Deck 5: Motivation: Concepts and Theoretical Perspectives

Question 1

Deandra has a very healthy social life. She spends her days volunteering at her kid's school, working out, and taking care of her family. She feels good about herself, enjoys her life, and feels that she is respected in her community. This excerpt of Deandra's life falls into what level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) esteem
B) love/belonging
C) safety
D) physiological

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What are the two categories of need motivation theories?

A) component theories and procedure theories
B) component theories and process theories
C) content theories and procedure theories
D) content theories and process theories

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Tracy wants to be a great public speaker. However, he is not making much progress toward this goal. Tracy knows what he needs to read and watch in order to learn how to be a great speaker, and is willing to work toward this goal over a period of years, but is not willing each day to watch good speakers on YouTube, practice writing his own speeches, and give frequent practice talks. According to this scenario, what element of motivation is Tracy missing?

A) energy
B) direction
C) maintenance
D) leadership

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The motivation process is shaped by ______.

A) tension caused by unsatisfied needs
B) tension caused by motivation processes
C) unsatisfied needs from childhood
D) the behavior of leaders

Question 5

Which popular needs theory is defined as a pyramid of five levels of individual needs with physiological needs at the bottom and self-actualization needs at the top?

A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
B) Alderfer's ERG theory
C) Herzberg's two-factor theory
D) McClelland's acquired needs theory

Question 6

Liz has a dream to be an accomplished piano player. However, something is impeding her progress toward this goal. Liz works hard when she sits down at the piano, and she knows exactly what and how to practice the piano. The problem seems to be she does not practice consistently, and weeks go by between times when she tries to practice. She only practices when she feels like it. According to this scenario, what element of motivation is Liz missing?

A) energy
B) direction
C) maintenance
D) leadership

Question 7

After college, Jones spent his 20s pursuing career goals. He worked long hours to advance quickly. He drives a nice car, owns a house in a nice neighborhood, and is able to afford luxurious vacations. As he turns 30, Jones recognizes that he needs to allow himself time to relax, meet new friends, and potentially meet someone to marry. As Jones turns 30, he is attempting to fulfill what level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) actualization
B) love/belonging
C) safety
D) physiological

Question 8

What term below is defined as forces from within individuals that stimulate and drive them to achieve goals?

A) motivation
B) content theory
C) drives
D) tension

Question 9

Kenneth wants to be a master chess player. However, something is impeding his progress toward this goal. Kenneth works hard when he sits down to practice at the chessboard, and is willing to practice for months or years, however long it takes to become a master chess player. The problem seems to be he does not really know what and how to practice to achieve his goal. According to this scenario, what element of motivation is Kenneth missing?

A) energy
B) direction
C) maintenance
D) leadership

Question 10

Which category describes the cognitive processes through which needs are translated into behavior?

A) component theories
B) content theories
C) process theories
D) procedure theories

Question 11

Which of the following accurately lists the three elements of the motivation process?

A) directed, contented, and activated
B) maintained, directed, and activated
C) activated, directed, and energized
D) energized, directed, and maintained

Question 12

Which step in Maslow's hierarchy of needs includes friends and family?

A) esteem
B) love/belonging
C) safety
D) physiological

Question 13

Which theory below is considered a process theory?

A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
B) goal-setting theory
C) ERG theory
D) McClelland's need theory

Question 14

Which theory listed below is considered a content theory?

A) equity theory
B) expectancy theory
C) goal-setting theory
D) need theory

Question 15

What element of the motivation process is explained by intending to work for some period of time to achieve objectives?

A) directed
B) maintained
C) activated
D) energized

Question 16

Which categories listed below explain why people have different needs at different times and how these needs motivate behavior?

A) process theories
B) procedure theories
C) content theories
D) component theories

Question 17

Jack signed up to run a marathon even though he had never run such a distance in his life. For of the next 6 months he methodically applied himself to training. He woke up at 5:00 a.m. every morning and ran at least 6 miles. On the weekends, he went on longer runs of anywhere between 10 and 18 miles. He also changed his diet to include healthier options. Race day came and he completed the marathon despite record heat and strong head winds. Jack's accomplishment best illustrates which organizational behavior concept?

A) motivation
B) communication
C) leadership
D) strategic management

Question 18

What element of the motivation process is explained by being willing to keep going even when things are not going as expected?

A) directed
B) maintained
C) activated
D) energized

Question 19

Which needs theory is based on the belief that successfully accomplishing the lower-level needs leads to the achievement of higher-level needs, such as gaining confidence, self-esteem, and finally self-actualization?

A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
B) Alderfer's ERG theory
C) Herzberg's two-factor theory
D) McClelland's acquired needs theory

Question 20

Ryland is at the pinnacle of his career. He has always worked to increase diversity within the institutions that he worked, and last year his effort was recognized by naming him Vice President of Institutional Diversity. In this role, he exceeded goals set for recruitment and retention and leaders at all levels of the organization praised his efforts. Still, next year he hopes to achieve even higher goals. Ryland is operating at what level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) actualization
B) love/belonging
C) safety
D) physiological

Question 21

Money serves as a status symbol in which of the following examples?

A) The CEO has a salary of over $3 million.
B) The clerk is paid minimum wage plus tips.
C) The owner of the business keeps profits but has no salary.
D) The manufacturing worker is paid for each item he produces.

Question 22

Which need of the ERG theory bears similarities to both Maslow's esteem needs and self-actualization needs?

A) existence needs
B) interconnectedness needs
C) relatedness needs
D) growth needs

Question 23

Herzberg's two-factor theory states that achievement, recognition, and responsibility are all examples of ______.

A) influence factors
B) motivators
C) dissatisfaction
D) hygiene factors

Question 24

Which of the following job characteristics is a hygiene factor, according to Hertzberg?

A) recognition
B) security
C) achievement
D) responsibility

Question 25

Which needs theory holds that our needs are shaped over time and formed by our experiences and cultural background?

A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
B) Alderfer's ERG theory
C) Herzberg's two-factor theory
D) McClelland's acquired needs theory

Question 26

What are the two factors called in Herzberg's two-factor theory?

A) influence factors and motivators
B) dissatisfaction and influence factors
C) hygiene factors and motivators
D) hygiene factors and influence factors

Question 27

As stated in the equity theory, people whose situation is comparable to their own are a/an ______.

A) authority
B) inequality figure
C) referent other
D) designator

Question 28

Lucille and Michael work together. Lucille goes into work earlier and sometimes works through lunch. She does not notice that Michael stays late many evenings producing about the same completed projects. If Lucille feels that Michael's outcomes and inputs ratio is greater than her own ratio, Lucille will feel a ______.

A) perceived equity
B) perceived inequality
C) uncontrolled inequality
D) perceived inequity

Question 29

Which ERG theory need is similar to Maslow's physiological and safety needs?

A) existence needs
B) interconnectedness needs
C) relatedness needs
D) growth needs

Question 30

Dwight and Pam work in the same department at Nostalgia Department Store. Dwight is unhappy with his job because he feels that Pam is getting better hours. He did not realize that she is working the morning shift because she needs to be available at home in the evenings for her family. Dwight, a single man, has been getting the closing shift more often than not. He thinks this is the slowest time of day and therefore causes his sales commissions to be low. Which of the following best describes what Dwight is experiencing?

A) inequity of his own perceived O/I ratio to the perception of Pam's O/I ratio
B) inequity of his perception ratio of his outcomes to Pam's inputs
C) equity of his inputs and Pam's outputs
D) equity of his own perceived ratio to the perception of the ratio of Pam

Question 31

Which needs theory explores the impact of motivational influences on job satisfaction?

A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
B) Alderfer's ERG theory
C) Herzberg's two-factor theory
D) McClelland's acquired needs theory

Question 32

Which ERG theory need is similar to Maslow's love/belongingness need?

A) existence needs
B) interconnectedness needs
C) relatedness needs
D) growth needs

Question 33

Which of the following job characteristics is a motivator factor, according to Hertzberg?

A) recognition
B) security
C) status
D) pay

Question 34

Which of the following is a primary mechanism managers use for motivating people in the workplace and meets lower-level needs?

A) money
B) recognition
C) autonomy
D) flexible work schedule

Question 35

Which theory holds that motivation is based on our perception of how fairly we are being treated in comparison with others?

A) hierarchy of needs theory
B) acquired needs theory
C) expectancy theory
D) equity theory

Question 36

Which motivation theory is criticized for its assumption that people pursue needs in a step-by-step sequence?

A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
B) Alderfer's ERG theory
C) Herzberg's two-factor theory
D) McClelland's acquired needs theory

Question 37

Which needs theory suggests that people are motivated by three categories of needs arranged in the form of a hierarchy?

A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
B) Alderfer's ERG theory
C) Herzberg's two-factor theory
D) McClelland's acquired needs theory

Question 38

Amy likes to maintain the status quo, and avoids making an unpopular decision at all cost. According to acquired needs theory, Amy is motivated by a ______.

A) need for achievement
B) need for affiliation
C) need for actualization
D) need for power

Question 39

In acquired needs theory, which of the following categories of needs motivates a desire to excel?

A) need for achievement
B) need for affiliation
C) need for actualization
D) need for power

Question 40

The element of increasing job satisfaction is most closely related to which factor in Herzberg's two-factor theory?

A) influence factors
B) motivators
C) dissatisfaction
D) hygiene factors

Question 41

Which element of goals motivate and energize us to help achieve objectives?

A) direct effects
B) absolute effects
C) indirect effects
D) unintended effects

Question 42

Research has shown that people respond best to clear, well-defined goals. Which element of goal-setting theory does this refer?

A) specific goals
B) goal commitment
C) goal acceptance
D) feedback

Question 43

Which of the six behaviors stated in the textbook that change perceived inequity is explained by workers who may change their perspective on the other person?

A) carrying out cognitive reevaluation
B) attempt to change outcomes
C) attempt to get to change inputs or outcomes
D) pick another other

Question 44

What element below focuses on what people perceive as fairness in workplace practices?

A) organizational justice
B) compositional morality
C) compositional justice
D) organizational morality

Question 45

______ is feeling under-rewarded or over-rewarded in comparison with others.

A) Valence
B) Feedback
C) Perceived inequality
D) Perceived inequity

Question 46

Which element below is defined as the degree to which people perceive the implementation of company policies and procedures to be fair?

A) operational justice
B) distributive justice
C) procedural justice
D) mechanical justice

Question 47

What are the two main kinds of organizational justice?

A) Operational and procedural
B) Distributive and procedural
C) Distributive and operational
D) Operational and mechanical

Question 48

Claire needs to motivate Phil to reach a higher sales goal. She decides to make a clear and easy to understand plan for Phil to use to help the sales process. Phil can refer to this plan to see how much he should sell and when he should accomplish each sales goal. Claire focused on which characteristic of goal-setting theory?

A) specific goals
B) difficult goals
C) goal acceptance and commitment
D) feedback

Question 49

Studies of the effects in the workplace of which element below showed that employees are motivated by clear goals accompanied by appropriate feedback?

A) Herzberg's two-factor theory
B) McClelland's acquired needs theory
C) Goal-setting theory
D) Alderfer's ERG theory

Question 50

Equity theory says we perceive the fairness of rewards as a ratio of ______.

A) input to perceived inequity
B) input to outcome
C) perceived inequity to outcome
D) outcome to input

Question 51

Beatrice has a perceived inequity with Tobias. She decided that Tobias might work a little harder than she does, therefore she picks someone else who matches her own work ethic, Jeanine. Once Beatrice has done this, she perceives an equity of fairness and feels better about her own work situation. Beatrice decided to do which of the six behaviors stated in the textbook that changes perceived inequity?

A) change equity theory person
B) change inputs
C) pick another "other"
D) attempt to change outcomes

Question 52

Cosmo has just made his dream come true of buying the property that his restaurant occupies. His excitement is short lived, however. He now realizes that he needs to come up with the extra money for the mortgage. Cosmo decides to rent out the storefront next to the restaurant for added income. After acquiring the property, Cosmo shifted his focus onto which aspect of goal-setting theory?

A) direct effects
B) absolute effects
C) indirect effects
D) unintended effects

Question 53

Blogfix has a strict policy regarding tardiness and disciplines those who are consistently late for work. Blogfix employees are likely to accept this as fair because the policy applies to all staff at every level. The policy at Blogfix is an example of ______.

A) operational justice
B) distributive justice
C) procedural justice
D) mechanical justice

Question 54

Which element of goals encourages us to use cognitive skills, such as planning and strategizing, to attain goals?

A) direct effects
B) absolute effects
C) indirect effects
D) unintended effects

Question 55

Equity theory says we compare our O/I ratio to ______.

A) referent others
B) authorities
C) inequality figures
D) perceived inequity

Question 56

Mabry has a perceived inequity with Tabatha. Mabry thinks that the only way to fix this inequity is to move to another company. Of the six behaviors stated in the textbook that change perceived inequity, Mabry has decided to ______.

A) leave the field
B) change inputs
C) pick another "other"
D) attempt to change outcomes

Question 57

Which theory below suggests that human performance is directed by conscious goals and intentions?

A) goal-setting theory
B) Alderfer's ERG theory
C) Herzberg's two-factor theory
D) McClelland's acquired needs theory

Question 58

______ is the degree to which people perceive outcomes to be fairly allocated.

A) Distributive justice
B) Operational justice
C) Mechanical justice
D) Procedural justice

Question 59

When someone feels a perceived inequity, which of the following behaviors is likely to occur?

A) attempt to change outcomes
B) attempt to change hierarchy
C) continue to work hard
D) investing more effort in work

Question 60

When equal work does not produce equal outcomes, or when one employee is paid disproportionately to another for doing the same job, then there is a lack of ______.

A) operational justice
B) distributive justice
C) procedural justice
D) mechanical justice

Question 61

Long-term goals set into the future are called ______ goals.

A) behavioral
B) operational
C) implementation
D) performance

Question 62

Which theory holds that people will choose certain behaviors over others with the expectation of a certain outcome?

A) goal-setting theory
B) ERG theory
C) two-factor theory
D) expectancy theory

Question 63

Looking at expectancy theory, the probability that good performance will lead to various work outcomes is considered ______.

A) expectancy
B) instrumentality
C) effort
D) valence

Question 64

Alex has set a goal for Haley to sell 25 gym memberships this month. Alex realizes that Haley may feel apprehensive about trying to sell such a large amount of memberships in one month, but she believes the challenge will motivate her into achieving the goal. This scenario reflects which characteristic of goal-setting theory?

A) specific goals
B) difficult goals
C) goal acceptance and commitment
D) feedback

Question 65

Which theory describes motivation as a function of an individual's beliefs concerning effort-to-performance relationships, work-outcome relationships, and the desirability of various work outcomes?

A) goal-setting theory
B) ERG theory
C) two-factor theory
D) expectancy theory

Question 66

Which two elements of the expectancy theory are measured in a range from −1 to +1?

A) effort and valence
B) instrumentality and expectancy
C) instrumentality and valence
D) valence and expectancy

Question 67

Which element of the expectancy theory is measured in a range from 0 to +1?

A) expectancy
B) instrumentality
C) effort
D) valence

Question 68

Which element of expectancy theory could be phrased as the question, "Is the outcome I get of any value to me?"

A) expectancy
B) instrumentality
C) effort
D) valence

Question 69

Cameron is trying to motivate his team to sell the most air-conditioning units within his company. He decides to develop a spreadsheet to show the amount of orders each member of his sales team made within the quarter compared to the other sales teams. Cameron has focused on which characteristic of goal-setting theory?

A) specific goals
B) difficult goals
C) goal acceptance and commitment
D) feedback

Question 70

Which characteristic of goal-setting theory states that in general, employees who participate with their managers with setting goals will have higher levels of performance and be more motivated to achieve the objectives?

A) specific goals
B) difficult goals
C) goal acceptance and commitment
D) feedback

Question 71

Which element of expectancy theory is the probability that the amount of work effort invested by an individual will result in a high level of performance?

A) expectancy
B) instrumentality
C) effort
D) valence

Question 72

Bella is working with Edward to complete a project proposal. Edward promised her that she would get credit for the part of the proposal that she completes. Bella is trying to do everything to move up the corporate ladder, but she wonders if Edward will keep his promise and give her the credit that she deserves. Bella is struggling with which element of expectancy theory?

A) expectancy
B) instrumentality
C) effort
D) valence

Question 73

Which element of expectancy theory is stated as the value individuals place on work outcomes?

A) expectancy
B) instrumentality
C) effort
D) valence

Question 74

Which element of expectancy theory could be phrased as the question, "What's the probability that, if I do a good job, that there will be some kind of outcome in it for me?"

A) expectancy
B) instrumentality
C) effort
D) valence

Question 75

Researchers found that goals set at a high, but not unreasonable level of difficulty produce better results than less challenging or easier goals. This research finding applies to which characteristic of goal-setting theory?

A) specific goals
B) difficult goals
C) goal acceptance and commitment
D) feedback

Question 76

Short-term goals that provide employees with frequent feedback about their performance are called ______.

A) implementation goals
B) performance goals
C) behavioral goals
D) operational goals

Question 77

Which element of expectancy theory could be phrased as the question, "What's the probability that, if I work very hard, I'll be able to do a good job?"

A) expectancy
B) instrumentality
C) effort
D) valence

Question 78

Making sure a goal is challenging but attainable is focusing on what characteristic of goal-setting theory?

A) specific goals
B) difficult goals
C) goal acceptance and commitment
D) feedback

Question 79

Yolanda is not very motivated at her car sales job. She knows the probability is high that if she works hard, she will meet her weekly quota of selling five cars. If she meets her quota, her boss gives her a gift card for a free cup of coffee. Yolanda does not like coffee, thus she does not work very hard to meet her quota. According to this scenario, Yolanda is not motivated because there is a lack of ______.

A) expectancy
B) instrumentality
C) effort
D) valence

Question 80

After leaving the doctor's office, Jerry has decided to join the gym. His doctor explained that his blood sugars are high and that he needs to lose weight in order to avoid acquiring diabetes. His doctor suggested that he take a year to lose the weight because it is dangerous to lose weight quickly. Jerry's goal of lowering his blood sugar is an example of what element of goal-setting theory?

A) behavioral goals
B) immediate goals
C) performance goals
D) operational goals