1250

Question 66

Environmental factors shaped human societies, and as populations grew and changed, these populations in turn shaped their environments.
Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which networks of exchange impacted the spread of the Black Death in the fourteenth century.
In your response you should do the following:
$\bullet$ Respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.
$\bullet$ Describe a broader historical context relevant to the prompt.
$\bullet$ Support an argument in response to the prompt using specific and relevant examples of evidence.
$\bullet$ Use historical reasoning (e.g., comparison, causation, continuity or change) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt.
$\bullet$ Use evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the prompt
Good answers will:
$\bullet$ Contain a thesis statement that directly answers the question by evaluating one or more ways that networks of exchange impacted the spread of the Black Death in the fourteenth century.
$\bullet$ Establish the correct historical context in which the question is based. That may include but is not necessarily limited to a discussion of one or more of the following:
o Rise of the Mongol Empire
o Development of networks of exchange (i.e., Silk Roads, Indian Ocean, trans-Saharan, Mediterranean, Hanseatic networks)
o Little Ice Age
$\bullet$ Use historical evidence to address the topic of the prompt. That may include but is not necessarily limited to a discussion of one or more of the following:
o Routes of transmission
o Comparison of:
$\bullet$ Religious ideas
$\bullet$ Monumental architecture
$\bullet$ Art
$\bullet$ Tribute collection
$\bullet$ Tax farming
$\bullet$ Innovative tax collections systems
$\bullet$ Use historical reasoning (comparison, causation, and/or continuity and change) to directly answer the question.
$\bullet$ Demonstrate a complex understanding of the historical development that is the focus of the question and displays sound argumentation and writing.

Question 67

Answer all parts of the question that follows.
(A) Identify ONE technological innovation that influenced the rise of inter-regional maritime trade from 1000 to 1400 CE.
(B) Identify ONE additional technological innovation that influenced the rise of inter-regional maritime trade from 1000 to 1400 CE.
(C) Identify and explain ONE result of the rise of inter-regional maritime trade from 1000 to 1400.

Question 68

A variety of internal and external factors contributed to state formation and expansion. Governments maintained order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and practices.
Develop an argument that evaluates how and why one or more empires developed and expanded from c. 1200 to c. 1500.

Question 69

Questions refer to the passage below.
The Country of Chao-wa (Java)
"The country contains three classes of persons. One class consists of the Muslim people; they are all people from every foreign kingdom in the West who have migrated to this country as merchants; [and] in all matters of dressing and feeding everyone is clean and proper.
"One class consists of T'ang people; they are all men from [the southeastern coast of China] . . . who fled away and now live in this country; the food of these people, too, is choice and clean; [and] many of them follow the Muslim religion, doing penance and fasting.
"One class consists of the people of the land; they have very ugly and strange faces, tousled heads, and bare feet; they are devoted to devil worship, this country being among the 'devil-countries' spoken of in Buddhist books; the food which these people eat is very dirty and bad things like snakes, ants, and all kinds of insects and worms, which are slightly cooked by being toasted in the fire and then eaten."
The Overall Survey of the Western Shores, 1433 Ma Huan, Chinese voyager and
translator on Zheng He's voyages
What might best explain the author's attitude toward the three classes described?

A) He was familiar with the customs of the first two classes he describes and viewed them more favorably.
B) He believed that China was the "Middle Kingdom" between heaven and earth and therefore superior to all other places.
C) Chinese science had clearly established dietary principles that educated people followed.
D) He was suspicious of the Chinese who had "fled" southeastern China.