Deck 11: An Unsettled World 1890-1914

Question 1

Questions refer to the documents below.
Document A. Italian Migration to the Americas
Although Argentina and the United States were the two primary countries of Italian immigration in the Americas between 1880 and 1914, the flows of Italian migrants to their shores differed over time. It was Brazil and Argentina that initially were the primary targets of Italian migrants, with the United States running a poor third. In the 1870s, and through most of the 1880s, Argentina was the primary zone of reception. By the late 1880s, with the abolition of slavery and the massive shift to subsidized Italian workers in the expanding coffee fields of Sao Paulo, Brazil temporarily emerged as the primary immigration zone despite the steady increase in Italian migration to both the United States and Argentina.
Herbert S. Klein, "The Integration of Italian Immigrants into the United States and Argentina,"
American Historical Review, 1983
Document B. Estimate of Annual Italian Migration to the Americas, 1876-1914
Source: Istituto Centrale di Statistica, Bolettino mensile de Statistica (Gennaio, 1975), Anno 5, n. 1, Appendix 2: "Espatriati e Rimpatriati, anni 1876-1973" (pp. 254-55)
According to Document A, what encouraged the large-scale Italian migration at the turn of the twentieth century?

A) The encouragement of host countries
B) The increased global demand for bauxite
C) The demand for a low-wage, labor-intensive workforce
D) The decline in opportunities at home

Answer 1

The demand for a low-wage, labor-intensive workforce

Question 2

What characteristic of the present-day world economy emerged during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

A) Reliance on free trade ideology to justify economic expansionism
B) Reliance on a gold standard
C) An unequal relationship between the industrialized world and the nonindustrialized world
D) The growth of long-distance overland trade routes

Answer 2

An unequal relationship between the industrialized world and the nonindustrialized world

Question 3

Questions refer to the images below.
Image A. Striking Steel Workers Homestead PA, 1892 Image B. Striking Dockworkers' Rally in Trafalgar Square, London, 1911
How might a historian question the reliability of Image A?

A) Image A appears to be posed, so it is difficult to know if it is representative of the steel strike.
B) Since Image A is a photograph, it must be a reliable source.
C) Image A was taken by a photographer who was hostile to labor unions.
D) Image A shows that strikes were always peaceful in this time period.

Answer 3

Image A appears to be posed, so it is difficult to know if it is representative of the steel strike.

Question 4

Questions refer to the map and image below.
A. Uprisings and Wars in Africa B. German extermination of the Herero, photograph, 1904-1906
Which of the following accurately describes the changes in colonization patterns from the early nineteenth century to that seen in the map above?

A) European states fought each other in Africa to acquire territory.
B) Portuguese influence declined, while that of Britain and France grew.
C) The French colonized only northwest Africa because of its proximity to France.
D) Economic imperialism led many European states to invest in Africa.

Question 5

Questions refer to the map and image below.
A. Uprisings and Wars in Africa B. German extermination of the Herero, photograph, 1904-1906
The two images above support which of the following historical claims?

A) When European states met resistance to colonization, they often responded with violence.
B) Indigenous peoples such as the Zulu and Herero led African anticolonial movements.
C) Armed resistance to European colonizers was never successful in Africa.
D) African colonial empires commonly practiced genocide.

Question 6

Of the many factors that contributed to the unsettled nature of the turn of the twentieth-century world, which of the following led most directly to the Maji Maji Revolt?

A) Increasing anticolonial sentiments
B) Global labor migration
C) Increasing economic inequality despite growth in production
D) Urbanization and industrialization

Question 7

Which of the following was the destination of most South Asian emigrants?

A) The commercial centers of Western Europe, where they could work as bankers
B) Other British colonies, where they could work as laborers
C) Port cities, where they established new trading houses
D) Gold rushes in California and Brazil, where they profited from mining

Question 8

Questions refer to the documents below.
Document A. Italian Migration to the Americas
Although Argentina and the United States were the two primary countries of Italian immigration in the Americas between 1880 and 1914, the flows of Italian migrants to their shores differed over time. It was Brazil and Argentina that initially were the primary targets of Italian migrants, with the United States running a poor third. In the 1870s, and through most of the 1880s, Argentina was the primary zone of reception. By the late 1880s, with the abolition of slavery and the massive shift to subsidized Italian workers in the expanding coffee fields of Sao Paulo, Brazil temporarily emerged as the primary immigration zone despite the steady increase in Italian migration to both the United States and Argentina.
Herbert S. Klein, "The Integration of Italian Immigrants into the United States and Argentina,"
American Historical Review, 1983
Document B. Estimate of Annual Italian Migration to the Americas, 1876-1914
Source: Istituto Centrale di Statistica, Bolettino mensile de Statistica (Gennaio, 1975), Anno 5, n. 1, Appendix 2: "Espatriati e Rimpatriati, anni 1876-1973" (pp. 254-55)
Which of the following was an effect of Italian migration in North and South America before 1914?

A) The Italian migration to North and South America created overpopulation in rural areas.
B) The Italian migration to North and South America created ethnic enclaves.
C) The Italian migration to North and South America contributed to the growth of fascism.
D) The Italian migration to North and South America led to the creation of Italian national identity.

Question 9

Questions refer to the map and image below.
A. Uprisings and Wars in Africa B. German extermination of the Herero, photograph, 1904-1906
Which of the following was an example of a state that successfully resisted European colonization?

A) Union of South Africa
B) Madagascar
C) Port Guinea
D) Ethiopia

Question 10

Questions refer to the images below.
Image A. Striking Steel Workers Homestead PA, 1892 Image B. Striking Dockworkers' Rally in Trafalgar Square, London, 1911
In which of the following historical situations were these images created?

A) In industrialized states, all classes benefited from new economic growth caused by unlimited free trade.
B) In industrialized states, workers organized themselves into labor unions to improve working conditions.
C) In nonindustrialized states, workers were forced into debt peonage or forced labor to grow cash crops.
D) In nonindustrialized states, workers fared relatively well by investing in stock in industrialized states.

Question 11

In the period from 1845 to 1900, what factors in China led large numbers of people to emigrate to the Americas and Oceania?

A) Expulsion of dissidents by the Qing government
B) Population pressure and a shortage of cultivatable land
C) Promises of freedom from oppressive rule
D) The one-child policy

Question 12

Questions refer to the map and image below.
A. Uprisings and Wars in Africa B. German extermination of the Herero, photograph, 1904-1906
Which of the following situations was MOST similar to the one seen in Image B?

A) Shaka's treatment of the Asante tribesmen
B) The Boers' treatment of English settlers
C) King Leopold's treatment of Congolese villagers
D) The Ethiopians' treatment of Italian soldiers

Question 13

Questions refer to the passage below.
Lecture on Industrialization and Women's Freedom in Egypt, Cairo, 1909
"Men say when we become educated we shall push them out of work and abandon the role for which God created us. But isn't it rather men who have pushed women out of work? Before, women used to spin and to weave cloth for clothes for themselves and their children, but men invented machines for spinning and weaving and put women out of work. . . . Since male inventors and workers have taken away a lot of our work should we waste our time in idleness or seek other work to occupy us? Of course, we should do the latter. . . . Obviously, I am not urging women to neglect their home and children to go out and become lawyers or judges or railway engineers. But if any of us wish to work in such professions our personal freedom should not be infringed."
Bahithat al-Badiya, an educated, upper-class Egyptian woman, speaking to a female audience
This speech takes place in which of the following larger movements or historical contexts?

A) The abolition movement ended all types of slavery and forced labor.
B) Industrialization caused changes in social structures and classes.
C) Anticolonial movements led to new gender roles.
D) Socialism advocated equal rights for women.

Question 14

Questions refer to the documents below.
Document A. Italian Migration to the Americas
Although Argentina and the United States were the two primary countries of Italian immigration in the Americas between 1880 and 1914, the flows of Italian migrants to their shores differed over time. It was Brazil and Argentina that initially were the primary targets of Italian migrants, with the United States running a poor third. In the 1870s, and through most of the 1880s, Argentina was the primary zone of reception. By the late 1880s, with the abolition of slavery and the massive shift to subsidized Italian workers in the expanding coffee fields of Sao Paulo, Brazil temporarily emerged as the primary immigration zone despite the steady increase in Italian migration to both the United States and Argentina.
Herbert S. Klein, "The Integration of Italian Immigrants into the United States and Argentina,"
American Historical Review, 1983
Document B. Estimate of Annual Italian Migration to the Americas, 1876-1914
Source: Istituto Centrale di Statistica, Bolettino mensile de Statistica (Gennaio, 1975), Anno 5, n. 1, Appendix 2: "Espatriati e Rimpatriati, anni 1876-1973" (pp. 254-55)
The Italian migration can be understood in the context of which of the following?

A) New advancements in transportation and communication
B) The lure of a classless society
C) Political rebellions on the European continent
D) The rise of fascism

Question 15

Questions refer to the images below.
Image A. Striking Steel Workers Homestead PA, 1892 Image B. Striking Dockworkers' Rally in Trafalgar Square, London, 1911
Using Image B as evidence, which of the following is a valid historical claim?

A) Labor unions had the power to organize massive strikes and rallies.
B) Violent revolution was the only way workers could improve their lot.
C) Factory workers made up most of the new union membership.
D) Women were not allowed in trade unions.

Question 16

Between 1840 and 1914, which of the following led to large-scale migration within individual industrialized states' national boundaries?

A) Laboring on plantations
B) Ethnic cleansing
C) Religious pilgrimages
D) Factory jobs in urban centers

Question 17

Questions refer to the documents below.
Document A. Italian Migration to the Americas
Although Argentina and the United States were the two primary countries of Italian immigration in the Americas between 1880 and 1914, the flows of Italian migrants to their shores differed over time. It was Brazil and Argentina that initially were the primary targets of Italian migrants, with the United States running a poor third. In the 1870s, and through most of the 1880s, Argentina was the primary zone of reception. By the late 1880s, with the abolition of slavery and the massive shift to subsidized Italian workers in the expanding coffee fields of Sao Paulo, Brazil temporarily emerged as the primary immigration zone despite the steady increase in Italian migration to both the United States and Argentina.
Herbert S. Klein, "The Integration of Italian Immigrants into the United States and Argentina,"
American Historical Review, 1983
Document B. Estimate of Annual Italian Migration to the Americas, 1876-1914
Source: Istituto Centrale di Statistica, Bolettino mensile de Statistica (Gennaio, 1975), Anno 5, n. 1, Appendix 2: "Espatriati e Rimpatriati, anni 1876-1973" (pp. 254-55)
According to the documents above, which region received the greatest number of Italian migrants in the nineteenth century?

A) Central America
B) North America
C) South America
D) The Caribbean

Question 18

Questions refer to the documents below.
Document A. Italian Migration to the Americas
Although Argentina and the United States were the two primary countries of Italian immigration in the Americas between 1880 and 1914, the flows of Italian migrants to their shores differed over time. It was Brazil and Argentina that initially were the primary targets of Italian migrants, with the United States running a poor third. In the 1870s, and through most of the 1880s, Argentina was the primary zone of reception. By the late 1880s, with the abolition of slavery and the massive shift to subsidized Italian workers in the expanding coffee fields of Sao Paulo, Brazil temporarily emerged as the primary immigration zone despite the steady increase in Italian migration to both the United States and Argentina.
Herbert S. Klein, "The Integration of Italian Immigrants into the United States and Argentina,"
American Historical Review, 1983
Document B. Estimate of Annual Italian Migration to the Americas, 1876-1914
Source: Istituto Centrale di Statistica, Bolettino mensile de Statistica (Gennaio, 1975), Anno 5, n. 1, Appendix 2: "Espatriati e Rimpatriati, anni 1876-1973" (pp. 254-55)
These two documents best support which of the following conclusions?

A) Italian immigration ceased completely after World War I.
B) The United States was always the first choice of Italian migrants.
C) Twentieth-century labor demands were a clear indication of globalization.
D) Italian migration peaked with the abolition of slavery in Brazil.

Question 19

Questions refer to the passage below.
Lecture on Industrialization and Women's Freedom in Egypt, Cairo, 1909
"Men say when we become educated we shall push them out of work and abandon the role for which God created us. But isn't it rather men who have pushed women out of work? Before, women used to spin and to weave cloth for clothes for themselves and their children, but men invented machines for spinning and weaving and put women out of work. . . . Since male inventors and workers have taken away a lot of our work should we waste our time in idleness or seek other work to occupy us? Of course, we should do the latter. . . . Obviously, I am not urging women to neglect their home and children to go out and become lawyers or judges or railway engineers. But if any of us wish to work in such professions our personal freedom should not be infringed."
Bahithat al-Badiya, an educated, upper-class Egyptian woman, speaking to a female audience
Which of the following might affect the speaker's reliability as a source?

A) As a woman, the speaker is under the control of her husband; her opinions may not be her own.
B) Since the speaker is Egyptian, she cannot represent the views of women in other societies.
C) The speaker is an upper-class, educated women and thus may not represent the views of a majority of Egyptian women.
D) Women and children were already becoming workers in textile factories.

Question 20

Questions refer to the passage below.
Lecture on Industrialization and Women's Freedom in Egypt, Cairo, 1909
"Men say when we become educated we shall push them out of work and abandon the role for which God created us. But isn't it rather men who have pushed women out of work? Before, women used to spin and to weave cloth for clothes for themselves and their children, but men invented machines for spinning and weaving and put women out of work. . . . Since male inventors and workers have taken away a lot of our work should we waste our time in idleness or seek other work to occupy us? Of course, we should do the latter. . . . Obviously, I am not urging women to neglect their home and children to go out and become lawyers or judges or railway engineers. But if any of us wish to work in such professions our personal freedom should not be infringed."
Bahithat al-Badiya, an educated, upper-class Egyptian woman, speaking to a female audience
Which of the following is an accurate summary of the claim in this passage?

A) If women become educated, they will leave the home and fail in the duties God has assigned them.
B) Women should study to become lawyers, judges, and engineers.
C) The industrialization of cloth production has helped women become more productive.
D) Male inventors have taken away women's traditional work, so women should be allowed to enter fields previously held only by men.

Question 21

Which of the following factors challenged the nineteenth-century idea of "separate spheres" for women and men?

A) The cult of domesticity
B) The movement of more women into the paid labor force
C) The Red Lantern movement
D) The participation of large numbers of women in electoral politics

Question 22

How did the Anglo-Boer War differ from other anticolonial wars in Africa?

A) It was the only such war to win autonomy from a European power before World War II.
B) It was the only avowedly Marxist anticolonial struggle in this period.
C) It was the only anticolonial war in which two white regimes were the main combatants.
D) It was the only anticolonial war to make Europeans increase their investment in colonialism.

Question 23

Which of the following resulted from late nineteenth-century industrial capitalism?

A) Decreasing disparities in accumulated wealth
B) Decreasing the number of agrarian poor
C) Acceleration of economic boom-and-bust cycles
D) Many small producers competing with each other

Question 24

Which of the following was often cited by Western imperialists as evidence for the improvement of women's lives under colonial rule?

A) Colonial laws prohibited sati and female genital mutilation.
B) Colonial laws required equal pay for women employed in plantation agriculture.
C) Women had equal access to education in missionary and colonial schools.
D) Women were freed from homesteading chores when African gold and silver mines opened.

Question 25

Advocates for imperialism reacted to news of the turmoil in the Belgian and German African colonies with sentiments reflected by which statement below?

A) The specific situation that had led to the unrest was an exception to the enlightened rule of most European countries.
B) European countries should grant their colonies independence as soon as the people were ready to assume self-government.
C) African colonial subjects were too difficult to continue to control.
D) Colonial subjects had been enthralled by hostile religious leaders.

Question 26

In which African colonies was resistance to colonial rule the strongest?

A) Colonies where Europeans ruled autocratically
B) Colonies in which Europeans had conquered African peoples, regardless of the manner in which Europeans ruled
C) Colonies where Europeans left African traditional leadership in place
D) Colonies where the arrival of railroads and telegraph lines bisected traditional ethnic boundaries

Question 27

The "open door policy" for access to China included which of the following concomitant attacks on traditional Chinese culture?

A) Ending foot binding
B) Forcing all publications to be printed in English
C) Imposing Western-style music
D) Support for Christian missionaries

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of the foreign pressure that led to the decline of Qing dynastic authority?

A) The Sino-Japanese War
B) The Maji Maji Revolt
C) The Self-Strengthening Movement
D) The Taiping Rebellion

Question 29

Why was the Mexican Revolution considered to be the most successful turn of the twentieth-century revolution?

A) It transformed the country and forced later politicians to respect peasants' rights and land reform.
B) The country finally threw off colonial control and joined the other independent nations in Latin America.
C) The economic strength of Mexican ranchers was left intact, while more political power was given to the middle classes.
D) Peasants gained complete control of the economy and political system after purging the rich landowners.

Question 30

Which of the following was a result of the influence of the city planning movement on urban life at the turn of the twentieth century?

A) The development of growth boundaries surrounding urban areas
B) Limits on the number of new migrants to cities
C) Better sanitation and cultural amenities like museums and opera houses
D) Suburban-style developments created to house members of the working classes

Question 31

Which group was most likely to resist the system created by Frederick Winslow Taylor?

A) Farmers
B) Financiers
C) Laborers
D) Women

Question 32

The Boxer Rebellion was similar to the earlier Taiping Rebellion in which of the following ways?

A) Both were composed primarily of Chinese scholar elites.
B) Both included a pro-Christian component in their ideology.
C) Both responded to hardship and poor economic conditions in China.
D) Both remained loyal to the Qing and vented their anger against foreigners.

Question 33

Which best characterizes the changing conditions for women in Europe and European colonies, respectively, around the turn of the twentieth century?

A) Increasing political rights in Europe and increasing work burdens in European colonies
B) Decreasing access to the labor market in Europe and increasing labor mobility in European colonies
C) Increasing fertility rates in Europe and decreasing civic responsibilities in European colonies
D) Increasing of "separate spheres" between genders and decreasing of "separate spheres" between genders

Question 34

Which of the following was a common response to class conflict in late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century Western Europe?

A) Violent revolution and overthrow of repressive governments
B) The growth of labor parties to participate in electoral politics
C) Reinforcement of autocratic political systems
D) The rise of anarchism as a major political force

Question 35

Which of the following was a consequence of the 1907 financial crisis in the United States?

A) It proved that government regulation did not work.
B) American investors fled U.S. banks and turned to Europe as a place to invest their funds.
C) Investment in railroads declined drastically.
D) It showed how quickly national financial matters could become international affairs.

Question 36

Which of the following was a response to the rise of giant banks and industrial corporations?

A) Many economists and politicians wanted the state to manage national economies.
B) Many economists and politicians wanted a return to truly free markets.
C) International financial integration decreased.
D) Decreasing support for zaibatsu

Question 37

The Herero revolt in German Southwest Africa was so intense that the Germans resorted to which of the following?

A) Withdrawal from their African colonies
B) Extermination orders against the Herero
C) Poisonous gas
D) A negotiated truce

Question 38

What military tactics, which became more common during the twentieth century, were implemented during the Anglo-Boer War?

A) Concentration camps and guerrilla campaigns
B) Machine guns and cavalry
C) Poison gas and machine guns
D) Spotter balloons and guerrilla campaigns

Question 39

What role did the Red Lanterns play in the Boxer Uprising?

A) Their scholarly and theological accomplishments complemented the Boxers' martial skill.
B) Their purity and loyalty to the Boxers' cause seemed to counteract the threat posed by Christianity.
C) Their contacts with the Qing ruling family enhanced the Boxers' access to resources.
D) Their relationships with Christian missionaries helped the Boxers to target foreigners.

Question 40

Which of the following was the most enduring legacy of the Mexican Revolution?

A) Emphasis on preserving racial hierarchy in the Mexican population
B) The development of new national myths based on the bravery of the creole elite
C) Ideological appeals made to the Mexican middle class
D) The creation of communal landholdings for Mexican peasants

Question 41

Which of the following contributed to the Qing dynasty's downfall?

A) Manchu military victories
B) The Qing court's refusal to admit that reforms were needed
C) Peasants and laborers resented the high cost of reform
D) Direct intervention by European military forces

Question 42

At the turn of the twentieth century, "modernism" reflected which of the following?

A) Intellectuals, artists, and scientists sensed that traditional answers were no longer adequate to explain the changes in society.
B) Confidence that nineteenth-century economic and social progress would extend into the twentieth century.
C) Enlightenment ideals and trust in reason were extended into a new intellectual environment.
D) Intellectuals were unwilling to look beyond Europe for cultural and intellectual inspiration.

Question 43

In Latin America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which of the following upset traditional racial hierarchies?

A) Theories of evolution that implied all humans had shared origins
B) The growth of industries that valued cheap Amerindian labor over higher-priced European labor
C) The arrival to the region of large numbers of poor immigrants from Europe
D) The growth of a large, wealthy class of mestizo entrepreneurs

Question 44

Which of the following was a direct response to anxiety over a loss of dominance by people of European descent in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

A) The expulsion of Mexican Americans from the southwestern United States
B) Increased support for more restrictive immigration policies
C) The closing of the frontiers to new immigrants
D) Increased support for more immigrants from southern and eastern Europe

Question 45

The idea of "the primitive" was used by early twentieth-century European artists to symbolize which of the following?

A) Forces that reason could not control
B) The diversity of nature
C) Repression of sexual desire
D) The triumph of the Enlightenment

Question 46

One result of the emergence of popular culture was:

A) the decline of institutions such as art museums and opera houses.
B) increased cultural unity, as everyone read the same books and newspapers.
C) the growth of the fashion industry.
D) the use of cultural choices to assert social or class identity.

Question 47

On what was Sun Yat-sen's version of Chinese nationhood based?

A) Han Chinese nationalism
B) The modernization of the Qing military establishment
C) The strength of China's multinational, multicultural population
D) Communist political philosophy

Question 48

In Europe at the turn of the twentieth century, which of the following was a manifestation of anxiety about race?

A) Increased anti-American sentiment
B) Greater government regulation of foreign banks
C) The spread of the franchise to the working class
D) The growth of anti-Semitic thought and behavior

Question 49

How did the assumptions made by scientists in the modernist era differ from those of Enlightenment-era scientists?

A) Modernist scientists believed they had found the key to controlling nature.
B) Modernist scientists thought in terms of probabilities rather than certainties.
C) Modernist scientists relied more on received tradition than had Enlightenment scientists.
D) Modernist scientists found their inspiration within the theories of Newton and Galileo.

Question 50

Which of the following caused some Americans to fear the loss of their pioneering individualism?

A) Increased immigration from Central and South America
B) The growth of cities
C) The 1890 census announcement about the closing of the American frontier
D) Increasing industrialization

Question 51

In what way did the upward pressure of social movements influence policymaking by elites around the turn of the twentieth century?

A) Anti-imperial social movements in Europe halted the spread of new colonies.
B) Peasant uprisings in Brazil led to increased local autonomy.
C) The emergence of a durable Socialist party restructured politics in the United States.
D) Journalistic attention to unhygienic consumer products prompted new government regulations.

Question 52

In order to establish a modern national identity, both Indian and Latin American intellectuals turned to which of the following?

A) They turned to universalizing religion to create a common bond.
B) They rewrote the histories of ancient empires and kingdoms to create a cultural basis for national identity.
C) They created a new literary tradition in indigenous languages.
D) They disavowed all Western education and returned to traditional forms of knowledge.

Question 53

Indian intellectuals used Western culture to promote Indian nationalism in which of the following ways?

A) They set up schools to ensure that Indians of all classes could read and understand important documents such as the Jamaica Letter.
B) They created a unifying national language and religion so all Indians could concentrate on expelling the British.
C) They facilitated the spread of nationalist ideas throughout British India by creating modern cultural forms such as newspapers, pamphlets, and journals.
D) They popularized and translated into Hindi and Urdu stories about Western heroes of independence such as Rob Roy and William Tell.

Question 54

Progressive reformers' goals included which of the following?

A) Recognizing cultural diversity and the protection of workers' ways of life
B) Protesting colonial rule and promoting independence for the world's peoples
C) Creating a more efficient society and correcting the undesirable outcomes of urbanization and industrialization
D) Encouraging industrial progress and developing financial centralization

Question 55

How did German chancellor Otto von Bismarck seek to defuse socialist activism in his country?

A) By infiltrating radical groups with secret state agents
B) By enacting social welfare measures
C) By deporting known pro-revolutionary activists to Russia
D) By starting his own revolution and overthrowing the Kaiser

Question 56

Which of the following is an example of a form of entertainment appealing to the masses that emerged at the end of the nineteenth century?

A) Opera
B) Novels
C) Sports
D) Dancing

Question 57

Which of the following questions challenged Chinese intellectuals at the turn of the twentieth century?

A) Whether to support the Boxer Rebellion
B) How to blend popular culture with elite culture
C) How to reduce emigration from China
D) How to balance Western thought and traditional Chinese culture

Question 58

According to Sun Yat-sen, what was demonstrated by the existence of different racial or ethnic groups in China?

A) China would be made stronger by having different groups, such as the Tibetans or Muslims, as part of their society.
B) It showed incomplete assimilation into Han culture.
C) Chinese nationalism was based on expelling the Manchus while accepting all other peoples within China's borders.
D) It showed that the Manchus had failed to completely conquer China.

Question 59

By the end of the nineteenth century, how did European and American nationalist and racial ideas compare to those of the rest of the world?

A) Westerners, because of immigration, became more comfortable with multiethnic societies, while people in other parts of the world were drawn more to define themselves in terms of racial and ethnic purity.
B) Westerners were increasingly concerned with protecting their national and racial purity, while discussions of identity in other parts of the world were part of the opposition to Western domination.
C) Westerners became increasingly fascinated with their own racial identity and cultural past, while people in Africa and Asia maintained their own sense of racial identity but were drawn to Western culture, which they felt was more modern.
D) Westerners rejected ethnic nationalism as unworkable in the modern world, but people in Africa and Asia clung to nationalism as a way to reject colonization.

Question 60

Which of the following was an exception to the general rule of unrestricted migration during the late nineteenth century?

A) The Chinese Exclusion Act in the United States
B) The Japanese Exclusion Act in Canada
C) The German Exclusion Act in France
D) The Korean Exclusion Act in China

Question 61

By the turn of the twentieth century, Adam Smith's vision of laissez-faire capitalism had come to fruition.

Question 62

In the early twentieth century, women exercised no means of control over reproduction.

Question 63

Develop an argument that explains how new ideologies contributed to or helped justify imperialism in the nineteenth century.
In your response you should do the following:
$\bullet$ Respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.
$\bullet$ Describe a broader historical context relevant to the prompt.
$\bullet$ Support an argument in response to the prompt using specific and relevant examples of evidence.
$\bullet$ Use historical reasoning (e.g., comparison, causation, continuity or change) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt.
$\bullet$ Use evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the prompt.

Question 64

How does Ren Xiong's self-portrait (1850s) capture the style and thought of the Shanghai School?

A) It shows the rejection of foreign influences in China.
B) It reveals the abandonment of outdated Chinese traditions.
C) It incorporates the psychological theory of Sigmund Freud.
D) It blends Chinese conventions with new artistic currents.

Question 65

Develop an argument that analyzes changes in global financial institutions from 1750 to 1900.
In your response you should do the following:
$\bullet$ Respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.
$\bullet$ Describe a broader historical context relevant to the prompt.
$\bullet$ Support an argument in response to the prompt using specific and relevant examples of evidence.
$\bullet$ Use historical reasoning (e.g., comparison, causation, continuity or change) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt.
$\bullet$ Use evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the prompt.

Question 66

As large banks and huge industrial corporations gained control of the international economy, most critics called for a return to free market capitalism.

Question 67

The United States proposed the "open door" policy in China to enable both its commercial and religious aspirations there.

Question 68

The formalization of colloquial languages such as Hindi and Tamil by Western-educated elites helped build a sense of Indian national identity.

Question 69

Red Lantern women lived and fought alongside their male counterparts in the Boxer Rebellion in order to prevent the Boxers being swayed by Christian women.

Question 70

One effect of the Anglo-Boer War was that the horrors the British perpetrated led them to question their belief in themselves as enlightened colonial rulers.

Question 71

Answer all parts of the question that follows.
(A) Identify ONE condition that led people in sub-Saharan Africa to resist Western pressure in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
(B) Identify and explain ONE way in which people in sub-Saharan Africa fought against Western pressure during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
(C) Identify and explain ONE additional way in which people in sub-Saharan Africa fought against Western pressure during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Question 72

How did Sojourner Truth and Bahithat al-Badiya use religion in their respective arguments?

A) To promote a return to a traditional separation of spheres between men and women.
B) To argue that male superiority over women is a social construction.
C) Sojourner Truth depicts religion as a burden to be shed, while al-Badiya sees it as a source of inspiration.
D) Sojourner Truth shows that religion only undermines female empowerment, while al-Badiya shows that it promotes gender equality.

Question 73

Most governments imposed few restrictions on immigration before 1914.

Question 74

Use the passage below to answer all parts of the question that follows.
"[In Japan] the inspiration and the capital for railway building came from within the country. The first line, running 29 kilometers from Tokyo to Yokohama, was a government project, inaugurated in the presence of the emperor. In the early years of railway building, the Japanese hired a number of Europeans, including a British chief engineer. The number of foreign technicians rose from 19 in 1970 to 113 in 1874, then dropped to 43 in 1879 and to 15 in 1885; after that the Japanese dispensed with foreign advisers. They had viewed the foreigners less as railroad builders than as teachers. As early as 1877, only seven years after the railway era began, the line from Kyoto to Otsu was built without any foreign help.
From the beginning, the railways were designed not only to transport goods and people and to benefit investors, but also to contribute to the further development of Japanese industry."
Daniel R. Headrick, in The Tentacles of Progress: Technology Transfer in the
Age of Imperialism, 1850-1940, 1988
(A) Identify ONE political change that prompted the Japanese government to industrialize.
(B) Describe ONE way the Japanese government supported industrialization.
(C) Describe ONE state where foreign capital was used to build large-scale infrastructure such as a railway system.

Question 75

Why did Indian nationalism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries pose a different challenge to British rule than had the 1857 Indian Rebellion?

A) The nationalist leaders imagined an Indian national community that encompassed the whole of British India rather than defending local identities.
B) The nationalists' anarchic beliefs meant that their actions could not often be predicted.
C) The nationalists had much stronger ties to India's peasant majority than had the 1857 rebels.
D) The nationalists relied on religious symbolism, which the 1857 rebels had ignored.

Question 76

Use the images below to answer all parts of the question that follows.
Insurrectos and their women,
c. 1910

Las Adelitas

Women fighters during the Mexican Revolution 1910-1914
(A) Identify and explain ONE similarity between the purposes of the two images.
(B) Identify and explain ONE significant difference between the portrayal of women in the two images.
(C) Identify and explain ONE example of a broader historical context in which the events portrayed in the images took place.

Question 77

What did Pan-Islamism ask of Muslims?

A) To withdraw from political concerns and focus on their religious activities
B) To support the multiethnic empires in which they lived
C) To create nation-states with majority Muslim populations
D) To put aside differences between Shiite and Sunni and work against European aggression

Question 78

Modern artists, such as Picasso and Schonberg, turned increasingly to traditional realism in order to appeal to the masses.

Question 79

In contrast to Western Europe at the turn of the twentieth century, East Asian economic sectors were not dominated by major companies.

Question 80

In what way did pan-Germanism differ from German nationalism?

A) German nationalism rejected the inclusion of German-speaking people outside of Prussian national borders, but all German-speakers were included in pan-Germanism.
B) German nationalism, unlike pan-Germanism, created a vibrant political and social movement.
C) Pan-Germanism motivated people to define their identity by race or blood instead of national boundaries.
D) Pan-Germanism only existed in eastern Europe, in areas not under the control of the German state.