Deck 8: Decision Making, Creativity, and Innovation

Question 1

Which type of decisions are automatic responses to routine and recurring situations?

A) programmed decisions
B) majority rule decisions
C) executive decisions
D) nonprogrammed decisions

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Christopher is running late for school. As he has done every day since school started, he grabbed a banana for breakfast. Christopher has made an/a ______ decision.

A) nonprogrammed
B) executive
C) strategy
D) programmed

Answer 2

D

Question 3

______ is the action or process of identifying a strategy to resolve problems.

A) Problem-solving
B) Decision-making
C) Nonprogrammed decision-making
D) Programmed decision-making

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Lillian is researching two different restaurant point-of-sale systems. She is starting a new café and hopes to have the program installed by the end of the month. It has taken her a few weeks to gather the information needed so that she can make the best decision. Lillian is making what type of decision?

A) nonprogrammed
B) executive
C) strategy
D) programmed

Question 5

Very often, ______ decisions will be complex in nature with few past occurrences for employees to draw on.

A) executive
B) strategy
C) programmed
D) nonprogrammed

Question 6

Annette spends some more time looking into the kitchen burns at The Burger Joint. She realizes that instead of focusing on the employee's motivations, she can look into the physical appliances themselves for safety concerns. She realizes that the installment of additional appliance safety features could be the answer that she is looking for. After a few months with the new appliance safety features installed, her kitchen injuries went down by 75%. Annette completed which step in the decision-making model?

A) generate multiple alternatives
B) identify and weigh decision criteria
C) choose, implement, and evaluate the best alternative
D) rate alternatives on the basis of decision criteria

Question 7

What is the name of the decision-making model used in the textbook?

A) the seven-step decision model
B) decisions made easy
C) five-step model of decision-making
D) decisions, decisions, which one?

Question 8

In ______ decisions, employees will not find the answer they are looking for in the company handbook or policy guidelines.

A) nonprogrammed decisions
B) executive decisions
C) strategy decisions
D) programmed decisions

Question 9

Annette contemplates enacting stricter sanctions and punishments for violations of safety standards at The Burger Joint. Alternatively, she considers implementing a reward system, such as bonuses or vacation time for low injury rates. Annette has accomplished which step of the decision-making model?

A) generate multiple alternatives
B) identify and weigh decision criteria
C) choose, implement, and evaluate the best alternative
D) rate alternatives on the basis of decision criteria

Question 10

Annette spends time weighing these two possible solutions against each other and finds they rate poorly to solve the problem of kitchen injuries. For example, sanctions and punishments could be viewed negatively and as a threat, and employees might fail to report injuries for fear of punishment. Similarly, while the reward system might be viewed more positively, Annette is also concerned that since rewards would be contingent on achieving a lower number of reported injuries, there is less incentive to report incidents that should be legally reported. Annette has accomplished which step of the decision-making model?

A) generate multiple alternatives
B) identify and weigh decision criteria
C) choose, implement, and evaluate the best alternative
D) rate alternatives on the basis of decision criteria

Question 11

Which of the following types of decision-making takes place in situations that have occurred in the past and are familiar to the people dealing with them?

A) programmed decisions
B) strategy decisions
C) executive decisions
D) nonprogrammed decisions

Question 12

Annette has a goal of decreasing the number of burns associated with the kitchen at The Burger Joint. Which step in the decision-making model has Annette completed?

A) identify and weigh decision criteria
B) define the problem
C) choose, implement, and evaluate the best alternative
D) rate alternatives on the basis of decision criteria

Question 13

______ assumes we take into account every single criterion or possible alternative to make a decision.

A) Complete rationality
B) Essential rationality
C) Instrumental rationality
D) Bounded rationality

Question 14

______ is the idea that we are restricted by a variety of constraints when it comes to making decisions.

A) Essential rationality
B) Bounded rationality
C) Complete rationality
D) Instrumental rationality

Question 15

Fiona works in customer relations for a national mail order catalogue. She spends the day solving problems for customers. It is very rare that she ever runs across a situation that she has not solved in her past. Almost everything she has dealt with is listed in her employee manual. What type of decisions does she spend her day making?

A) nonprogrammed decisions
B) executive decisions
C) strategy decisions
D) programmed decisions

Question 16

Which type of decisions are generally made by following company policies and guidelines that have been put in place to deal with specific issues?

A) executive decisions
B) strategy decisions
C) programmed decisions
D) nonprogrammed decisions

Question 17

Which step of the five-step model of decision-making includes studying the positives and negatives of a list of possible solutions to a problem?

A) generate multiple alternatives
B) identify and weigh decision criteria
C) choose, implement, and evaluate the best alternative
D) rate alternatives on the basis of decision criteria

Question 18

Margo has decided that in order to reduce the burns in the kitchen at the restaurant she manages, her solution must increase employee focus on safety and reward employees for choosing safe options even when it makes them less productive. Annette has accomplished which step of the decision-making model?

A) identify and weigh decision criteria
B) define the problem
C) choose, implement, and evaluate the best alternative
D) rate alternatives on the basis of decision criteria

Question 19

______ respond to new or nonroutine problems for which there are no proven solutions.

A) Executive decisions
B) Strategy decisions
C) Programmed decisions
D) Nonprogrammed decisions

Question 20

What is the first step of the five-step model of decision-making?

A) weigh decision criteria
B) problem emergence
C) define the problem
D) generate alternatives

Question 21

Which heuristic is defined as a shortcut that bases a decision on our existing mental prototype and similar stereotypes?

A) availability
B) confirmation
C) representativeness
D) anchoring and adjustment

Question 22

______ aim for acceptable results rather than for the best or optimal solutions.

A) Tactical decisions
B) Strategic decisions
C) Operational decisions
D) Satisficing decisions

Question 23

______ are shortcuts or "rules of thumb" that allow us to make judgments and decisions quickly and efficiently.

A) Heuristics
B) Satisficing
C) Persuasive
D) Intuition

Question 24

Which of the following terms is defined as the tendency for people to believe they can predict the outcome of chance events based on false information or superstition?

A) lack of participation error
B) framing error
C) projection bias
D) randomness error

Question 25

Justin purchased a soda because it looked good. He did not take the time to research all the different sodas on the market. If he does not like it, he will not lose much money. Which of the following factors best explain the way Justin made the decision to buy the soda?

A) complete rationality
B) strategic thinking
C) anchoring
D) satisficing

Question 26

Which heuristics lead us to base decisions on the first piece of information given without taking other probabilities into account?

A) availability
B) confirmation
C) representativeness
D) anchoring and adjustment

Question 27

What type of decision is useful for less important decisions and should never be used for important decisions?

A) heuristics
B) satisficing
C) persuasive
D) intuition

Question 28

Which heuristic is defined as a rule of thumb for making judgments based on examples and events that immediately spring to mind?

A) availability
B) confirmation
C) representativeness
D) anchoring and adjustment

Question 29

Anchoring and adjustment heuristics can lead us to ______, which is the tendency to over-rely on initial information while overlooking other important criteria.

A) availability bias
B) projection heuristics
C) confirmation heuristics
D) anchoring bias

Question 30

Which term below is defined as the generation of meaningful ideas by individuals or teams?

A) innovation
B) vision
C) creativity
D) framing

Question 31

Mr. Weinstein is in the midst of changing his front line teams' process. He gathers a group of his managers to decide on the direction to take the front line. Mr. Weinstein did not invite any of his employees who actually work on the front line to the meeting. Which biases or errors likely effected Mr. Weinstein's decision?

A) framing error
B) confirmation bias
C) randomness error
D) lack of participation error

Question 32

Jack knows that his company is unable to provide employees with a holiday bonus. As the company gives a holiday bonus every year, he is certain his employees will be disappointed. Several weeks before he needs to tell employees about the bonus, he starts a rumor that the company is considering layoffs. Thus, when the employees hear that there is not a bonus, they are relieved, as this is better than layoffs. Which commonly used heuristic is Jack utilizing?

A) availability
B) projection
C) representativeness
D) anchoring and adjustment

Question 33

Billy is the star of his school's football team. He will not go out onto the field without his lucky sweatbands because he thinks that when he forgets his sweatbands, his team loses. Billy's decision to wear sweatbands is based on which error?

A) framing
B) uncertainty
C) randomness
D) lack of participation

Question 34

Luca and Emma were shopping for their first house. They both felt a little overwhelmed with this task. Emma decided to make a list of the most important features they wanted in a home, narrowing their options to a list of two bedroom homes in the downtown area that include outdoor space. Luca and Emma used ______ rationality to make the decision.

A) bounded
B) satisfactory
C) complete
D) representative

Question 35

Bounded rationality is in contrast with ______.

A) advanced rationality
B) essential rationality
C) instrumental rationality
D) complete rationality

Question 36

Hunter, an art student, was struck by a debilitating injury. The resulting surgery left him with a shaky hand. Most people thought he'd never make art again. But, he found a way to use the constraints he was left with to his advantage. He came up with the idea for an entirely new style of art, using shaky lines. He looked at his "problem" in a totally different way and that made all the difference in his life. The new way of looking at his problem is an example of ______.

A) creativity
B) confirmation bias
C) expertise
D) vision

Question 37

Which of the following terms is defined as the tendency to highlight certain aspects of a situation, either positive or negative, to solve a problem while ignoring other aspects?

A) sunk cost bias
B) framing error
C) projection bias
D) randomness error

Question 38

______ is the unconscious process of making decisions based on imagination and possibilities.

A) Anchoring
B) Satisficing
C) Bias
D) Intuition

Question 39

Some research suggests that ______ often represents information we are already holding at an unconscious level, and thus it may actually lead to effective decisions.

A) anchoring
B) satisficing
C) intuition
D) bias

Question 40

Which element below is not one of the types of heuristics mentioned in the textbook?

A) availability
B) projection
C) representativeness
D) anchoring and adjustment

Question 41

Personality traits, such as self-discipline, perseverance, delayed gratification, and independence, are associated with which component of creativity?

A) domain-relevant skills and expertise
B) intrinsic task motivation
C) creativity-relevant processes
D) extrinsic environmental components

Question 42

A grocery chain provided a unique way to experience the supermarket by adding an iPad to shopping carts. When users placed common products in their cart, the display showed potential meal ideas with the other items on the shelves next to them. This increased sales by 20%. This is an example of which concept stated in the textbook?

A) vision
B) framing
C) innovation
D) bias

Question 43

______ involves engaging in a behavior in order to earn external rewards or to avoid punishment.

A) Intrinsic motivation
B) Achievement motivation
C) Extrinsic motivation
D) Productive motivation

Question 44

The textbook states that one of the reasons why Apple, Facebook, and Google are so successful is because their business models are largely based on promoting ______.

A) innovation and vision
B) vision and prescient
C) prescient and creativity
D) creativity and innovation

Question 45

Amabile argues that in order for creativity to occur, we must have ______, or knowledge about the subject and the skills and talent to provide the most creative and productive responses.

A) domain-relevant skills and expertise
B) intrinsic task motivation
C) extrinsic environmental components
D) creativity-relevant processes

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true regarding innovation?

A) Most organizations are emphasizing creativity and innovation in order to stay competitive.
B) Innovation is most relevant for technology and design firms.
C) Innovation is only important for creative industries, like architecture, software development, and fashion.
D) Innovation is only relevant science-based industries like medicine and engineering.

Question 47

Research Professor Teresa Amabile proposes that ______ is a process rather than a list of traits.

A) creativity
B) originality
C) inventiveness
D) vision

Question 48

According to the textbook, in organizations where employees are expected to generate creative products, processes, and strategies ______ affect organizational behavior.

A) creativity and innovation
B) innovation and vision
C) vision and prescient
D) prescient and creativity

Question 49

Teresa came up with an idea for a new product. This is an example of ______.

A) productive forgetting
B) innovation
C) supervisory support
D) vision

Question 50

______ is the creation and development of a new product or service.

A) Creativity
B) Innovation
C) Framing
D) Vision

Question 51

According to Amabile, one component needed for creativity is ______, or work methods dependent on certain personality characteristics, methods of thinking, and knowledge of heuristics.

A) domain-relevant skills and expertise
B) intrinsic task motivation
C) extrinsic environmental components
D) creativity-relevant processes

Question 52

Which of the following is true, according to Amabile's three-component model of creativity?

A) Creativity is a personality trait.
B) Creativity is based on luck.
C) Creativity is based on intelligence.
D) Creativity is a process.

Question 53

______, when used in the right way, could actually support intrinsic or inner motivation.

A) Social motivation
B) Extrinsic motivation
C) Fear motivation
D) Achievement motivation

Question 54

______ allows one to abandon a solution that isn't working in favor of a new one.

A) Discontinued capacity
B) Productive forgetting
C) Emotional intelligence
D) Cognitive dissonance

Question 55

People with ______ can suspend judgment, adopt viewpoints different from those of others, persist in overcoming obstacles, and ignore social approval.

A) domain-relevant skills and expertise
B) intrinsic task motivation
C) extrinsic environmental components
D) creativity-relevant processes

Question 56

Jermaine works in the graphics section of his company. His boss asks him to come up with a new product logo. If he is a brand expert, he will draw on his knowledge and experience of certain brands to come up with creative responses that accurately represent the product. If he is not familiar with brand knowledge, then it will take longer to generate creative suggestions. This is an example of ______.

A) domain-relevant skills and expertise
B) intrinsic task motivation
C) extrinsic environmental components
D) creativity-relevant processes

Question 57

Most companies rely on a dedicated team or individual to take care of their social media. Breaking apart this traditional way of working, Miles set out to create a platform to help businesses include their entire workforce in online campaigns. Working on the premise that anyone engaged with the business might have positive ideas about how to promote the company, the system enables management to set competitions and prizes to encourage everyone to suggest ideas for social media initiatives. As well as boosting employee motivation, Miles helps businesses to take full advantage of the ______ of their staff.

A) originality
B) creativity
C) inventiveness
D) vision

Question 58

Most successful organizations, whether in media, fashion, architecture, medicine, or engineering, are emphasizing ______ in order to stay competitive. It is not just technology companies that have embraced this business model.

A) innovation and vision
B) vision and prescient
C) prescient and creativity
D) creativity and innovation

Question 59

______ refers to behavior that is driven by internal rewards. In other words, the motivation to engage in a behavior arises from within the individual.

A) Intrinsic motivation
B) Extrinsic motivation
C) Growth motivation
D) Achievement motivation

Question 60

According to Professor Amabile, an increase in knowledge leads to higher levels of ______.

A) originality
B) creativity
C) inventiveness
D) vision

Question 61

An organization having two or more HYPERLINK "http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/individual.html" individuals who routinely HYPERLINK "http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/function.html" function like a HYPERLINK "http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/team.html" team, are interdependent in achievement of a HYPERLINK "http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/common.html" common HYPERLINK "http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/goal.html" goal, and operate as a cohesive unit would be considered which form of support for creativity?

A) organizational
B) work group
C) supervisory
D) coordinated

Question 62

Jennette handles customer complaints at a small stationary company, and noticed that customers tended to complain about just a few products. Jennette e-mailed her manager a proposal requesting customer support software to help them track the issues, and they got a free trial of the software. After a few months, the system did not seem to be saving her time, and her manager said this would be too expensive. Jennette decided to abandon the software, and use a spreadsheet to track customer complaints instead. By finding a new solution, Jennette demonstrated which ability?

A) productive forgetting
B) product innovation
C) cognitive dissonance
D) extrinsic motivation

Question 63

Jayden works on the assembly line for a local label soda company. He has been swapping ideas with his coworkers to make the job more efficient. He thinks he has developed a quicker less laborious method, but his supervisor acts insulted when Jayden brings up the idea, and tells Jayden to stop wasting his efforts by creating extra work for them. Jayden's workplace lacks ______ for creativity.

A) supervisory support
B) work group support
C) coordinated support
D) organizational support

Question 64

As stated in the thinking critically about organizational support and creativity section of the textbook, middle managers can strengthen the extent to which employees perceive that they are valued and cared for by the organization, by strengthening which two factors below?

A) employee's identification with their work unit and their identification with the organization's mission
B) employee's expectation of career success and employee's buy in with the organizations vision
C) emotional intelligence and cognitive aptitude
D) employees' identification with their work unit and their expectations of career success

Question 65

Which element below is explained by the extent to which employees perceive that they are valued and cared for by the organization, as delivered by middle managers?

A) perceived organizational support
B) divine administration
C) organizational appreciation
D) sense of support for the organization

Question 66

A good role model for employees would be considered which form of support for creativity?

A) work group
B) organizational
C) coordinated
D) supervisory

Question 67

The study conducted by Chongxin Yu and Stephen J. Frenkel of the University of New South Wales suggests that factors that engage intrinsic motivation will be more likely to result in ______ than extrinsic motivational factors.

A) employee turnover
B) creative behaviors
C) employee commitment
D) creative behaviors

Question 68

______ is the ability to seize opportunities to apply creative skills in the workplace.

A) Emotional intelligence
B) Reversed innovation
C) Practiced creativity
D) Self-leadership

Question 69

As stated in the textbook, ______ who communicate, set clear goals, and are confident and protective of their teams tend to nurture a creative environment.

A) work groups
B) supervisors
C) organizations
D) coordinators

Question 70

People with ______ tend to possess the skills and capacity to generate ideas.

A) emotional intelligence
B) creative potential
C) cognitive dissonance
D) practiced creativity

Question 71

Which element below is not one of the main types of support for creativity, which have an influence on whether and how creativity flourishes in an organization?

A) supervisory support
B) work group support
C) organizational support
D) coordinated support

Question 72

Researchers have identified a range of environmental factors controlled by the organization that can either stimulate or stifle creativity. This statement relates to which type of support for creativity?

A) supervisory support
B) work group support
C) organizational support
D) coordinated support

Question 73

While assessing Vicky, Skyler notices that Vicky encourages ideas and feedback, appears to have real respect for her group, and experiences disappointment when the team's ideas to improve the organization are not supported by upper management. Skyler is going to give high marks for Vicky's ability to lead because she is promoting ______ for creativity in organizations.

A) supervisory support
B) work group support
C) coordinated support
D) organizational support

Question 74

Philip is asking himself a few questions about his department. He realizes that the department communicates well and they help each other out when needed. They like and respect each other. They are committed to their work and their backgrounds seem to be diverse enough to provide a range of different perspectives. Philip sees that his department ranks high on which support for creativity?

A) work group
B) organizational
C) coordinated
D) supervisory

Question 75

Henry's very controlling boss at the advertising agency, Molly, gave a list of steps for completing the developing a logo. Henry enjoys his job very much and feels that he can contribute exciting new ideas. Even though Henry was told what steps to take to complete the process, he was still motivated ______.

A) extrinsically
B) fundamentally
C) inherently
D) intrinsically

Question 76

Which element below is not one of the steps outlined in the textbook of the innovation process?

A) problem-solving
B) implementation and diffusion
C) team-building
D) idea generation

Question 77

The study conducted by Chongxin Yu and Stephen J. Frenkel of the University of New South Wales suggested that managers should engage in supportive behaviors that encourage employees to feel connected to their peers and to anticipate the possibility of a successful career path in the organization in order to ______.

A) inspire more social behaviors in the workplace
B) facilitate more top-down leadership in the workplace
C) foster less autocratic leadership in the workplace
D) facilitate more creativity in the workplace

Question 78

Ruth is tired of performing the same task over and over again. She decided to spend some time trying to find a work-around to her boring problem by creating a macro or automated function using Keyboard Maestro. This will get the job done for her quickly and help her creative juices to flow. This is an example of which component of creativity?

A) incentive
B) creative thinking skills
C) motivation
D) expertise

Question 79

Millard works in a manufacturing company where he is rewarded for how quickly he can produce pistons. While some employees have ideas for how to make the process more creative, Millard recognizes that there is really no reward for speaking-up. In his experience, if the company is made more efficient, then he will be expected to produce more for the same reward as before. Millard's company lacks ______ for creativity.

A) supervisory support
B) work group support
C) organizational support
D) coordinated support

Question 80

______ that provide appropriate rewards and feedback, and that encourage a collaborative environment, tend to possess a more creative culture.

A) Organizations
B) Work groups
C) Coordinators
D) Supervisors