Deck 14: Globalization 1970-2000

Question 1

During the 1970s and 1980s, which of the following most significantly weakened the Soviet bloc?

A) Some of the Soviet bloc member-states defected to the Balkan alliance.
B) The Soviet bloc's Western rivals outpaced the bloc economically.
C) Religious warfare broke out within the Soviet bloc.
D) Border disputes devastated the Soviet bloc.

Answer 1

The Soviet bloc's Western rivals outpaced the bloc economically.

Question 2

Questions refer to the passage below.
"The right to reproductive choice means that women have a right to choose whether or not to reproduce . . . A violation of this right was revealed by a nongovernmental report on widespread pregnancy-based discrimination against women employed in Mexico's export-processing (maquiladora) sector. . . . women applying for work in this sector were routinely required to undergo pregnancy testing for screening, and that employed women were forced to resign when they became pregnant. In some factories, women were obliged to show sanitary napkins to company nurses as a condition of ongoing employment.
The right to family planning education, information, and services is key to reproductive choice, and central to women's sexual and reproductive health, especially given the risk of maternal mortality and the illegality of abortion in many countries."
Dr. Carmel Shalev "Rights to Sexual and Reproductive Health," International Conference on Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India (1998)
What conclusion can be drawn from the passage above?

A) In the twentieth century, working women in some countries had limited reproductive rights and choices.
B) Because women had access to job opportunities, they did not face workplace discrimination.
C) Family planning was extremely costly.
D) International law governed women's rights to sexual and reproductive health.

Answer 2

In the twentieth century, working women in some countries had limited reproductive rights and choices.

Question 3

Questions refer to the passage below.
"As peoples, we reaffirm our rights to self-determination and to own, control and manage our ancestral lands and territories, waters and other resources. . . . We are the original peoples tied to the land by our umbilical cords and the dust of our ancestors. Our special places are sacred and demand the highest respect. . . . Our traditional knowledge is not in the public domain . . . unauthorized use and misappropriation of traditional knowledge is theft.
Economic globalization constitutes one of the main obstacles for the recognition of the rights of Indigenous Peoples. Transnational corporations and industrialized countries impose their global agenda on the negotiations and agreements of the United Nations system, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization and other bodies . . .
Indigenous Peoples, our lands and territories are not objects of tourism development. . . .We are responsible to defend our lands, territories, and indigenous peoples against tourism exploitation by governments, development agencies, private enterprises, NGOs, and individuals.
Recognizing the vital role that pastoralism and hunting-gathering play in the livelihood of many Indigenous Peoples, we urge governments to recognize, accept, support, and invest in pastoralism and hunting-gathering as viable and sustainable economic systems."
Exerpt from The Kimberly Declaration International Indigenous Peoples Summit on Sustainable Development Kimberly, South Africa, August, 2002
The Declaration is urging indigenous peoples to:

A) enter into closer partnerships with the United Nations.
B) declare sovereignty and establish their own states.
C) resist being exploited as tourist attractions.
D) modernize to protect their culture as best they can.

Answer 3

resist being exploited as tourist attractions.

Question 4

During the 1970s and 1980s, which of the following caused internal trouble for both the Soviet Union and the United States?

A) High unemployment
B) Dependence on imported goods
C) The cost of the arms buildup
D) Antinuclear protest movements

Question 5

Questions refer to the passage below.
"The right to reproductive choice means that women have a right to choose whether or not to reproduce . . . A violation of this right was revealed by a nongovernmental report on widespread pregnancy-based discrimination against women employed in Mexico's export-processing (maquiladora) sector. . . . women applying for work in this sector were routinely required to undergo pregnancy testing for screening, and that employed women were forced to resign when they became pregnant. In some factories, women were obliged to show sanitary napkins to company nurses as a condition of ongoing employment.
The right to family planning education, information, and services is key to reproductive choice, and central to women's sexual and reproductive health, especially given the risk of maternal mortality and the illegality of abortion in many countries."
Dr. Carmel Shalev "Rights to Sexual and Reproductive Health," International Conference on Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India (1998)
Which of the following does the conference speech by Dr. Carmen Shalev on the international state of women's sexual and reproductive health demonstrate?

A) NGOs encouraged global women's rights.
B) Global meetings should not be held in places, like Mexico, that do not support women's rights.
C) Mexican law suppresses women's reproductive freedoms.
D) The export-processing sector and international trade generally support women's health issues.

Question 6

Questions refer to the map below.
Food Consumption and Famine since 1940s
Based on evidence from the map above, what has been the main cause of famines around the world since the 1940s?

A) Global warming
B) Natural disasters and drought
C) Human conflicts
D) A breakdown of food distribution networks

Question 7

Questions refer to the passage below.
"As peoples, we reaffirm our rights to self-determination and to own, control and manage our ancestral lands and territories, waters and other resources. . . . We are the original peoples tied to the land by our umbilical cords and the dust of our ancestors. Our special places are sacred and demand the highest respect. . . . Our traditional knowledge is not in the public domain . . . unauthorized use and misappropriation of traditional knowledge is theft.
Economic globalization constitutes one of the main obstacles for the recognition of the rights of Indigenous Peoples. Transnational corporations and industrialized countries impose their global agenda on the negotiations and agreements of the United Nations system, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization and other bodies . . .
Indigenous Peoples, our lands and territories are not objects of tourism development. . . .We are responsible to defend our lands, territories, and indigenous peoples against tourism exploitation by governments, development agencies, private enterprises, NGOs, and individuals.
Recognizing the vital role that pastoralism and hunting-gathering play in the livelihood of many Indigenous Peoples, we urge governments to recognize, accept, support, and invest in pastoralism and hunting-gathering as viable and sustainable economic systems."
Exerpt from The Kimberly Declaration International Indigenous Peoples Summit on Sustainable Development Kimberly, South Africa, August, 2002
Taken as a whole, the challenges of indigenous peoples around the world began with the:

A) Industrial Revolution, which led to imperialism and the exploitation of indigenous peoples around the world.
B) rise of agriculture-based states that challenged indigenous peoples for the best land and resources.
C) process of globalization during the twentieth century, at which time indigenous peoples were first exposed to modernity.
D) creation of the United Nations following World War II, which promoted the interests of the nation-state rather than the rights of indigenous peoples.

Question 8

Questions refer to the passage below.
"As peoples, we reaffirm our rights to self-determination and to own, control and manage our ancestral lands and territories, waters and other resources. . . . We are the original peoples tied to the land by our umbilical cords and the dust of our ancestors. Our special places are sacred and demand the highest respect. . . . Our traditional knowledge is not in the public domain . . . unauthorized use and misappropriation of traditional knowledge is theft.
Economic globalization constitutes one of the main obstacles for the recognition of the rights of Indigenous Peoples. Transnational corporations and industrialized countries impose their global agenda on the negotiations and agreements of the United Nations system, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization and other bodies . . .
Indigenous Peoples, our lands and territories are not objects of tourism development. . . .We are responsible to defend our lands, territories, and indigenous peoples against tourism exploitation by governments, development agencies, private enterprises, NGOs, and individuals.
Recognizing the vital role that pastoralism and hunting-gathering play in the livelihood of many Indigenous Peoples, we urge governments to recognize, accept, support, and invest in pastoralism and hunting-gathering as viable and sustainable economic systems."
Exerpt from The Kimberly Declaration International Indigenous Peoples Summit on Sustainable Development Kimberly, South Africa, August, 2002
Why is economic globalization a challenge for indigenous peoples, according to the passage?

A) Indigenous peoples practice lifeways, like pastoralism and hunting-gathering, which are not sustainable.
B) Indigenous peoples occupy lands with little economic potential.
C) Indigenous peoples are ignorant of the advances and technologies of the twenty-first century.
D) Economic development is not compatible with the lifeways of indigenous people.

Question 9

Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the effects of globalization?

A) Globalization has increased the overall diversity of the world's languages and cultures.
B) Globalization has created new possibilities and also deepened disparities of income and power between and within the world's regions and peoples.
C) Globalization has decreased the diversity of the information and cultural content to which individuals are exposed around the world.
D) Globalization has uniformly increased the quality of life of people throughout the world's regions.

Question 10

Questions refer to the map below.
Food Consumption and Famine since 1940s
Which of the following is a common characteristic of the states that experienced famine in East and Southeast Asia?

A) All were supported by the United States during the Cold War.
B) All were in areas that traditionally had a difficult time producing enough food for their populations.
C) All were traditionally food exporters.
D) All had communist regimes.

Question 11

Questions refer to the passage below.
"The problem that now arises is quite simple. We [Singaporeans] are substituting for British authority our own. And we have got to devise a formula to ensure that the authority that ultimately emerges . . . is one that will command the loyalty, the support of the majority of all the various racial, linguistic groups in the country.
[Some] don't want a multi-racial society because they then have to compete on performance . . . We say these problems can only be resolved if you educate, and educate and grow a new generation of men trained in technological skills, thinking like you, like everybody else anywhere in any civilised society, rationally, calculating, prepared to make the effort on his own behalf. Then we begin to resolve our problems. And we are beginning to do these things. A slow process, maybe in one, two, three generations."
Singapore prime minister Lee Kwan Yew "Meritocracy and the Path to Progress," speech to the Malay Student Union at the University of Western Australia Perth, Australia (1965)
Lee Kwan Yew felt that the best path forward for Singapore was to:

A) establish a completely egalitarian society.
B) be patient and wait two to three generations for things to improve.
C) seek an alliance with either the United States or the Soviet Union.
D) promote standardized education to advance those with potential and, by extension, the nation.

Question 12

Questions refer to the passage below.
"The right to reproductive choice means that women have a right to choose whether or not to reproduce . . . A violation of this right was revealed by a nongovernmental report on widespread pregnancy-based discrimination against women employed in Mexico's export-processing (maquiladora) sector. . . . women applying for work in this sector were routinely required to undergo pregnancy testing for screening, and that employed women were forced to resign when they became pregnant. In some factories, women were obliged to show sanitary napkins to company nurses as a condition of ongoing employment.
The right to family planning education, information, and services is key to reproductive choice, and central to women's sexual and reproductive health, especially given the risk of maternal mortality and the illegality of abortion in many countries."
Dr. Carmel Shalev "Rights to Sexual and Reproductive Health," International Conference on Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India (1998)
Based upon the passage above, why were women in some Mexican export-processing factories forced to show sanitary napkins to company nurses?

A) They needed to show proof of reproductive ability.
B) They needed to comply with company hygiene standards.
C) They had to prove that they were not pregnant.
D) They needed to reveal that they were not underage workers.

Question 13

Questions refer to the map below.
Food Consumption and Famine since 1940s
By 2019, the problem of food security was largely a problem of:

A) food distribution.
B) food production.
C) resistance to globalization.
D) overpopulation.

Question 14

During the 1980s, which of the following was an effect of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?

A) Soviet citizens marched in support of the military invasion.
B) India tested new nuclear weapons in fear of further Soviet expansion.
C) The Soviet army developed new weapons, which were later used to crush the Polish Solidarity movement.
D) The Soviet army lost prestige in the stalemate that developed.

Question 15

Questions refer to the map below.
Food Consumption and Famine since 1940s
Which of the following developments helped improve food security for much of the Third World after the 1940s?

A) The end of the Cold War
B) The Green Revolution
C) Globalization
D) The widespread availability of birth control

Question 16

Questions refer to the passage below.
"The problem that now arises is quite simple. We [Singaporeans] are substituting for British authority our own. And we have got to devise a formula to ensure that the authority that ultimately emerges . . . is one that will command the loyalty, the support of the majority of all the various racial, linguistic groups in the country.
[Some] don't want a multi-racial society because they then have to compete on performance . . . We say these problems can only be resolved if you educate, and educate and grow a new generation of men trained in technological skills, thinking like you, like everybody else anywhere in any civilised society, rationally, calculating, prepared to make the effort on his own behalf. Then we begin to resolve our problems. And we are beginning to do these things. A slow process, maybe in one, two, three generations."
Singapore prime minister Lee Kwan Yew "Meritocracy and the Path to Progress," speech to the Malay Student Union at the University of Western Australia Perth, Australia (1965)
What is Lee Kwan Yew's rationale for addressing a group of Malay students?

A) He is trying to warn them away from a communist ideology.
B) He is trying to persuade them to return to Singapore to complete their education.
C) Singapore's multiethnic society contains many Malays.
D) Malay students have historically been his strongest supporters.

Question 17

Questions refer to the passage below.
"As peoples, we reaffirm our rights to self-determination and to own, control and manage our ancestral lands and territories, waters and other resources. . . . We are the original peoples tied to the land by our umbilical cords and the dust of our ancestors. Our special places are sacred and demand the highest respect. . . . Our traditional knowledge is not in the public domain . . . unauthorized use and misappropriation of traditional knowledge is theft.
Economic globalization constitutes one of the main obstacles for the recognition of the rights of Indigenous Peoples. Transnational corporations and industrialized countries impose their global agenda on the negotiations and agreements of the United Nations system, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization and other bodies . . .
Indigenous Peoples, our lands and territories are not objects of tourism development. . . .We are responsible to defend our lands, territories, and indigenous peoples against tourism exploitation by governments, development agencies, private enterprises, NGOs, and individuals.
Recognizing the vital role that pastoralism and hunting-gathering play in the livelihood of many Indigenous Peoples, we urge governments to recognize, accept, support, and invest in pastoralism and hunting-gathering as viable and sustainable economic systems."
Exerpt from The Kimberly Declaration International Indigenous Peoples Summit on Sustainable Development Kimberly, South Africa, August, 2002
What does the claim in the first paragraph warn against?

A) Cultural appropriation
B) Cultural diffusion
C) Cultural syncretism
D) Cultural genocide

Question 18

Questions refer to the passage below.
"The problem that now arises is quite simple. We [Singaporeans] are substituting for British authority our own. And we have got to devise a formula to ensure that the authority that ultimately emerges . . . is one that will command the loyalty, the support of the majority of all the various racial, linguistic groups in the country.
[Some] don't want a multi-racial society because they then have to compete on performance . . . We say these problems can only be resolved if you educate, and educate and grow a new generation of men trained in technological skills, thinking like you, like everybody else anywhere in any civilised society, rationally, calculating, prepared to make the effort on his own behalf. Then we begin to resolve our problems. And we are beginning to do these things. A slow process, maybe in one, two, three generations."
Singapore prime minister Lee Kwan Yew "Meritocracy and the Path to Progress," speech to the Malay Student Union at the University of Western Australia Perth, Australia (1965)
What challenge did Lee Kwan Yew believe Singapore faced in the 1960s?

A) How to create a successful, integrated multiethnic society
B) Which side to support in the ongoing Cold War
C) How to create a viable state without British authority
D) A lack of political support from young Singaporeans studying abroad

Question 19

Which of the following contributed to the globalization of the late twentieth-century world?

A) The growth of empires
B) The Cold War
C) The increasing primacy of the nation-state
D) The emergence of a unified world market

Question 20

Questions refer to the passage below.
"The problem that now arises is quite simple. We [Singaporeans] are substituting for British authority our own. And we have got to devise a formula to ensure that the authority that ultimately emerges . . . is one that will command the loyalty, the support of the majority of all the various racial, linguistic groups in the country.
[Some] don't want a multi-racial society because they then have to compete on performance . . . We say these problems can only be resolved if you educate, and educate and grow a new generation of men trained in technological skills, thinking like you, like everybody else anywhere in any civilised society, rationally, calculating, prepared to make the effort on his own behalf. Then we begin to resolve our problems. And we are beginning to do these things. A slow process, maybe in one, two, three generations."
Singapore prime minister Lee Kwan Yew "Meritocracy and the Path to Progress," speech to the Malay Student Union at the University of Western Australia Perth, Australia (1965)
What is the reason that Prime Minister Lee Kwan Yew and fellow Singaporeans "are substituting for British authority our own"?

A) A successful communist uprising
B) British decolonization in Southeast Asia
C) The need for "ethnic cleansing" in Singapore to drive out non-native Singaporeans
D) The desire to establish a new autocratic government led by Lee Kwan Yew

Question 21

Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the Solidarity movement in Poland in the 1980s and the Prague Spring in 1968?

A) The goal of Solidarity was to overcome socialism, while the Prague Spring sought to reform it.
B) Solidarity had government support, while the Prague Spring was outlawed by the government.
C) Both were crushed by Soviet tanks.
D) Both led to their countries breaking out of the Warsaw Pact.

Question 22

Which of the following sports most clearly exemplifies the globalizing impact of television in the last part of the twentieth century?

A) Baseball
B) Soccer
C) Cricket
D) Rugby

Question 23

How did South Africa achieve majority rule?

A) South Africa achieved majority rule through negotiations between the ruling minority government and African liberation activists, followed by free elections.
B) South Africa achieved majority rule through a process of mediation led by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), followed by free elections.
C) South Africa achieved majority rule through forcible seizure of power by liberation activists, followed by free elections.
D) South Africa achieved majority rule through a negotiated transition brokered by the United States and the Soviets, followed by free elections.

Question 24

Why did the populations of richer nations grow more slowly than the populations of poorer nations at the end of the twentieth century?

A) Access to birth control, education, and better career prospects encouraged women to postpone childbearing.
B) The expense of raising children became so prohibitive that few people wanted to undertake it.
C) Effective border controls ended most international migration, eliminating a factor that had inflated population growth.
D) Cities were unhealthy places to live, so many children died at young ages.

Question 25

In the 1970s, which of the following led to declining migration northward from southern European countries, such as Spain and Italy?

A) Immigrants from North Africa were willing to work for less money and supplanted southern Europeans as workers in Germany and France.
B) Northern European countries established limits on immigration to maintain their countries' ethnic homogeneity.
C) The economic situation improved in southern Europe, slowing the emigration rate.
D) Japan replaced northern Europe as the economic magnet, luring immigrants with the promise of high-paying jobs and permanent residency.

Question 26

Which of the following led to the end of white minority rule in Rhodesia in 1979?

A) International diplomatic pressure led to a peaceful transfer of power to Robert Mugabe.
B) White minority rule ended when Britain granted independence to all its African colonies.
C) Independent African states supported a successful guerrilla movement under Robert Mugabe.
D) African nationalist movements had exhausted Portuguese resources, leading to their withdrawal.

Question 27

What helps to explain the end of apartheid in South Africa?

A) A violent military conflict between African opposition forces and white elites
B) The intervention of a UN-sanctioned peacekeeping mission
C) The collective pressure of internal opposition and international ostracizing
D) A global economic downturn and credit crunch

Question 28

Which of the following countries used both rewards and strict penalties to bring down their birth rate in the 1980s?

A) India
B) Brazil
C) Nigeria
D) China

Question 29

In the last decades of the twentieth century, which of the following had the largest impact on family life?

A) Countries with more traditional cultures adopted the nuclear family.
B) Divorce rates rose dramatically, diminishing the number of nuclear families.
C) The legal definition of family became more rigid.
D) The number of out-of-wedlock births decreased throughout the world.

Question 30

What challenge did rising immigration in the latter twentieth century pose to nation-states in Europe and East Asia?

A) It challenged their control of their territory.
B) It challenged their sense of national selfhood that was built on cultural homogeneity.
C) It challenged their ability to provide jobs for their populations.
D) It challenged the legitimacy of their governments.

Question 31

In the late twentieth century, which type of states saw the most economic growth?

A) Those with laissez-faire economic policies
B) Those with robust social welfare systems
C) Those with strong government support for domestic industries
D) Those focused on the continued extraction of raw materials

Question 32

How did the international division of labor in the production of goods change between the period immediately following World War II and the end of the twentieth century?

A) Industrial production increasingly moved to new centers of manufacturing, especially in East Asia.
B) The end of the Cold War allowed the former Soviet bloc to become a manufacturing powerhouse.
C) North America's share of world industrial production increased at the expense of Europe and Asia.
D) The growth of regional trade blocs lessened the global nature of industrial production.

Question 33

By the end of the twentieth century, which of the following permitted large numbers of people to communicate across global networks more easily than with their neighbors?

A) Commercial Web browsers and the Internet
B) Satellite phones
C) Smart phones
D) Streaming video

Question 34

Which of the following was an outcome of the end of colonial rule in sub-Saharan Africa?

A) Ethnic and religious rivalries that colonial rule had previously kept in check came to the surface.
B) Many postcolonial states were divided into smaller, ethnically homogeneous, political units.
C) Armed conflicts that started with the Cold War quickly died out.
D) Rigid dictatorships stifled cultural and economic innovation.

Question 35

Which of the following was a common pattern in global migration during the latter part of the twentieth century?

A) People migrated from the Western world to the Soviet bloc.
B) People moved from former colonies to countries that had once colonized them.
C) People moved from wealthier parts of the world to take advantage of investment opportunities in poorer parts of the world.
D) People migrated from crowded cities to rural areas, seeking a better quality of life.

Question 36

Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika reform program included which of the following?

A) Privatization of state-run businesses
B) Less autonomy for the individual republics of the Soviet Union
C) Multicandidate elections for Communist party posts
D) Legalizing all political parties

Question 37

Which of the following was an effect of U.S. President Richard Nixon's decision to take the dollar off the gold standard?

A) The Japanese yen gained strength in currency markets, with a corresponding decline in the value of the Swiss franc.
B) Nation-states such as Italy and Britain tied their currencies to the U.S. dollar.
C) Second World nations found it harder to get loans from First World banks.
D) International financial institutions escaped the control of national political authorities.

Question 38

By the end of the twentieth century, what type of marketable products had become key to any country's acquisition of wealth and power?

A) Steel and textiles
B) Agricultural products and precious minerals
C) Automobiles and consumer electronics
D) Pharmaceuticals, computers, and software, as well as services

Question 39

In what way did the Internet revolution reinforce the disparity between haves and have-nots in the 1990s?

A) Only people living in the West had the skills or expensive hardware to use the Internet.
B) Many governments imposed heavy taxes on using the Internet, so only wealthy people could afford to shop online.
C) Large numbers of the world's people, especially in poor or rural areas, did not have access to the Internet.
D) Use of the Internet required knowledge of English, which many people in poor countries did not have.

Question 40

Which regional trade group expanded its scope to include the creation of a new international currency?

A) NAFTA
B) OPEC
C) The European Union
D) The IMF

Question 41

Which of the following undermined the authority of national governments after the 1970s?

A) The women's movement sought international reforms, bypassing nation-states.
B) Labor unions often fought for their workers' rights and destabilized repressive regimes.
C) Religious groups often came into conflict with one another and with secular governments.
D) The United Nations charter took power away from individual nation-states.

Question 42

Which of the following was a reason why the populations of poorer regions of the world suffered more often from preventable diseases such as cholera than the populations of wealthier regions?

A) More people were migrating from country to country, searching for farmland or work, spreading the disease.
B) Doctors from more affluent Western countries refused to go to stricken areas because of concerns for the doctors' safety.
C) People living in urban slums in underdeveloped countries often lacked proper sewage treatment and safe water supplies.
D) For religious reasons, laws prohibited vaccination in much of the underdeveloped world.

Question 43

How did Amnesty International respond to countries such as Argentina and Chile killing and torturing civilians?

A) By cataloguing and publicizing human right violations
B) By supplying legal defense for the accused
C) By setting up a truth and reconciliation commission
D) By working with the Red Cross to send medical supplies to the prisoners

Question 44

As the feminist movement became a global movement, women worldwide called for which of the following changes to their status?

A) The abolition of gender differences
B) Greater access to gender-specific education
C) Equal pay and equal opportunity for advancement
D) Subsidies for businesses owned by women

Question 45

Which of the following is a reason why homesteaders' attempts to farm and ranch in the Amazon rain forest ultimately were unsuccessful?

A) Rain forest soils were poor and easily eroded, and land titles were not secure.
B) Excessive use of pesticides and herbicides poisoned the land.
C) Government geologists supplanted the farmers searching for sources of fossil fuels.
D) Growing "green" fuels, such as sugarcane biomass, was more lucrative but not suited to the rain forest ecosystem.

Question 46

In the latter part of the twentieth century, weak states and limits to the rule of law led to many gruesome outbreaks of violence in which of the following regions?

A) Southeast Asia
B) Latin America
C) Africa
D) The Caribbean

Question 47

Which of the following led to increased agricultural production in China in the late 1970s?

A) The government sponsored new farming methods that were superior to their competitors.
B) Chinese agronomists bred new strains of rice that were immune to plant diseases.
C) China's climate was well suited for food production, especially in the western and northern parts of the country.
D) The government broke up some collectives and restored the family as the basic economic unit in rural areas.

Question 48

Which of the following was one of the causes of the protests at Tiananmen Square in 1989?

A) Frustration over the reversal of the Cultural Revolution
B) Failure of economic reforms
C) Increasing public awareness of government corruption
D) Little change in the standard of living

Question 49

Which of the following explains development economists' beliefs that modern famines in Africa are not natural disasters, but are human-made?

A) Famines are usually caused by scorched-earth tactics during wartime.
B) Famines are caused by overpopulation and lack of resources.
C) Famines usually result from government policies that ignore rural areas and inhibit the production or distribution of food.
D) Famines are caused by lack of knowledge about agricultural techniques best suited to the African continent.

Question 50

Why did the end of the Cold War lead to outbreaks of violence in the Balkans?

A) Protesters were no longer afraid of being deported to Soviet labor camps if they acted violently.
B) Developers and transnational corporations were fighting over access to the limited industrial infrastructure available in the region.
C) People sought revenge against those whom they believed had treated them unfairly under communism.
D) Demagogues led people to see themselves as citizens of ethnically defined nations rather than pluralistic communities.

Question 51

Why were the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) accused of engaging in neo-imperialism at the end of the twentieth century?

A) They backed up their economic prescriptions with military force.
B) They forced changes in policy on recipients of aid in exchange for their assistance.
C) They stripped resources and raw materials from poor, underdeveloped nations.
D) They demanded that client states adopt Western culture.

Question 52

Which of the following was a primary goal of the truth commission process used during transitions from oppressive governments to democratic ones?

A) To punish the perpetrators of violent acts under the old regime
B) To prevent mass killings
C) To force the overthrow of governments that violated human rights
D) To increase the legitimacy of the new democratic government

Question 53

Which of the following religiously based groups had a long tradition of offering alternatives to Western forms of government and political philosophy?

A) Hindu nationalism
B) Christian fundamentalism
C) Islamic conservatism
D) Falun Gong

Question 54

In the late twentieth-century United States, which of the following was often attacked by religious conservatives?

A) American participation in supranational organizations
B) Social changes stemming from the liberation movements of the 1960s and 1970s
C) The growing gap between rich and poor in the United States
D) American military intervention in Latin America

Question 55

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) reached a new level of influence in the latter part of the twentieth century for which of the following reasons?

A) During the Cold War, the populations of Third World countries needed a voice to advocate for their autonomy from the superpower conflict.
B) In the 1970s, people could not rely on the world's many nondemocratic governments to protect human rights.
C) At the end of the Cold War, the elimination of communism as a system of government created an ideological power vacuum.
D) During the 1970s, developing nations began to push back against the demands of the World Bank and the IMF.

Question 56

How did discrimination against women hurt developing countries' efforts to combat poverty at the end of the twentieth century?

A) Customs preventing women from participating in the marketplace limited the opportunities for economic transactions in these countries.
B) Imbalances in the numbers of men and women in the population reduced the number of productive households below what it ideally would have been.
C) The lack of effective antidiscrimination laws drove wages down throughout these countries' workforces.
D) Women's lack of access to education and high rates of illiteracy limited their abilities to become effective economic actors.

Question 57

Which of the following led to the survival of local cultures at the end of the twentieth century?

A) Local cultures lived on, and in some cases were revived, through challenges to the authority of nation-states.
B) Local cultures were encouraged by the expansion of global media.
C) Local cultures were revived by the arts and crafts movement.
D) Local cultures were protected by the United Nations as part of its declaration of human rights.

Question 58

What policy toward the rest of the world did the Zapatista Army for National Liberation (EZLN) express in its 1993 Declaration?

A) A request for a U.S. intervention in Mexico supported by the United Nations
B) Support for international law and humanitarian organizations
C) Isolationism from the international community
D) A political union with other states in Latin America

Question 59

In the 1980s and 1990s, which of the following highlighted the declining efficacy of the nation-state?

A) Nation-states could not define or protect human rights.
B) Nation-states could not adequately regulate human impact on the environment, such as global warming.
C) Nation-states failed to maintain sufficient military might to protect their borders.
D) Nation-states failed to address economic issues that left their people in poverty.

Question 60

What happened to the global distribution of wealth by the end of the twentieth century?

A) The distribution of wealth became more egalitarian than it had previously been.
B) Wealth became concentrated in small groups of rich people scattered around the world.
C) Access to wealth required turning away from the global economy.
D) Regional disparities of wealth decreased as manufacturing industries spread wealth to the workers.

Question 61

Use the image below and your knowledge of world history to answer all parts of the question that follows.
Protests against the World Trade Organization Seattle 1999 (A) Identify and explain ONE negative economic impact of globalization.
(B) Identify and explain ONE positive economic impact of globalization.
(C) Explain ONE cultural impact of globalization.

Question 62

Use the passage below and your knowledge of world history to answer all parts of the question that follows.
"In the summer of 1997 I was asked . . . what I thought was the most important thing that happened in the twentieth century. . . . I did not . . . have any difficulty in choosing . . .: the rise of democracy.
It is often claimed that non-democratic systems are better at bringing about economic development. This belief sometimes goes by the name of the "Lee hypothesis" due to the advocacy of Lee Kuan Yew, the leader and former president of Singapore. . . . There is, in fact, no convincing general evidence that authoritarian governance and the suppression of political and civil rights are really beneficial to economic development. Indeed, the general statistical picture does not permit any such induction. . . . If all the statistical studies are viewed together, the hypothesis that there is no clear relation between economic growth and democracy in either direction remains extremely plausible. Since democracy and political liberty have importance in themselves, the case for them remains untarnished. . . . We must go beyond the narrow confines of economic growth and scrutinize the broader demands of economic development, including the need for economic and social security. . . . Political and civil rights give people the opportunity to draw attention forcefully to general needs and to demand appropriate public action."
Democracy as a Universal Value Amartya Sen Princeton University Press, 1999
(A) Identify ONE example of an authoritarian government that experienced rapid economic advancement in the latter half of the twentieth century.
(B) Describe ONE economic advantage that nondemocratic states may have over democratic ones.
(C) Explain ONE reason why Sen believes democratic states are better equipped to meet the needs of their citizens.

Question 63

Despite heated rhetoric, the overall levels of military spending by the superpowers decreased during the 1970s and 1980s.

Question 64

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which globalization changed national cultures during the twentieth century.
In your response you should do the following:
$\bullet$ Respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.
$\bullet$ Describe a broader historical context relevant to the prompt.
$\bullet$ Support an argument in response to the prompt using specific and relevant examples of evidence.
$\bullet$ Use historical reasoning (e.g., comparison, causation, continuity or change) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt.
$\bullet$ Use evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the prompt.

Question 65

Throughout the 1980s, the IMF incentivized states to balance their budgets and diminish trade deficits.

Question 66

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which new technologies changed the world from 1900 to the present.
In your response you should do the following:
$\bullet$ Respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.
$\bullet$ Describe a broader historical context relevant to the prompt.
$\bullet$ Support an argument in response to the prompt using specific and relevant examples of evidence.
$\bullet$ Use historical reasoning (e.g., comparison, causation, continuity or change) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt.
$\bullet$ Use evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the prompt.

Question 67

Indian economist and Nobel laureate Amartya Sen argues which of the following in regards to the relationship between democracy and economic dynamism?

A) Authoritarian governments are most effective at promoting economic growth.
B) Government policy should not be based on economic goals.
C) Political and civil rights are crucial to economic development.
D) Disasters such as famine are unavoidable.

Question 68

During the 1990s, global feminism was propelled primarily by government committees working in cooperation with each other.

Question 69

Answer all parts of the question that follows.
(A) Explain ONE advance in disease prevention since 1900.
(B) Explain ONE limitation in disease prevention since 1900.
(C) Explain ONE difference in diseases found in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDC) and those found in More Economically Developed Countries (MEDC).

Question 70

Analyze the factors that shaped international migration at the end of the twentieth century, and explain how the pattern of migration differed from earlier patterns.

Question 71

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which globalization has impacted political and economic interactions among nation-states.
In your response you should do the following:
$\bullet$ Respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.
$\bullet$ Describe a broader historical context relevant to the prompt.
$\bullet$ Support an argument in response to the prompt using specific and relevant examples of evidence.
$\bullet$ Use historical reasoning (e.g., comparison, causation, continuity or change) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt.
$\bullet$ Use evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the prompt.

Question 72

Around the globe, the decade following the collapse of the Soviet Union proved much less violent than the preceding decade.

Question 73

The development of the Internet and online trading not only helped capital to move more freely around the world, but it also led to more economic volatility.

Question 74

Farmers throughout the world were able to benefit from the introduction of "green revolution" technologies to agriculture.

Question 75

While many things about the global economy changed during the latter twentieth century, countries that depended on production of raw materials remained poor and vulnerable to economic fluctuations.

Question 76

In the 1980s, the U.S. government played the leading role in mobilizing anti-Soviet opposition in the Eastern bloc.

Question 77

American culture is not only highly influential in the globalized modern world, but it is also influenced by ideas and cultural traditions from other parts of the world.

Question 78

Compare the factors that led to political change in the Soviet Union in the 1980s with the changes in South Africa in the 1990s.

Question 79

Wealthy host societies in Europe and the United States struggled to adapt to the religious and cultural diversity of new immigrants in the twenty-first century.

Question 80

The primary reason for the dramatic increase in the global population during the late twentieth century was an increase in the birthrate.