Deck 13: The Three-World Order 1940-1975

Question 1

Questions refer to the image below.
Chinese Stamp, "Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance," showing Joseph
Stalin and Mao Zedong Shaking Hands (1950)
Which of the following was implemented in both the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China with disastrous consequences?

A) Great Leaps Forward
B) Collectivization of agriculture programs
C) Cultural revolutions
D) Joining the nonaligned movement

Answer 1

Collectivization of agriculture programs

Question 2

Which of the following accurately compares the Germans and Japanese during the 1930s and 1940s?

A) Both encouraged veneration of the emperor.
B) The Germans, but not the Japanese, forced large numbers of POWs and conquered people to work for their war efforts.
C) Both developed theories of racial superiority.
D) The Japanese, but not the Germans, behaved brutally toward the peoples of the territories they conquered.

Answer 2

Both developed theories of racial superiority.

Question 3

Questions refer to the passage below.
"We do not believe in rigid autarchy (absolute rule), but we do want to make India as self-sufficient in regards to her needs as far as this is possible. We want to develop international trade, importing articles we cannot easily produce and exporting such articles as the rest of the world wants from us. We do not propose to submit to economic imperialism of any other country or to impose our own on others. We believe that nations of the world can cooperate together in building a world economy which is advantageous for all and in this work we shall gladly cooperate together in building a world economy which is advantageous for all and in the work we shall gladly cooperate. But this economy cannot be based on the individual profit motive, nor can it subsist within the framework of an imperialist system. It means a new world order, both politically and economically, and free nations cooperating together for their own as well as the larger good."
A note to the members of the National Planning Committee (1940) Jawaharlal Nehru
Which of the following factors likely contributed to Nehru's reference to India's need for self-sufficiency?

A) India's long experience with colonial rule, which enhanced Britain, but suppressed domestic industry
B) The long monsoon season, which limited agricultural output and contributed to the need to develop an industrial sector
C) A belief that self-sufficiency could isolate India from global economic upheavals, like the Great Depression
D) The growing trend in the 1920s and 1930s to turn to increasingly authoritarian governments to address economic concerns

Answer 3

India's long experience with colonial rule, which enhanced Britain, but suppressed domestic industry

Question 4

After World War II, which of the following emerged as the prevailing global political organization?

A) The multiethnic empire
B) The Warsaw Pact
C) The nation-state
D) The European Economic Community

Question 5

Questions refer to the passage below.
"Ah, Sisters and Brothers, let this Conference be a great success! In spite of diversity that exists among its participants-let this Conference be a great success!
Yes, there is diversity among us. Who denies it? Small and great nations are represented here, with people professing almost every religion under the sun . . . Almost every political faith we encounter here-Democracy, Monarchism, Theocracy, with innumerable variants. And practically every economic doctrine has its representative in this hall . . . Socialism, Capitalism, Communism, in all their manifold variations and combinations.
But what harm is in diversity, when there is unity in desire? This Conference is not to oppose each other, it is a conference of brotherhood. It is not an Islam Conference, nor a Christian Conference, nor a Buddhist Conference. It is not a meeting of Malayans, nor one of Arabs, nor one of Indo-Aryan stock. It is not an exclusive club either, not a bloc which seeks to oppose any other bloc. Rather it is a body of enlightened, tolerant opinion which seeks to impress on the world that all men and all countries have their place under the sun-to impress on the world that it is possible to live together, meet together, speak to each other, without losing one's individual identity; and yet to contribute to the general understanding of matters of common concern, and to develop a true consciousness of the interdependence of men and nations for their well-being and survival on earth.
I know that in Asia and Africa there is greater diversity of religions, faiths, and beliefs, than in the other continents of the world. But that is only natural! Asia and Africa are the classic birthplaces of faiths and ideas, which have spread all over the world. Therefore, it behooves us to take particular care to ensure that the principle which is usually called the "Live and let live" principle-mark, I do not say the principle of "Laissez faire, laissez passer"* of Liberalism which is obsolete-is first of all applied by us most completely within our own Asian and African frontiers. Then only can it be fully extended to our relations with our neighbouring countries, and to others more distant."
(*Let go and let pass)
Bandung Conference, Opening Speech Indonesian President Sukarno, April 18, 1955
The passage's main argument is that:

A) Asian and African countries must take sides in the Cold War.
B) despite great diversity in religion, ethnicity, and ideology, countries should unite in the desire for peace.
C) newly independent countries needed to reject the principle of "Live and let live" and establish the principles best suited to their countries.
D) the policy of nonviolence was the most effective means of gaining independence.

Question 6

Questions refer to the image below.
Chinese Stamp, "Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance," showing Joseph
Stalin and Mao Zedong Shaking Hands (1950)
Which of the following would MOST likely contradict the message being shown in the image above?

A) Chinese intervention for North Korea in the Korean War
B) Soviet support for North Vietnam in the Vietnam-American War
C) Mao's reliance on rural peasants and Stalin's reliance on urban workers to support communism in China and Russia, respectively
D) Improved relations between the United States and China in the 1970s

Question 7

Which of the following is a reason why historians have described World War II as a total global conflict?

A) World War II led to significant transformations of all the major prewar forms of government.
B) Fighting in World War II took place on three continents and included soldiers from all continents except Antarctica.
C) All countries in the world were involved in the war, suffering severe financial losses and dislocation to their economies.
D) Class, race, and gender boundaries were dissolved by the needs of total war in all the combating nations.

Question 8

Questions refer to the passage below.
"Ah, Sisters and Brothers, let this Conference be a great success! In spite of diversity that exists among its participants-let this Conference be a great success!
Yes, there is diversity among us. Who denies it? Small and great nations are represented here, with people professing almost every religion under the sun . . . Almost every political faith we encounter here-Democracy, Monarchism, Theocracy, with innumerable variants. And practically every economic doctrine has its representative in this hall . . . Socialism, Capitalism, Communism, in all their manifold variations and combinations.
But what harm is in diversity, when there is unity in desire? This Conference is not to oppose each other, it is a conference of brotherhood. It is not an Islam Conference, nor a Christian Conference, nor a Buddhist Conference. It is not a meeting of Malayans, nor one of Arabs, nor one of Indo-Aryan stock. It is not an exclusive club either, not a bloc which seeks to oppose any other bloc. Rather it is a body of enlightened, tolerant opinion which seeks to impress on the world that all men and all countries have their place under the sun-to impress on the world that it is possible to live together, meet together, speak to each other, without losing one's individual identity; and yet to contribute to the general understanding of matters of common concern, and to develop a true consciousness of the interdependence of men and nations for their well-being and survival on earth.
I know that in Asia and Africa there is greater diversity of religions, faiths, and beliefs, than in the other continents of the world. But that is only natural! Asia and Africa are the classic birthplaces of faiths and ideas, which have spread all over the world. Therefore, it behooves us to take particular care to ensure that the principle which is usually called the "Live and let live" principle-mark, I do not say the principle of "Laissez faire, laissez passer"* of Liberalism which is obsolete-is first of all applied by us most completely within our own Asian and African frontiers. Then only can it be fully extended to our relations with our neighbouring countries, and to others more distant."
(*Let go and let pass)
Bandung Conference, Opening Speech Indonesian President Sukarno, April 18, 1955
This speech is best understood in the context of:

A) newly independent states and ongoing decolonization and independence movements.
B) the rise of supranational organizations like the United Nations and the World Bank.
C) the Cold War and the rivalry between the so-called First World and Second Worlds.
D) rejecting post-war aid from the United States through the Marshall Plan.

Question 9

Questions refer to the image below.
Chinese Stamp, "Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance," showing Joseph
Stalin and Mao Zedong Shaking Hands (1950)
Which of the following conclusions might be drawn from the stamp design above?

A) Nationalism did not preclude international cooperation between Stalin and Mao.
B) Both Mao and Stalin celebrated the ethnic diversity of their nations.
C) In spite of the handshake, Mao and Stalin kept their distance from each other.
D) China was friendly with the Soviet Union in order to prevent a return of European imperialism to China.

Question 10

Questions refer to the image below.
"It's the same thing without mechanical problems" / Herblock
Why did the leader of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin, reject the U.S. offer of Marshall Plan aid?

A) He believed accepting U.S. aid would be an admission of failure with the Soviet system.
B) He thought the amount of aid the Unites States offered was insulting, in light of Soviet contributions to the defeat of Germany during the war.
C) Stalin rejected the Marshall Plan's idea that Western technology was superior to Soviet technology.
D) Stalin's plan called for a return to an agrarian-based society, rejecting the inequalities found in industrialization.

Question 11

Questions refer to the image below.
"It's the same thing without mechanical problems" / Herblock
This cartoon satirizes which of the following?

A) The United States' commitment to helping Europe after World War II
B) The nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union
C) Soviet propaganda in refusing U.S. aid as part of the Marshall Plan
D) The ignorance of Soviet farmers for ignoring more advanced technology

Question 12

Questions refer to the passage below.
"We do not believe in rigid autarchy (absolute rule), but we do want to make India as self-sufficient in regards to her needs as far as this is possible. We want to develop international trade, importing articles we cannot easily produce and exporting such articles as the rest of the world wants from us. We do not propose to submit to economic imperialism of any other country or to impose our own on others. We believe that nations of the world can cooperate together in building a world economy which is advantageous for all and in this work we shall gladly cooperate together in building a world economy which is advantageous for all and in the work we shall gladly cooperate. But this economy cannot be based on the individual profit motive, nor can it subsist within the framework of an imperialist system. It means a new world order, both politically and economically, and free nations cooperating together for their own as well as the larger good."
A note to the members of the National Planning Committee (1940) Jawaharlal Nehru
The speech by Jawaharlal Nehru is MOST clearly:

A) an affirmation of capitalist values.
B) the result of development initiatives by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).
C) a call for economic progress within a cooperative global order.
D) an isolationist perspective on foreign relations.

Question 13

Questions refer to the passage below.
"We do not believe in rigid autarchy (absolute rule), but we do want to make India as self-sufficient in regards to her needs as far as this is possible. We want to develop international trade, importing articles we cannot easily produce and exporting such articles as the rest of the world wants from us. We do not propose to submit to economic imperialism of any other country or to impose our own on others. We believe that nations of the world can cooperate together in building a world economy which is advantageous for all and in this work we shall gladly cooperate together in building a world economy which is advantageous for all and in the work we shall gladly cooperate. But this economy cannot be based on the individual profit motive, nor can it subsist within the framework of an imperialist system. It means a new world order, both politically and economically, and free nations cooperating together for their own as well as the larger good."
A note to the members of the National Planning Committee (1940) Jawaharlal Nehru
Nehru asserts that for India to be economically successful:

A) it needs to protect its own industries from foreign competition until they are more fully developed.
B) it must fully integrate into the global free-market capitalist system.
C) it must take the lead in developing an economic system outside of either capitalist or communist influence.
D) a new world economic system must be developed that is based on cooperation rather than individual profits.

Question 14

Questions refer to the passage below.
"Ah, Sisters and Brothers, let this Conference be a great success! In spite of diversity that exists among its participants-let this Conference be a great success!
Yes, there is diversity among us. Who denies it? Small and great nations are represented here, with people professing almost every religion under the sun . . . Almost every political faith we encounter here-Democracy, Monarchism, Theocracy, with innumerable variants. And practically every economic doctrine has its representative in this hall . . . Socialism, Capitalism, Communism, in all their manifold variations and combinations.
But what harm is in diversity, when there is unity in desire? This Conference is not to oppose each other, it is a conference of brotherhood. It is not an Islam Conference, nor a Christian Conference, nor a Buddhist Conference. It is not a meeting of Malayans, nor one of Arabs, nor one of Indo-Aryan stock. It is not an exclusive club either, not a bloc which seeks to oppose any other bloc. Rather it is a body of enlightened, tolerant opinion which seeks to impress on the world that all men and all countries have their place under the sun-to impress on the world that it is possible to live together, meet together, speak to each other, without losing one's individual identity; and yet to contribute to the general understanding of matters of common concern, and to develop a true consciousness of the interdependence of men and nations for their well-being and survival on earth.
I know that in Asia and Africa there is greater diversity of religions, faiths, and beliefs, than in the other continents of the world. But that is only natural! Asia and Africa are the classic birthplaces of faiths and ideas, which have spread all over the world. Therefore, it behooves us to take particular care to ensure that the principle which is usually called the "Live and let live" principle-mark, I do not say the principle of "Laissez faire, laissez passer"* of Liberalism which is obsolete-is first of all applied by us most completely within our own Asian and African frontiers. Then only can it be fully extended to our relations with our neighbouring countries, and to others more distant."
(*Let go and let pass)
Bandung Conference, Opening Speech Indonesian President Sukarno, April 18, 1955
The United States and the Soviet Union:

A) allowed newly independent countries to seek their own paths without trying to influence them.
B) supported only forms of government that were similar to their own (i.e., democratic for the United States and communist for the USSR).
C) were generally stabilizing forces in international politics.
D) used a variety of methods to attempt to persuade newly independent countries to join their side.

Question 15

Questions refer to the image below.
Chinese Stamp, "Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance," showing Joseph
Stalin and Mao Zedong Shaking Hands (1950)
The commemorative stamp above reveals:

A) the importance of a wartime alliance against Japan.
B) a public spirit of cooperation between two communist leaders.
C) the bridging of First World-Third World diplomatic relations.
D) an agreement about what "true" communism should look like.

Question 16

Which of the following issues led to the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union?

A) Their expanding overseas empires impinged on one another, creating borderland conflicts.
B) They had diametrically opposed political and economic ideologies.
C) They had been on opposing sides during World Wars I and II.
D) They both wanted to colonize Western Europe's former colonies.

Question 17

Questions refer to the passage below.
"We do not believe in rigid autarchy (absolute rule), but we do want to make India as self-sufficient in regards to her needs as far as this is possible. We want to develop international trade, importing articles we cannot easily produce and exporting such articles as the rest of the world wants from us. We do not propose to submit to economic imperialism of any other country or to impose our own on others. We believe that nations of the world can cooperate together in building a world economy which is advantageous for all and in this work we shall gladly cooperate together in building a world economy which is advantageous for all and in the work we shall gladly cooperate. But this economy cannot be based on the individual profit motive, nor can it subsist within the framework of an imperialist system. It means a new world order, both politically and economically, and free nations cooperating together for their own as well as the larger good."
A note to the members of the National Planning Committee (1940) Jawaharlal Nehru
What is the historical context for Nehru's claim that "We do not propose to submit to economic imperialism of any other country or to impose our own on others"?

A) The Cold War
B) The outcome of World War I
C) The process of globalization in the twentieth century
D) War with Pakistan over Kashmir

Question 18

Questions refer to the passage below.
"Ah, Sisters and Brothers, let this Conference be a great success! In spite of diversity that exists among its participants-let this Conference be a great success!
Yes, there is diversity among us. Who denies it? Small and great nations are represented here, with people professing almost every religion under the sun . . . Almost every political faith we encounter here-Democracy, Monarchism, Theocracy, with innumerable variants. And practically every economic doctrine has its representative in this hall . . . Socialism, Capitalism, Communism, in all their manifold variations and combinations.
But what harm is in diversity, when there is unity in desire? This Conference is not to oppose each other, it is a conference of brotherhood. It is not an Islam Conference, nor a Christian Conference, nor a Buddhist Conference. It is not a meeting of Malayans, nor one of Arabs, nor one of Indo-Aryan stock. It is not an exclusive club either, not a bloc which seeks to oppose any other bloc. Rather it is a body of enlightened, tolerant opinion which seeks to impress on the world that all men and all countries have their place under the sun-to impress on the world that it is possible to live together, meet together, speak to each other, without losing one's individual identity; and yet to contribute to the general understanding of matters of common concern, and to develop a true consciousness of the interdependence of men and nations for their well-being and survival on earth.
I know that in Asia and Africa there is greater diversity of religions, faiths, and beliefs, than in the other continents of the world. But that is only natural! Asia and Africa are the classic birthplaces of faiths and ideas, which have spread all over the world. Therefore, it behooves us to take particular care to ensure that the principle which is usually called the "Live and let live" principle-mark, I do not say the principle of "Laissez faire, laissez passer"* of Liberalism which is obsolete-is first of all applied by us most completely within our own Asian and African frontiers. Then only can it be fully extended to our relations with our neighbouring countries, and to others more distant."
(*Let go and let pass)
Bandung Conference, Opening Speech Indonesian President Sukarno, April 18, 1955
Which of the following best characterizes the countries that attended the Bandung Conference?

A) They were former colonies of European powers.
B) They were countries in the midst of advocating for their independence from European powers.
C) They were new states that sought an alliance with either the United States or the Soviet Union.
D) They were new states that were committed to democratic institutions.

Question 19

Which of the following was one of the principal causes of World War II?

A) The Germans and the Russians had a long-standing agreement to divide the world between them.
B) The Great Depression led to decreased military spending in Germany and Japan, which invited aggression from their neighbors.
C) Communism failed to expand its presence in Europe.
D) Resentment lingered over the punitive treaties imposed after World War I

Question 20

Questions refer to the image below.
"It's the same thing without mechanical problems" / Herblock
What was the primary motivation of the United States to develop the Marshall Plan?

A) To encourage Eastern European countries to rebel against the Soviet Union
B) To rebuild Western Europe to prepare for a war with the Soviet Union
C) To put U.S. farmers and industry back to work following World War II
D) To limit the appeal of communism in Europe

Question 21

Which of the following led to the internal migration of 12 million South Asians in 1947?

A) Millions of South Asians moved from rural poverty to seek better lives in urban centers.
B) Both Hindus and Muslims left their homes to relocate to the new countries, India or Pakistan, after more than a million people were killed in religious conflicts.
C) Millions of dalits, the lowest caste in India, moved from Hindu provinces to Muslim provinces, where they were promised equality under law.
D) Millions of people returned from overseas British-controlled plantations and factories to seek independent incomes in the new India.

Question 22

What was the Marshall Plan's goal?

A) Its goal was to build an "iron curtain" across the center of Europe, blocking the expansion of communism.
B) Its goal was to limit the appeal of communism in Europe by providing grants for reconstruction to democratic governments.
C) Its goal was to ensure that eastern European states would have communist governments, providing a buffer between the USSR and Germany.
D) Its goal was to humiliate the Soviets by showing how few resources the Soviets could muster to rebuild Europe.

Question 23

Which of the following factors encouraged the British to transfer power quickly to the Indian National Congress following World War II?

A) The threat of radicalized peasant uprisings prompted the British to expedite the transfer of power to the middle-class leaders of the Indian National Congress.
B) The British had to give up the rule of India because Indian nationalists threatened violent revolution over the British attempt to select the Indian cricket team to tour Australia in 1946.
C) The British, exhausted from World War II, were unable to cope with the cost of famine relief in 1946.
D) The outbreak of civil war between Hindus and Muslims in South Asia in 1945 encouraged the British to leave India as quickly as possible.

Question 24

What did the Berlin Wall signify?

A) The Marshall Plan's success at stimulating economies throughout Europe
B) The appeal of Communist policies to Western Europeans in the aftermath of World War II
C) Nazi Germany's last attempt to resist the Allied advance
D) The Soviet Union's attempt to insulate its sphere of influence from the West

Question 25

Which of the following techniques did Adolf Hitler use to create his racially based new world order?

A) He set up puppet governments that complied with deportation orders for Jews.
B) He authorized a land invasion of India to block supplies of petroleum from reaching the British.
C) He assisted the Soviets in creating their own concentration camps to house those deemed racially inferior.
D) He accepted the work of German Jewish scientists and artists if they would agree to support his programs.

Question 26

How did the Korean War transform Japan's relationship with the winners of World War II?

A) Japan became an important ally of the United States in the fight against communism.
B) Japan became an important ally of the Soviet Union in the fight to expand communism.
C) Japan once again became a strong, aggressive neocolonial power.
D) Japan used the Korean War as an opportunity to attempt to redress the war crimes it had committed in World War II.

Question 27

Which of the following reflects the Chinese communist party's approach toward women?

A) It rejected women's rights in order to build support with the patriarchal Chinese peasantry.
B) It subordinated women's individual rights to the rights of the family as an institution.
C) It believed that women were selfish to demand more rights during the war with Japan.
D) It freed women from oppressive laws and customs as part of its government.

Question 28

Which of the following saved Chinese communists from being overwhelmed by Nationalist forces in the Chinese Civil War?

A) The Soviet Union changed its support from the Nationalists to the communists.
B) Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek died suddenly, throwing the Nationalist army into disarray.
C) The Japanese invasion diverted Nationalist troops from pursuing the communists into the Chinese interior.
D) The Nationalist army was diverted to fight against the Germans, who had hopes of conquering China.

Question 29

Which of the following first tested President Harry Truman's containment policy?

A) The Berlin blockade
B) The bombing of Nagasaki
C) The Marshall Plan
D) The siege of Stalingrad

Question 30

Why did many African leaders think that Africa would move swiftly to a special African form of socialism following decolonization?

A) They believed that the common African traditions that informed Negritude would enable them to embrace social justice and equality.
B) They believed that they had been most prosperous under, and wanted to return to, Islamic caliphates.
C) They believed that the colonial experience had provided them with strong economic principles to begin independence.
D) They believed that the model provided by the First World was best suited to African conditions.

Question 31

Which of the following encouraged the European powers to surrender their African colonies?

A) The European powers determined that it was time to live up to their Enlightenment ideals.
B) The United States encouraged decolonization, but the USSR opposed it.
C) The treaty ending World War II called for immediate decolonization.
D) European powers were too deep in debt to invest more in pacifying the discontented Africans.

Question 32

Which of the following European claims did the systematic implementation of the Nazi genocide challenge?

A) Europeans had claimed that social Darwinism supported their racial superiority.
B) Europeans had claimed that science, technology, and an efficient bureaucracy would make life better for all.
C) Europeans had claimed that liberal capitalism was the most efficient governmental and economic system.
D) Europeans had claimed that their democratic political system was superior to all others.

Question 33

Why did the development of more effective nuclear weapons ultimately decrease the risk of a direct confrontation between the United States and the USSR?

A) Cooperating to develop the new weapons minimized the tension between the two powers.
B) Any conflict that involved nuclear weapons had the potential to destroy the world.
C) The spread of nuclear weapons to other states created new common enemies for the old allies.
D) Both countries felt secure in their own arsenals and were less concerned about their individual rivals.

Question 34

Which of the following led European Jews to migrate to Palestine during the first half of the twentieth century?

A) They believed that returning to their place of origin would lead to self-determination.
B) They sought assimilation into an existing regional Semitic culture.
C) They wished to create a new European colony in the Middle East, to replace the Ottoman Empire.
D) They hoped to learn Palestinian agricultural techniques in order to achieve economic success.

Question 35

For which of the following reasons did President Harry Truman authorize use of the atomic bomb in 1945?

A) Germany refused to surrender, even though the Soviets, British, and Americans were converging on Berlin.
B) Truman feared that if he didn't use the bomb the Russians would continue their drive to spread Communism into Western Europe.
C) The bomb had never been tested, and scientists needed to know if the theory behind it was valid.
D) An Allied invasion of Japan would cost hundreds of thousands of American lives, since the Japanese had vowed to defend the main islands to the last man, woman, or child.

Question 36

Why did Joseph Stalin believe that the Soviet Union deserved to dominate eastern Europe?

A) The Soviet Union had refrained from using nuclear weapons in Europe, and should be rewarded.
B) The Soviet Union had been promised control of eastern Europe at the Yalta Conference.
C) The Soviet Union had sacrificed so many people in the war against fascism.
D) The Soviet Union had more money than did the United States to rebuild the devastated region after the war.

Question 37

Why did communism appeal to many Europeans after World War II?

A) The USSR offered a large amount of aid for economic and military redevelopment throughout Europe.
B) Capitalism failed to provide adequate supplies of weapons to protect them from German invasions.
C) Many eastern Europeans, reacting to the horrors of fascism, looked to the Soviets for solutions to rebuild society.
D) The Soviet Union demonstrated how effective communism was at protecting human rights.

Question 38

How did Japan justify its conquest of neighboring territory during World War II?

A) Japan claimed that its conquests were protecting East Asia from American colonial aggression.
B) Japan claimed that it was driving out European imperialists and establishing "Asia for the Asians."
C) Japan claimed that if it failed to take over, Europeans would extend their colonial presence into the region.
D) Japan claimed that conquest was necessary in order to forestall the spread of world communism.

Question 39

Which of the following groups of Africans led anticolonial movements immediately following World War II?

A) Religious leaders, rural peasants, and urban artisans
B) Urban unemployed, former servicemen, and Western-educated indigenous elites
C) Current and former members of colonial legislatures
D) Primary school dropouts unable to find gainful employment

Question 40

What purpose did the Warsaw Pact serve?

A) It provided a platform for Eastern European resistance to Soviet rule.
B) It institutionalized a Soviet response to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
C) It established a nuclear nonproliferation agreement between Western Europe and the Soviet Union.
D) It initiated a Polish government promise to promote the country's self-sufficiency.

Question 41

Multinational corporations had which of the following impacts on Third World countries?

A) They removed raw materials, and then left the local government to clean up the mess.
B) They provided important technical knowledge that Third World countries could use to build their industrial bases.
C) They expanded countries' agricultural and manufacturing sectors, but impeded the growth of local firms.
D) They allowed Third World countries to free themselves from dependence on the institutions of international capitalism.

Question 42

Which of the following is a reason that communism lost its appeal in post-World War II Western Europe?

A) Communist political parties were outlawed in Western European countries.
B) Strong economic growth led to increased standards of living and expanded access to services like education and health care.
C) Observers who visited the Soviet Union were able to observe and report on the differences between communist theory and Soviet practice.
D) Europeans had successfully prosecuted Nazis and Fascists, so saw nothing to be gained from another authoritarian system such as communism.

Question 43

Which of the following led Zionist militants to use force in their attempt to gain statehood?

A) During World War II, secret negotiations took place to turn the entire region over to the House of Saud.
B) Following World War II, hundreds of thousands of concentration camp survivors sought entry into Palestine.
C) During World War II, Italian forces occupied the region and attempted to transport large numbers of Jews to Nazi extermination camps in Europe.
D) Following World War II, the French wanted to annex the region to their colony in Lebanon.

Question 44

Which of the following is a reason why the Algerian War of Independence shocked French citizens and the colons?

A) The colons controlled Algeria's best land and finances.
B) The French government had declared that Algeria was not a colony, but an integral part of France.
C) France had already granted independence to all of its other African colonies.
D) The colons introduced terror tactics to force the population to choose between them and the nationalists.

Question 45

Which of the following was a response to Nikita Khrushchev's speech in 1956 attempting to separate Stalinism from true communism?

A) Supporters of Stalin attempted to regain control of the Politburo.
B) Polish and Hungarian intellectuals tried to break away from strict communist controls.
C) The Soviet army commanders withdrew troops from Eastern Europe.
D) The Politburo gave orders to have Stalin's supporters quietly poisoned to avoid open disunity among the communist elite.

Question 46

What contributed to Japan's postwar economic "miracle"?

A) The Japanese military's pressure to accelerate national industrial growth
B) The Soviet Union's infusion of experts and machinery
C) The Japanese government's protectionism and partnerships with private firms
D) The complete elimination of trade barriers with European countries

Question 47

Which of the following factors led to the failure of Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward in 1958?

A) Peasants refused to cooperate in communal living because it conflicted with traditional Chinese values.
B) First World corporations refused to buy any of the items produced in the local Chinese communal factories.
C) The Red Guards were not behind the Great Leap Forward and undercut its effectiveness.
D) The communes failed to provide enough food to avoid famine, and the manufactured goods were inferior.

Question 48

Under what circumstances did the Cold War become a "hot" war?

A) It became a hot war when the United States and the Soviet Union became involved in armed conflict.
B) It became a hot war when the Soviet Union enforced its will on its Eastern European satellite states.
C) It became a hot war when the United States and the Soviet Union armed their Third World allies and encouraged proxy wars.
D) It became a hot war when the United States and the Soviet Union established foreign military bases in Third World countries.

Question 49

Which of the following is a similarity between the decolonization experiences of Algeria and South Africa?

A) Both countries suffered violent civil wars to end colonial control.
B) Both countries were independent before the end of World War II.
C) Both countries had large numbers of European settlers, which prevented a smooth transfer of power.
D) Both countries had trained large numbers of indigenous people in the civil service and military, making the transition to independence easier.

Question 50

Which of the following accurately depicts the Vietnamese intelligentsia under French rule?

A) The Vietnamese intelligentsia rejected Western culture and returned to traditional Shinto values.
B) The Vietnamese intelligentsia were granted land and mining concessions to ensure their loyalty.
C) Western-educated Vietnamese living overseas strongly supported the colonial government.
D) Western-educated Vietnamese worked as clerks, teachers, and petty officials, but had few opportunities for advancement.

Question 51

Which of the following is a reason why some First World powers supported South Africa during the 1950s and 1960s?

A) South Africa was anticommunist.
B) South Africa was a strategic military and commercial outpost.
C) South Africa had developed a democratic society.
D) South Africa, especially Johannesburg, was an important center for global finance.

Question 52

Why did Egypt emerge as a potent symbol of pan-Arab nationalism in 1956?

A) Egypt's military under Nasser was able to reclaim the Suez Canal from the British, French, and Israelis.
B) Because Egypt was the site of the oldest civilization in the region, it had great prestige.
C) Egypt was the site of origin of the Muslim Brotherhood, which soon came to power after they overthrew the king.
D) Egypt had been the capital of the last Muslim Caliphate, so it was the symbolic home of pan-Arab sentiments.

Question 53

Which of the following people provided the model for protest that Martin Luther King, Jr. adopted in his pursuit of civil rights?

A) Nelson Mandela
B) Mohandas Gandhi
C) Ho Chi Minh
D) Gamal Abdel Nasser

Question 54

During the 1950s, Americans expressed anxiety about communism in which of the following ways?

A) Anticommunist rhetoric led to attacks on civil liberties of individuals suspected of being communists or communist sympathizers.
B) Hollywood produced fewer movies than before because so many directors, stars, and writers were blacklisted.
C) Americans bought more consumer goods, which were usually made in the United States.
D) American society became more egalitarian, so that communism would be less appealing.

Question 55

Why was the launch of Sputnik significant in the context of the Cold War?

A) Sputnik demonstrated that Western and Soviet scientists could collaborate on scientific projects.
B) Sputnik elevated the prestige of Soviet science to observers in the Third World.
C) Sputnik's success led several states to leave NATO.
D) Sputnik's success diminished the risk of nuclear war.

Question 56

Which of the following was the main reason that the United States became involved in the conflict between North and South Vietnam?

A) The United States supported South Vietnam because it feared the spread of communism throughout Southeast Asia.
B) The United States supported North Vietnam because it admired Ho Chi Minh's nationalist goals.
C) The United States felt it could be a neutral arbitrator in the region, since the United States had not been a colonial power in the region.
D) The United States became involved in order to get access to petroleum reserves off the eastern coast of Vietnam.

Question 57

In comparison with life in First World countries, which of the following best describes life for ordinary people in Second World countries?

A) Higher standards of living, but lower levels of economic security
B) Greater social egalitarianism and more opportunities for self-expression
C) Lower standards of living, but higher levels of economic security
D) Higher standards of living, but greater demands for military and community service

Question 58

In which of the following ways did the United States attempt to counter growing radicalism in Latin America?

A) The United Sates accepted the right of Latin American peoples to choose their own form of governance.
B) President John Kennedy sent advisors to dole out aid, explain how to reform local land systems, and demonstrate the benefits of liberal capitalism.
C) President Kennedy condemned the persecution and execution of protestors in Argentina, Uruguay, and Venezuela.
D) U.S. policymakers supported the democratically elected government of socialist Salvador Allende in Chile.

Question 59

During the Cold War, what did the United States and the Soviet Union expect from Third World countries?

A) They expected them to join one of the two opposing Cold War camps.
B) They expected them to encourage world peace and nuclear disarmament.
C) They expected them to remain politically neutral.
D) They expected them to adapt elements from First World and Second World political philosophies to their own specific circumstances.

Question 60

How did the Arab-Israeli War of 1947-1948 help shatter the legitimacy of Arab ruling elites?

A) Arab ruling elites did not have the funds to make adequate provision for large numbers of Palestinian refugees.
B) Arab ruling elites counseled caution in challenging the partition, but their military fought anyway.
C) Arab states were poorly prepared to take on the Israeli Defense Force and eventually lost territory granted to them by the United Nations' partition.
D) Arab states lacked sufficient diplomatic training to effectively challenge the United Nations' partition.

Question 61

The Cold War superpowers stayed out of civil wars in Third World countries, believing that such conflicts ought to be resolved internally.

Question 62

Answer all parts of the question that follows.
(A) Explain ONE way the United States sought to prevent the spread of communism between 1945 and 1950.
(B) Explain ONE way the United States sought to prevent the spread of communism between 1950 and 1975.
(C) Explain ONE difference in the United States' responses to its role in international affairs after World War I and after World War II.

Question 63

The reason that Nazi bureaucrats decided to exterminate, instead of deport, the Jewish population of eastern Europe was that they believed that deportation was too costly.

Question 64

Use the map below to answer all parts of the questions that follow.
Map of NATO-Warsaw Pact (A) Identify and explain ONE significant similarity between the alliances depicted on the map.
(B) Identify and explain ONE significant difference between the alliances depicted on the map.
(C) Explain ONE limitation of using the maps to measure the relative strength of the two alliances.

Question 65

Which of the following was a consequence of Rachel Carson's book, Silent Spring?

A) It led to the environmental movement, which questioned many of the ideas about economic progress and material prosperity upon which the "American Dream" had rested.
B) It led to more pesticides being used on crops in Third World countries in order to increase food production.
C) It led to the creation of the Pure Food and Drug Act.
D) It, along with Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique, created the modern women's liberation movement.

Question 66

The United States opposed decolonization because it hoped to keep colonial peoples within Western Europeans' sphere of influence.

Question 67

NATO and the Warsaw Pact were both designed to help contain the spread of communism.

Question 68

Japan began its military expansion into mainland Asia after World War II began.

Question 69

India and China both achieved political independence peacefully.

Question 70

Use the passage below and your knowledge of world history to answer all parts of the question that follows.
Following the Second World War, the political elites of Great Britain and France, the last remaining colonial powers of any consequence, believed that they could engineer the transfer of power to "trustworthy" indigenous leaders in the colonial territories previously under their control, and that they could manage this transfer in accord with the colonial ruling elites' own ideas. It was hoped that these transitions would be long and drawn out-in other words, lasting decades rather than a few years-and that they would take place peacefully. There was also the expectation that the newly independent states, not without gratitude for many years of colonial "partnership," would cultivate harmonious relations with their former colonial powers. With this in mind, decolonization was understood as a strategy and political goal of Europeans, a goal to be reached with skill and determination.
Decolonization: A Short History Jan C. Jansen & Jürgen Osterhammel
Translated by Jeremiah Riemer
(A) Identify ONE transfer of power that went to "trustworthy" indigenous leaders as described in line 3.
(B) Identify and explain why these transfers of power did NOT go as the countries hoped, as stated in the second sentence.
(C) Identify and describe a postcolonial relationship between a former colony and its colonizer.

Question 71

What was the cause of the OPEC oil embargo of 1973?

A) OPEC wanted to force increased exploration for petroleum and other energy resources.
B) Arab oil-producing states wanted to pressure Israel's First World allies by halting oil exports to them.
C) Threats of war in the Persian Gulf led to closing off the oil fields for fear that they might be destroyed in the fighting.
D) OPEC states were running low on petroleum reserves and needed to find a way to slow down oil consumption.

Question 72

In which of the following ways was the Prague Spring in 1968 similar to the Hungarian uprising in 1956?

A) Both were attempts to undercut the Marshall Plan in eastern Europe.
B) Both were primarily revolts conducted according to the principles of nonviolent civil disobedience.
C) Both were responding to the Cultural Revolution.
D) Both attempts to decrease communist authoritarianism in eastern Europe were crushed by the Soviet military.

Question 73

How did Pacific Rim nations such as South Korea and Taiwan escape the typical Third World cycle of poverty and dependence?

A) They closely followed the international market model.
B) They built a new system from the basic ideas of Karl Marx.
C) They used regulation to promote new industries and required multinationals to cooperate with local firms.
D) They used the World Bank to fund infrastructure projects and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to prop up their currencies.

Question 74

Which Cold War event brought the world closest to nuclear war?

A) The Cuban Missile Crisis
B) The Bay of Pigs invasion
C) The Prague Spring
D) The Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Question 75

In 1947, outgoing colonial rulers of India split the subcontinent into two states based on the distribution of raw materials and infrastructure.

Question 76

In post-World War II Western Europe, the "woman question" concerned what new problem?

A) Women were making gains in the workplace, but without a proportional decrease in domestic responsibility.
B) Women were being advised to focus their lives around acquiring a husband and children.
C) Women were more likely to be sympathetic to communism than were men.
D) More women were moving into the workplace, but there were not enough available jobs to accommodate them.

Question 77

OPEC's oil embargo was effective in redressing poverty and dependency in the Third World.

Question 78

Use the image below and your knowledge of world history to answer all parts of the question that follows. Mahatma Gandhi Salt March in progress, March 12, 1930
(A) Identify ONE way that nationalist parties and leaders in Asia challenged imperial rule.
(B) Explain ONE way imperial powers responded to nationalist pro-independence movements.
(C) Identify and explain ONE limitation of using the image above as an example of the way that nationalist parties and leaders in Asia and Africa challenged imperial rule.

Question 79

For Léopold Senghor-leading figure in the Negritude movement-how did Negritude and European civilization relate to each other?

A) The two were naturally pitted against each other in a violent dynamic.
B) The two would eventually fuse into a hybrid Afro-European culture.
C) European civilization was a myth, but Negritude was a natural phenomenon.
D) Negritude could only be strengthened by its encounter with European civilization.

Question 80

Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, advanced a plan for India's future based on the application of scientific knowledge to promote the nation as a whole.