Deck 12: Mixed Design: Which Therapy Is Best for Treating Eating Disorders

Question 1

In a 2013 study examining the efficacy of family-based treatment for adolescents with eating disorders, a systematic review was conducted and found that:

A) after 6 to 12 months following treatment, there was no difference in remission rates for those in family-based treatment and individual therapy.
B) after 6 to 12 months following treatment, those who participated in individual therapy had higher remission rates than those in family-based treatment.
C) after 6 to 12 months following treatment, those who participated in family-based treatment had higher remission rates than those in individual therapy.
D) after 6 to 12 months following treatment, those who participated in family-based treatment had lower remission rates than those in individual therapy.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A meta-analysis is a statistical strategy for comparing and integrating the results from _____ on _____.

A) multiple studies; the same research question
B) multiple studies; different research questions
C) a single study; the same research question
D) a single study; different research questions

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A 2005 study examined integrated psychodynamic therapy in treatment of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder and found that:

A) the frequency of bulimic behaviors were significantly reduced during treatment for both bulimia nervosa and binge eating disordered participants.
B) the participants' BMIs fluctuated drastically throughout treatment.
C) the frequency of bulimic behaviors significantly increased during treatment for bulimia nervosa participants.
D) the frequency of bulimic behaviors significantly increased during treatment for binge eating disordered participants.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Murphy and colleagues (2005) conducted a study examining psychodynamic therapy for females diagnosed with bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder. Twenty-one women (14 diagnosed with bulimia nervosa; 7 diagnosed with binge eating disorder) received:

A) either 10 or 20 individual therapy sessions and were evaluated for symptom reduction at the end of treatment and three months post-treatment.
B) 20 individual therapy sessions and were evaluated for symptom reduction at the end of treatment only.
C) 40 individual therapy sessions and were evaluated for symptom reduction at the end of treatment only.
D) between 20 or 40 individual therapy sessions and were evaluated for symptom reduction at three months and six months post-treatment.

Question 5

Researchers investigating eating disorders tend to look at _____ as these may precede eating disordered behaviors.

A) parental arguments
B) emotional triggers
C) physical health complaints
D) previous therapy treatments

Question 6

Who is responsible for writing and disseminating the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders?

A) American Psychological Association
B) American Psychiatric Association
C) American Psychological Science
D) American Psychological Monitor

Question 7

According to the research in the textbook, the death rate for eating disorders is _____ out of every 1,000 people.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 100
D) 500

Question 8

The current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is in what edition?

A) 2^nd
B) 3^rd
C) 4^th
D) 5^th

Question 9

What is the nickname for many pro-anorexia social media and websites?

A) Pro-Ana
B) Pro-Skinny
C) Pro-Ex
D) Pro-Recovery

Question 10

A 2013 study examining the efficacy of family-based treatment for adolescents with eating disorders evaluated many studies in a review called a:

A) meta-analysis.
B) mixed design.
C) single-blind procedure.
D) double-blind procedure.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT an identified feature in the DSM for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa?

A) significantly lower than medically expected body weight
B) severe anxiety about weight gain
C) the presence of amenorrhea
D) distorted view of one's body weight and shape

Question 12

According to the research presented in the text, approximately _____ young women are diagnosed with anorexia nervosa.

A) 1 out of every 1,000
B) 2 out of every 1,000
C) 3 out of every 1,000
D) 4 out of every 1,000

Question 13

A 2013 study conducted to examine the daily patterns of anxiety in those with anorexia nervosa had participants:

A) record the frequency of exercise, body checking, and skipping meals only.
B) record their anxiety levels and eating disorder behaviors six times throughout the day.
C) weigh themselves six times a day and note their anxiety level each time.
D) record their daily level of anxiety at the end of each day and note any eating disorder behaviors.

Question 14

A 2014 randomized controlled trial examining psychoanalytic psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa found that:

A) psychoanalytic therapy was faster and more effective than cognitive behavioral treatment and more effective at reducing bulimic behaviors.
B) cognitive behavioral therapy was slower but more effective than psychoanalytic treatment and more effective at reducing bulimic behaviors.
C) cognitive behavioral therapy was faster and more effective than psychoanalytic treatment and more effective at reducing bulimic behaviors.
D) cognitive behavioral therapy was faster than psychoanalytic treatment but less effective at reducing bulimic behaviors.

Question 15

A 2012 study which examined social cognition in females diagnosed with anorexia nervosa determined that:

A) females diagnosed with anorexia nervosa had poor emotional functioning.
B) females diagnosed with anorexia nervosa had higher emotional functioning.
C) females who were not diagnosed with anorexia nervosa had poorer emotional functioning.
D) females diagnosed with anorexia nervosa had impaired theory of mind.

Question 16

Poulsen and colleagues (2014) conducted a randomized controlled trial of psychoanalytic psychotherapy and cognitive-behavior therapy. Participants randomly assigned to the psychoanalytic therapy group received:

A) 20 weekly sessions.
B) 40 weekly sessions.
C) 1 year of weekly sessions.
D) 2 years of weekly sessions.

Question 17

A 2013 study looking at enhanced cognitive behavior therapy for adolescents with anorexia found that those who completed treatment displayed:

A) improvement in weight and eating disorder psychopathology and were stable for 60 weeks.
B) a deterioration in weight and eating disorder psychopathology and were not stable.
C) improvement only in weight and were stable for 30 weeks.
D) improvement in weight and an increase in eating disorder psychopathology and were not stable.

Question 18

A 2005 study examined integrated psychodynamic therapy in treatment of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Which treatment was integrated with psychodynamic therapy?

A) dialectal behavior interventions
B) cognitive-behavioral interventions
C) gestalt interventions
D) Rogerian interventions

Question 19

Dr. Clark has identified and coded over 200 studies examining gender differences in the workplace. Dr. Clark has coded these studies for a variety of variables and plans to analyze the data for trends over the last ten years. Dr. Clark is in the process of conducting:

A) a case study.
B) an experimental study.
C) a meta-analysis.
D) qualitative analysis.

Question 20

Individuals who engage in restrictive eating behaviors, possess an intense fear of gaining weight, and focus on losing weight typically meet diagnostic criteria for:

A) bulimia nervosa.
B) anorexia nervosa.
C) binge eating disorder.
D) eating disorder NOS.

Question 21

Dr. Bowen is discussing the use of single-subject designs with her research lab students. One student asks, "How do you implement a control in single-subject designs?" Dr. Bowen responds:

A) "There is a waiting-list control group."
B) "The participant serves as their own control."
C) "There is an empty control group."
D) "There is a placebo group."

Question 22

Dr. Marquez is lecturing to his class on single-subject designs. He notes that in an A-B design, the A phase represents the:

A) experimental treatment.
B) baseline measurement.
C) conditional treatment.
D) placebo treatment.

Question 23

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects an A-B design?

A) A-B designs measure different variables with the same participant.
B) A-B designs measure different variables with different participants.
C) A-B designs measure the same variable with different participants.
D) A-B designs measure the same variable with the same participant.

Question 24

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects an A-B-A design?

A) A-B-A designs measure the same variable with the same participant.
B) A-B-A designs measure different variables with different participants.
C) A-B-A designs measure the same variable with different participants.
D) A-B-A designs measure different variables with the same participant.

Question 25

Dr. Cross is implementing an A-B-A design. Which of the following scenarios best describes an A-B-A design?

A) Dr. Cross assesses baseline anxiety and then introduces video clips of baby animals and then reassesses anxiety.
B) Dr. Cross introduces video clips of baby animals and then assesses anxiety levels.
C) Dr. Cross assesses baseline anxiety and then introduces video clips of baby animals, then reassesses anxiety and then the video clips of baby animals are ceased and anxiety levels are assessed again.
D) Dr. Cross assesses baseline anxiety and then introduces video clips of baby animals, then reassesses anxiety, then the video clips of baby animals are ceased and anxiety levels are assessed, followed by reintroduction of video clips of baby animals and assessment of anxiety levels.

Question 26

Dr. Marquez is lecturing to his class on single-subject designs. He noted that in an A-B design, the B phase represents the:

A) experimental treatment.
B) baseline measurement.
C) conditional treatment.
D) placebo treatment.

Question 27

A single-subject design is a special type of _____ using one participant or group to assess changes for that individual or group.

A) within-subjects design
B) between-subjects design
C) factorial design
D) hybrid design

Question 28

Newman is interested in using an A-B design for his thesis study examining behavioral interventions for emotion dysregulation. However, he makes an appointment with his mentor because he is confused as to which type of design an A-B study would be considered. Which of the following is the most appropriate description of an A-B design?

A) between-subjects design
B) within-subjects design
C) factorial design
D) hybrid design

Question 29

Dr. Wakes decides to study one individual's responses to stressful situations. The participant will act as both control and experiment. The general term for this type of design is:

A) mixed design.
B) repeated measures design.
C) single-subject design.
D) hybrid design.

Question 30

Dr. Cross is implementing an A-B-A-B design. Which of the following scenarios best describes an A-B-A-B design?

A) Dr. Cross assesses baseline anxiety and then introduces video clips of baby animals and then reassesses anxiety.
B) Dr. Cross introduces video clips of baby animals and then assesses anxiety levels.
C) Dr. Cross assesses baseline anxiety and then introduces video clips of baby animals, then reassesses anxiety and then the video clips of baby animals are ceased and anxiety levels are assessed again.
D) Dr. Cross assesses baseline anxiety and then introduces video clips of baby animals, then reassesses anxiety, then the video clips of baby animals are ceased and anxiety levels are assessed, followed by reintroduction of video clips of baby animals and assessment of anxiety levels.

Question 31

_____ is a single-subject design in which researchers take a baseline measurement and then introduce the intervention and measure the same variable again.

A) An A-B-A design
B) A single-blind procedure
C) A mixed design
D) An A-B design

Question 32

The NIH is taking proposals for a new research grant they are bestowing. The NIH is particularly interested in research proposals that use an A-B-A design. Which of the follow research designs would be most appropriate for the grant?

A) Research that assesses obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms and then requires participants to touch a public toilet seat and then reassesses obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
B) Research that requires participants to touch a public toilet seat and then assesses obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
C) Research that assesses obsessive-compulsive symptoms and then participants are required to touch a public toilet seat and their obsessive-compulsive symptoms are reassessed. Then participants are permitted to release the toilet seat and their obsessive-compulsive symptoms are assessed again.
D) Research that assesses obsessive-compulsive symptoms and requires participants to touch a public toilet seat, then reassesses obsessive-compulsive symptoms, then the participants are permitted to release the toilet seat and their obsessive-compulsive symptoms are assessed, followed by reintroduction of touching the toilet seat and assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

Question 33

The NIH is taking proposals for a new research grant they are bestowing. The NIH is particularly interested in research proposals that use an A-B design. Which of the follow research designs would be most appropriate for the grant?

A) Research that assesses obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms and then requires participants to touch a public toilet seat and then reassesses obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
B) Research that requires participants to touch a public toilet seat and then assesses obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
C) Research that assesses obsessive-compulsive symptoms and then participants are required to touch a public toilet seat and their obsessive-compulsive symptoms are reassessed. Then participants are permitted to release the toilet seat and their obsessive-compulsive symptoms are assessed again.
D) Research that assesses obsessive-compulsive symptoms and requires participants to touch a public toilet seat, then reassesses obsessive-compulsive symptoms, then the participants are permitted to release the toilet seat and their obsessive-compulsive symptoms are assessed, followed by reintroduction of touching the toilet seat and assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

Question 34

Dr. Cross is implementing an A-B design. Which of the following scenarios best describes an A-B design?

A) Dr. Cross assesses baseline anxiety and then introduces video clips of baby animals and then reassesses anxiety.
B) Dr. Cross introduces video clips of baby animals and then assesses anxiety levels.
C) Dr. Cross assesses baseline anxiety and then introduces video clips of baby animals, then reassesses anxiety and then the video clips of baby animals are ceased and anxiety levels are assessed again.
D) Dr. Cross assesses baseline anxiety and then introduces video clips of baby animals, then reassesses anxiety, then the video clips of baby animals are ceased and anxiety levels are assessed, followed by reintroduction of video clips of baby animals and assessment of anxiety levels.

Question 35

In order to establish a cause-and-effect relationship researchers need to administer a(n) _____ before the intervention.

A) posttest measurement
B) manipulation
C) baseline measurement
D) independent variable

Question 36

A _____ design is a special type of within-subjects design using one participant or group to assess changes within that individual or group.

A) hybrid
B) case study
C) single-subject
D) mixed

Question 37

Dr. Nadine wants to establish a _____ relationship, so she includes both a baseline measurement and a post-intervention measure.

A) bi-directional
B) factorial
C) correlational
D) cause-and-effect

Question 38

According to a 2012 study examining pro-anorexia and pro-recovery websites, research found that:

A) pro-anorexia users posted fewer pictures with tags referring to body image than pro-recovery users.
B) pro-anorexia users posted more pictures with tags referring to body image than pro-recovery users.
C) pro-recovery users posted fewer pictures overall.
D) pro-anorexia users posted more pictures of themselves than pro-recovery users.

Question 39

The simplest single-subject design is the:

A) A-B design.
B) A-B-B-A design.
C) A-B-A-B design.
D) A-B-A design.

Question 40

The NIH is taking proposals for a new research grant they are bestowing. The NIH is particularly interested in research proposals that use an A-B-A-B design. Which of the follow research designs would be most appropriate for the grant?

A) Research that assesses obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms and then requires participants to touch a public toilet seat and then reassesses obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
B) Research that requires participants to touch a public toilet seat and then assesses obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
C) Research that assesses obsessive-compulsive symptoms and then participants are required to touch a public toilet seat and their obsessive-compulsive symptoms are reassessed. Then participants are permitted to release the toilet seat and their obsessive-compulsive symptoms are assessed again.
D) Research that assesses obsessive-compulsive symptoms and requires participants to touch a public toilet seat, then reassesses obsessive-compulsive symptoms, then the participants are permitted to release the toilet seat and their obsessive-compulsive symptoms are assessed, followed by reintroduction of touching the toilet seat and assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

Question 41

Dr. Croteau explains to students in his methodology class that when they are using a mixed design, they are essentially using a(n) _____ with multiple independent variables.

A) factorial design
B) hybrid design
C) A-B design
D) experimental design

Question 42

In an A-B-A design, after removal of the intervention researchers are looking for _____; that is, whether the assessed levels of the dependent variable return to baseline after the intervention has been removed.

A) a reversal in the effect
B) stabilization in the effect
C) randomization in the effect
D) no change in the effect

Question 43

Coren notes that an A-B-A design helps establish _____ by showing that behavior systematically changes based on the introduction and removal of treatment.

A) association
B) covariation
C) correlation
D) causality

Question 44

Dr. Soto was conducting research in a small rural community in Asia that was affected by an earthquake. Dr. Soto collected baseline measurements on posttraumatic responses and then the natural disaster assistance team arrived. Dr. Soto collected the same information again from respondents after the disaster assistance team had been stationed for one week. After two weeks the disaster assistance team left and Dr. Soto collected posttraumatic response data again. Dr. Soto expected that the posttraumatic responses would return to baseline after the disaster assistance team left. Dr. Soto is using which type of design?

A) hybrid design
B) factorial design
C) A-B design
D) A-B-A

Question 45

_____ is a single-subject design in which researchers establish a baseline, introduce the intervention and measure the same variable again, then remove the intervention and take another measurement.

A) A-B design
B) A-B-B-A design
C) A-B-A-B design
D) A-B-A design

Question 46

Dr. Soto was conducting research in a small rural community in Asia that was affected by an earthquake. Dr. Soto collected baseline measurements on posttraumatic responses and then the natural disaster assistance team arrived. Dr. Soto collected the same information again from respondents after the disaster assistance team had been stationed for one week. After two weeks the disaster assistance team left and Dr. Soto collected posttraumatic response data again. Dr. Soto expected that the posttraumatic responses would _____ after the disaster assistance team left in this A-B-A design.

A) increase
B) decrease
C) return to baseline
D) regress to the mean

Question 47

A 2013 study examining the administration of hypnosis to golf professionals for a period of 7 days to improve their golf score found:

A) that hypnosis intervention worsened golf performance.
B) that hypnosis intervention did not improve golf performance.
C) an overall improvement in performance per mean number of strokes during the intervention phase.
D) an overall improvement in performance per mean number of strokes during the baseline measurement.

Question 48

Dr. Carlos specifies in his statistical methodology class that it is important to remember that when carrying out a mixed design participants receive every level of the _____, but only one level of the between-subjects factor.

A) hybrid factor
B) dependent variable
C) within-subjects factor
D) main effect

Question 49

_____ is a single-subject design in which researchers establish a baseline, introduce the intervention, remove the intervention, and then reintroduce the intervention, measuring the dependent variable each time.

A) A-B design
B) A-B-B-A design
C) A-B-A-B design
D) A-B-A design

Question 50

Ranya wants to conduct a study on how video gaming affects cognitive flexibility in a controlled setting. Which of the following would be the best setting for optimizing mundane realism?

A) a debate class
B) a research laboratory
C) a gamer's basement
D) a library

Question 51

Dr. Soto was conducting research in a small rural community in Asia that was affected by an earthquake. Dr. Soto collected baseline measurements on posttraumatic responses and then the natural disaster assistance team arrived. Dr. Soto collected the same information again from respondents after the disaster assistance team had been stationed for one week. After two weeks the disaster assistance team left and Dr. Soto collected posttraumatic response data again. Dr. Soto expected that the posttraumatic responses would return to baseline after the disaster assistance team left. What is the dependent variable in this A-B-A design?

A) geographic area
B) natural disaster
C) disaster assistance team
D) posttraumatic responses

Question 52

Elbert wants to conduct a study on how motivational self-talk impacts athletic performance during a game. Which of the following be the best setting for optimizing mundane realism?

A) a prenatal unit
B) a nursing home
C) a baseball game
D) a library

Question 53

Dr. Soto was conducting research in a small rural community in Asia that was affected by an earthquake. Dr. Soto collected baseline measurements on posttraumatic responses and then the natural disaster assistance team arrived. Dr. Soto collected the same information again from respondents after the disaster assistance team had been stationed for one week. After two weeks the disaster assistance team left and Dr. Soto collected posttraumatic response data again. Dr. Soto expected that the posttraumatic responses would return to baseline after the disaster assistance team left. What is the independent variable or intervention in this A-B-A design?

A) geographic area
B) natural disaster
C) disaster assistance team
D) posttraumatic responses

Question 54

An A-B-A design is a single-subject design in which researchers establish a baseline, introduce the intervention and measure the same variable again, then remove _____ and take another measurement.

A) the dependent variable
B) the intervention
C) the manipulation
D) the independent variable

Question 55

An A-B-A-B design is a single-subject design in which researchers establish a baseline, introduce the intervention, remove the intervention, and then reintroduce the intervention, measuring the _____ each time.

A) dependent variable
B) independent variable
C) manipulation
D) baseline measurement

Question 56

Dr. Winston referenced several notable limitations of single-subject designs. Which of the following is NOT a weakness of single-subject designs?

A) no control group
B) lack of statistical power
C) lack of internal validity
D) lack of external validity

Question 57

Dr. Carlos specifies in his statistical methodology class that it is important to remember that when carrying out a mixed design participants receive every level of the within-subjects factor, but only one level of the:

A) hybrid factor.
B) between-subjects factor.
C) interaction effect.
D) main effect.

Question 58

Tatiana wants to conduct a study on how reading influences public speaking ability. Which of the following would be the best setting for optimizing mundane realism?

A) a debate class
B) a research laboratory
C) a science class
D) a library

Question 59

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects an A-B-A-B design?

A) A-B-A-B designs measure different variables with different participants.
B) A-B-A-B designs measure the same variable with the same participant.
C) A-B-A-B designs measure the same variable with different participants.
D) A-B-A-B designs measure different variables with the same participant.

Question 60

Dr. Soto was conducting research in a small rural community in Asia that was affected by an earthquake. Dr. Soto collected baseline measurements on posttraumatic responses and then the natural disaster assistance team arrived. Dr. Soto collected the same information again from respondents after the disaster assistance team had been stationed for one week. After two weeks the disaster assistance team left and Dr. Soto collected posttraumatic response data again. Dr. Soto expected that the posttraumatic responses would return to baseline after the disaster assistance team left. Dr. Soto wants to establish further evidence of covariation by showing that the participants' behavior systematically changes when disaster assistance is available and when it is removed. Which of the following designs would help further Dr. Soto's conclusion of causality?

A) mixed design
B) A-B-A design
C) factorial design
D) A-B-A-B design

Question 61

All of the following are between-subjects designs, EXCEPT:

A) two-group designs.
B) multigroup designs.
C) factorial designs.
D) repeated measures designs.

Question 62

Dr. Rivera is examining the effect of treatment on Internet addiction. He is comparing the additive effect of antidepressant, antianxiety, and sedative medications on the compulsion to use the Internet. Dr. Rivera randomly assigns participants into conditional groups. Theo believes he has been taking an antidepressant medication for the last 6 weeks; however, at the debriefing he learns he was taking a sugar pill. Theo was most likely in which type of group?

A) placebo group
B) waiting-list control group
C) posthoc group
D) empty control group

Question 63

Dr. Irvin noted that within the same mixed design study, researchers can examine the impact of each _____ individually on the _____.

A) dependent variable; independent variable
B) independent variable; dependent variable
C) nominal variable; ordinal variable
D) independent variable; nominal variable

Question 64

Dr. Waters is examining gestalt therapy, acceptance commitment therapy, and dialectal behavior therapy in relation to anxiety symptom and depressive symptom reduction. Dr. Waters is using which type of design?

A) factorial design
B) hybrid design
C) single-subject design
D) meta-analysis

Question 65

A mixed design is helpful in that it allows researchers to answer _____ research questions at the same time.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 66

Dr. Waters is examining gestalt therapy, acceptance commitment therapy, and dialectal behavior therapy in relation to anxiety symptom and depressive symptom reduction. Dr. Waters is using which type of design?

A) 2 × 3 mixed design
B) 3 × 2 mixed design
C) 3 × 3 mixed design
D) 2 × 2 mixed design

Question 67

The use of _____ in between-subjects designs increases internal validity.

A) multiple measurements
B) multiple participants
C) random assignment
D) controlled experiments

Question 68

Kanisha is interested in determining whether having snow on Christmas makes people feel more interpersonal warmth. All of her participants completed a measure of interpersonal warmth prior to Christmas, and then completed the measure of interpersonal warmth following snow on Christmas. She is looking at whether there is a unique change in the participants' overall feelings of interpersonal warmth and socialization change as a result of experiencing a snowy holiday. Kanisha is using which type of methodology?

A) within-subjects
B) between-subjects
C) hybrid design
D) marginal design

Question 69

All of the following are within-subjects designs, EXCEPT:

A) pretest-posttest designs.
B) factorial designs.
C) repeated measures designs.
D) mixed designs.

Question 70

All of the following are between-subjects designs, EXCEPT:

A) two-group designs.
B) multigroup designs.
C) pretest-posttest designs.
D) factorial designs.

Question 71

Dr. Hudson is examining the effect of treatment on Internet addiction. He has developed a new treatment program that uses both cognitive and behavioral factors to compete with the current behavioral-only treatment program. Dr. Hudson randomly assigns participants into conditional groups. Theo finds himself in a participant group that does not receive any type of intervention during the actual study, but is offered treatment 3 months after completion of the study. Theo was most likely in which type of group?

A) placebo group
B) waiting-list control group
C) post-hoc group
D) empty control group

Question 72

Dr. Croteau explains to students in his methodology class that when they are using a mixed design, they are essentially using a factorial design with multiple:

A) independent variables.
B) dependent variables.
C) factors.
D) control groups.

Question 73

Researchers who use a waiting-list control group offer which kind of treatment following completion of the study?

A) the most affordable treatment
B) the best treatment available as determined by the research
C) the swiftest treatment
D) the most expensive treatment

Question 74

Dr. Allaz explained that between-subjects designs have higher degrees of _____ because in real life people rarely get a sequence of treatments, but instead get access to one level of treatment.

A) external validity
B) internal validity
C) content validity
D) criterion validity

Question 75

In an experimental study, random error due to individual differences can be reduced if a(n) _____ is implemented.

A) A-B design
B) within-subjects design
C) between-subjects design
D) hybrid design

Question 76

All of the following includes a within-subjects design, EXCEPT:

A) two-group designs.
B) pretest-posttest designs.
C) repeated measures designs.
D) mixed designs.

Question 77

Dr. Marcus explains that waiting-list control groups are not always appropriate to implement even if it would help answer a set of hypotheses. Dr. Marcus notes that one of the major reasons that a waiting-list control group would not be appropriate for a study is:

A) if it would be too costly to include a wait-list control group.
B) if it would be unethical and potentially harmful to delay treatment to research participants.
C) if there are not enough participants.
D) if it would require too much time to carry out.

Question 78

Dr. Winston referenced several notable limitations of between-subject designs. Which of the following is a weakness of between-subject designs?

A) no random assignment to conditions
B) lack of statistical power
C) lack of internal validity
D) lack of external validity

Question 79

In an experimental study, obtaining multiple measurements from each of the participants increases _____ in a within-subjects design.

A) random error
B) type I error
C) power
D) internal validity

Question 80

Dr. Waters is examining gestalt therapy, acceptance commitment therapy, and dialectal behavior therapy in relation to anxiety symptom and depressive symptom reduction. Dr. Waters is testing _____ independent variable(s).

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four