Deck 10: Within-Subjects Design: Can Watching Reality Tv Shows Be Good for Us

Question 1

The key difference between the use of behavioral diaries and naturalistic observations in research is that:

A) in naturalistic observations the observer is recording their own behavior.
B) in naturalistic observations the observer is recording the target person's behavior.
C) in behavioral diaries the target person is recording the observer's behavior.
D) there is no difference between the methods.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Sophie's thesis study is focused on participants' retrospective accounts about happy and sad events in their lives, as well as current events identified as happy and sad. One way in which Sophie plans to control for retrospective bias in the participants' current experiences is to have these participants:

A) obtain baseline data.
B) include pretest and posttest measures.
C) keep a behavior diary.
D) stay in the study, even if they verbalize they want to drop out..

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In a 2010 study examining mediated voyeurism and the guilty pleasure of consuming reality television, researchers found that:

A) participants who gained more pleasure from voyeurism preferred watching reality TV compared with those who did not gain pleasure from voyeurism.
B) participants who gained less pleasure from voyeurism preferred watching more reality TV.
C) there was no difference in watching reality TV between those who enjoyed voyeurism and those who did not.
D) participants who did not gain pleasure from voyeurism were less likely to socially compare themselves with others.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Professor Alvarado is reviewing with students for an upcoming exam. He is testing them on the advantages and disadvantages of various measurement designs. All of the following would be noted as advantages for behavioral diaries, EXCEPT:

A) demand characteristics.
B) real-time data collection.
C) concurrent data collection.
D) the reduction of retrospective bias.

Question 5

In a 2013 study examining the role of deservingness and emotions in relation to schadenfreude, or enjoyment gained from watching others struggle, researchers used vignettes describing college students from the same or different colleges who either deserved or did not deserve their academic success and who were then rejected from an honors program. The results indicated that:

A) participants indicated less pleasure at rejection when the student's success was undeserved and the student was from another institution.
B) participants indicated more pleasure at rejection when the student's success was undeserved and the student was from another institution.
C) participants indicated more pleasure at rejection when the student's success was deserved and the student was from another institution.
D) participants indicated more pleasure at rejection when the student's success was deserved and the student was from the same institution as themselves.

Question 6

The process of using behavioral diaries is similar to which other type of research design?

A) participant observation
B) analogue study
C) active deception
D) naturalistic observation

Question 7

In a 2012 study examining how personal self-evaluation and classification of feedback are related to the experience of schadenfreude, researchers found that:

A) participants with low self-evaluation who received negative feedback experienced more schadenfreude while watching a reality television show than those who received positive feedback.
B) participants with low self-evaluation who received positive feedback experienced more schadenfreude while watching a reality television show than those who received negative feedback.
C) participants indicated more pleasure in general at watching the rejection of others on a reality television show.
D) participants with high self-evaluation who experienced positive feedback noted greater schadenfreude while watching a reality television show.

Question 8

Which of the following individuals is using a behavioral diary approach to their mental health treatment?

A) Colin is using an app on his phone to record his thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in real time on a daily basis.
B) Becky is completing a self-report measure of anxiety at her weekly therapy appointments.
C) Teri is documenting when he engages in an exposure exercise with snakes.
D) Cora is completing a daily measure of situational anxiety and discussing it at her weekly therapy appointments.

Question 9

According to researchers, voyeurism refers to:

A) comparing yourself with others.
B) an indifference to others.
C) a desire to see what one is not supposed to.
D) a lack of interest in what others are doing.

Question 10

Dr. Kline emphasized to his research methods class that when conducting a pretest-posttest design it is very important to obtain baseline measurements:

A) before any intervention or experimental manipulation has been implemented.
B) after any intervention or experimental manipulation has been implemented.
C) only when there is a behavioral experimental manipulation.
D) on a daily basis during the course of an intervention protocol.

Question 11

In a 2012 study examining how personal self-evaluation and classification of feedback impact the experience of schadenfreude, the participants' self-evaluation was manipulated by:

A) calling the participants mean names.
B) providing participants either negative or positive feedback.
C) showing them movies that made them sad or made them angry.
D) being told they were being expelled from the university.

Question 12

Dr. Matthis was conducting a lecture on design methodology and was describing the type of data obtained from the use of behavioral diaries. Behavioral diaries' main use is for:

A) self-report data.
B) collateral data.
C) projective assessment.
D) cognitive assessment.

Question 13

In a 2011 study investigating the impact of self-evaluation on gaining pleasure at the misfortunes of others, researchers had:

A) postal workers complete tasks of analytic and intellectual reasoning, receive feedback, and then review the complaint files of their co-workers and rate their level of enjoyment.
B) students read two interviews discussing how a student with great potential experienced a major academic difficulty and then had students write their thoughts on this topic.
C) participants complete an assessment of intellectual abilities and then watch other students being interviewed by college admissions staff; participants then reported on their level of enjoyment.
D) participants complete a task identified as either an assessment of analytic abilities or intellectual abilities, receive feedback, and then read two interviews discussing how a student with great potential experienced a major academic difficulty.

Question 14

_____ is a German word meaning "enjoyment obtained from the troubles of others."

A) Streudelfreude
B) Schadenfreude
C) Nachmittag
D) Gehirntumor

Question 15

Rochelle wants to survey patients who were seen at the Emergency Room within the last five years to determine their level of satisfaction with services provided. However, Rochelle is hesitant to include patients from so long ago as their recollections may not be accurate. Rochelle is mainly concerned about:

A) sample bias.
B) retrospective bias.
C) hawthorn effect.
D) attrition.

Question 16

Papacharissi and Mendelson (2007) conducted an exploratory study examining the relationship between reality appeal and the motivation to watch reality television shows. These researchers found that:

A) viewers of reality TV were unaware that the cast members' behaviors were not authentic.
B) viewers of reality TV were aware that the cast members' behaviors were not authentic.
C) viewers did not gain pleasure from watching reality TV shows.
D) people watch reality TV not for voyeuristic reasons, but just to fill time.

Question 17

Sabrina has been experiencing frequent migraines. Both Sabrina and her doctor are unable to determine potential triggers for her migraines. Sabrina's doctor suggests that she collect a variety of data points including mood, physical activity, environment, and time, among others. Sabrina was also asked to record in real time whether or not she experiences a migraine each day and describe the related symptoms. Sabrina's doctor is requesting the use of a:

A) pretest-posttest design.
B) repeated measure design.
C) behavioral diary.
D) quasi-experimental design.

Question 18

According to researchers social comparison refers to:

A) comparing yourself with others.
B) differentiating distinctions among others.
C) a desire to see what one is not supposed to.
D) a lack of interest in what others are doing.

Question 19

Dr. Silva was discussing with his students the importance of conducting literature reviews while collecting information relevant to a current study. Dr. Silva noted that most recently he was searching for the _____ of "situational anxiety" and "parenting" to find relevant studies pertaining to his current research.

A) appendix
B) discussion
C) results
D) key words

Question 20

Dr. Gibson has developed an electronic watch that syncs to your smartphone. One of the watch's capabilities is the ability for individuals to log information relative to their behavioral diaries. This allows individuals to record their behaviors:

A) from the past.
B) desired for the future.
C) concurrently as the behavior or event occurs.
D) as objectives rather than goals.

Question 21

Unlike pretest-posttest designs, repeated-measures designs do NOT include:

A) a case study.
B) a sensitization effect.
C) a baseline measurement.
D) instrumentation.

Question 22

Why is a longitudinal design considered a within-subjects design?

A) Participants are measured twice, once at the beginning of the study and once at the end of the study.
B) Participants are repeatedly measured on the dependent variable over time.
C) Participants are measured on the dependent variable after exposure to each level of the independent variable.
D) Fewer research participants are needed for adequate statistical power.

Question 23

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding repeated-measures research designs?

A) Repeated-measures designs are considered within-subjects designs.
B) Repeated-measures designs are considered mixed factorial designs.
C) Repeated-measures designs are considered counterbalanced designs.
D) Repeated-measures designs are considered between-subjects designs.

Question 24

Rosio needs to complete an initial assessment survey at her new doctor's office. The doctor is likely to use this data as a:

A) posttest measurement.
B) baseline measurement.
C) manipulation check.
D) testing effect.

Question 25

In a _____ participants are repeatedly measured on the dependent variable over time.

A) Latin square design
B) repeated-measures design
C) longitudinal design
D) pretest-posttest design

Question 26

Dr. Klein implemented a study examining sleep patterns and mood in various environments. Participants were first asked to collect baseline information regarding their typical sleep patterns, mood, and sleep conditions. Participants in his study were then asked to sleep in six distinct conditions: room temperature between 50 and 60 degrees Fahrenheit; room temperature between 61 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit; room temperature between 71 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit; room temperature between 81 and 90 degrees Fahrenheit; room temperature between 91 and 100 degrees Fahrenheit, and room temperature between 101 and 110 degrees Fahrenheit. Dr. Klein collected data during each experimental condition and assessed participants' sleep patterns and subsequent mood for each temperature condition. Dr. Klein is conducting a:

A) nested design.
B) pretest-posttest design.
C) repeated-measures design.
D) longitudinal design.

Question 27

Why is a repeated-measures design considered a within-subjects design?

A) Participants are measured twice, once at the beginning of the study and once at the end of the study.
B) Participants are repeatedly measured on the dependent variable over time.
C) Participants are measured on the dependent variable after exposure to each level of the independent variable.
D) Fewer research participants are needed for adequate statistical power.

Question 28

Greer teaches college algebra to freshmen. Based on previous experience. Greer believes that students perform better on the final exam if they are assessed on multiple different areas of algebra throughout the term rather than just cumulative exams. Greer develops a study in which no baseline measurements are taken, but rather students are assessed in a step-wise fashion on several identified areas of algebra. Greer has developed a:

A) pretest-posttest design.
B) repeated-measures design.
C) Latin square design.
D) spurious design.

Question 29

Coach Hardy tracks his swimmers' speed and distance after using various coaching techniques. Coach Hardy records how fast each swimmer is and how far they swam after he provides praise, after he provides negative feedback, and after he provides a "prize." Coach Hardy has set up the framework for a research study with which type of design?

A) pretest-posttest design
B) repeated-measures design
C) mixed factorial design
D) counterbalance design

Question 30

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding pretest-posttest research designs?

A) Pretest-posttest research designs are considered between-subjects designs.
B) Pretest-posttest research designs are considered mixed factorial designs.
C) Pretest-posttest research designs are considered counterbalanced designs.
D) Pretest-posttest research designs are considered within-subjects designs.

Question 31

What can be gained from examining pretest and posttest data?

A) determining the impact of the treatment or manipulation on participants
B) determining long-term prognosis
C) determining response in multiple levels of the independent variable and dependent variable
D) testing a between-subjects design

Question 32

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding longitudinal research designs?

A) Longitudinal research designs are considered between-subjects designs.
B) Longitudinal research designs are considered mixed factorial designs.
C) Longitudinal research designs are considered counterbalanced designs.
D) Longitudinal research designs are considered within-subjects designs.

Question 33

Dr. Gustaf is known for his research in romantic partnerships and physical attractiveness. He recently decided to develop a new research study in which he has couples in different stages of their relationships (just met, recently dating, long-term relationship, newly engaged, newly married, married for more than five years, married for more than 10 years) monitor how physically attracted they are to their partner after implementation of different relationship assignments. Each participant couple is studied through these relationship levels. Dr. Gustaf's research would best be addressed by using which type of design?

A) pretest-posttest design
B) mixed model design
C) mixed factorial design
D) repeated-measures design

Question 34

Dr. Okete wants to collect baseline data from her sociology students regarding knowledge of local cultures and then assess the students at multiple points throughout the academic year after each academic module has been completed. Dr. Okete is conducting a:

A) pretest-posttest design.
B) repeated-measures design.
C) Latin square design.
D) spurious design.

Question 35

Dr. Klein implemented a study examining sleep patterns and mood in various environments. Participants in his study were asked to sleep in six distinct conditions: room temperature between 50 and 60 degrees Fahrenheit; room temperature between 61 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit; room temperature between 71 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit; room temperature between 81 and 90 degrees Fahrenheit; room temperature between 91 and 100 degrees Fahrenheit, and room temperature between 101 and 110 degrees Fahrenheit. Dr. Klein immediately began collecting data during the first experimental condition and continued to assess participants' sleep patterns and subsequent mood for each temperature condition. Dr. Klein is conducting a:

A) Latin square design.
B) longitudinal design.
C) repeated-measures design.
D) pretest-posttest design.

Question 36

Freda just purchased a new horse named "Lightning" to use in rodeo competition. Freda needs to gather information regarding Lightning's initial skills and speed prior to implementing training strategies. Freda is gathering information for a:

A) longitudinal design.
B) case study.
C) behavioral diary.
D) baseline measurement.

Question 37

Coach Lawson instructed his runners to run the 50-yard dash at the beginning of the track season. Coach Lawson recorded this information. He then had his runners run the same distance at the end of the season. Coach Lawson then compared the two measurements to determine if training positively affected each runner's speed. Coach Lawson is utilizing which type of design?

A) longitudinal design
B) pretest-posttest design
C) Latin square design
D) repeated-measures design

Question 38

In addition to being considered a within-subjects design, the longitudinal approach is also considered a:

A) between-subjects design.
B) mixed factorial design.
C) repeated-measures design.
D) counterbalanced design.

Question 39

Dr. Mahoney is interested in collecting initial assessment data from multiple schools in the county and tracking progress on three different academic goals focused on improving academic and social success among youth in the area. Dr. Mahoney's research would best be addressed by using which type of design?

A) pretest-posttest design
B) mixed model design
C) mixed factorial design
D) repeated-measures design

Question 40

Why is a pretest-posttest design considered a within-subjects design?

A) Participants are measured twice, once at the beginning of the study and once at the end of the study.
B) Participants are repeatedly measured on the dependent variable over time.
C) Participants are measured on the dependent variable after exposure to each level of the independent variable.
D) Fewer research participants are needed for adequate statistical power.

Question 41

Dr. McGee plans to use a between-subjects design for examining specific phobias. Dr. McGee's study has three different phobia conditions. Dr. McGee would ideally need a minimum of _____ to attain appropriate statistical power for his study.

A) 30 participants total
B) 90 participants total
C) 120 participants total
D) 10 participants in each condition

Question 42

Unlike within-subjects designs, between-subjects designs use:

A) the same measures.
B) the same participants.
C) different measures.
D) different participants.

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using a within-subjects design over a between-subjects design?

A) statistical power
B) fewer participants
C) compares two or more stimuli
D) maturation

Question 44

Families signed up to have their child be a part of a new social skills group that was starting up at the local community center. These families all have a child with an autism spectrum disorder and that child has difficulty initiating and maintaining social interaction with peers. The families are told by the clinician that the program is 6 weeks long and has helped many children improve their social skills. The group meets four times a week for 2-hour sessions. After the first week some of the families did not see improvement and the families got together to discuss whether this program was worth the effort and time. What should the program developers be more concerned with?

A) maturation
B) mortality
C) history
D) testing effects

Question 45

Which of the following is an advantage of within-subjects designs?

A) fewer research participants needed
B) attrition cannot occur
C) no testing effects
D) instrumentation not necessary

Question 46

Individual differences are handled in between-subject designs by using:

A) systematic error.
B) the same participants.
C) random assignment.
D) the same measures.

Question 47

Cora has been struggling with the onset of early dementia. She is having a very hard time remembering her address, her grandchildren's names, and her daily routine. Cora was accepted into a clinical trial for a new drug to test its effectiveness compared with other medications on the market in slowing down the symptoms of dementia. Cora, without her knowledge, was placed in the placebo group and many of the other participants were randomly selected for placement in five different medication groups. Cora was initially assessed; she was given a sugar pill for the next 6 months with periodic neurocognitive assessments to monitor any change. Cora was part of which type of research design?

A) mixed factorial design
B) between-subjects design
C) within-subjects design
D) quasi-experimental design

Question 48

Unlike between-subjects designs, within-subjects designs use:

A) the same measures.
B) the same participants.
C) different participants.
D) multiple levels of the independent variable.

Question 49

Dr. Yukihara conducted an attention task study on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday this week. The same participants attended each of the study workshops. During the Wednesday workshop the fire alarm was set off and all occupants had to vacate the building for 30 minutes. What should Dr. Yukihara be most concerned with?

A) testing effects
B) order effects
C) history
D) attrition

Question 50

Which of the following is an advantage of within-subjects designs?

A) There are no testing effects.
B) Mortality does not occur.
C) Individual differences remain constant across comparison groups.
D) Maturation cannot occur.

Question 51

Meg developed a within-subjects design for examining foreign language development and learning. If there are three different conditions and all participants are assessed in each condition then Meg would ideally need a minimum of _____ to ensure appropriate statistical power.

A) 15 participants total
B) 30 participants total
C) 45 participants in each group
D) 45 participants to start, but more participants as the study continues

Question 52

Randall is interested in using his psychology classmates to test various brand name and off-brand cereals for his marketing class. He has approximately 75 people in his class. Which type of design is Randall using?

A) within-subjects design
B) between-subjects design
C) mixed factorial design
D) correlational design

Question 53

Dr. Pullman had an overwhelming number of freshmen sign up for his study once he offered extra credit. He was asking students to be hooked up to an EEG machine as well as to experience a low-voltage shock when they answered questions incorrectly. The participants had to return to the lab on three occasions in order to gain enough data to answer Dr. Pullman's hypotheses. After the first full round of participation, Dr. Pullman was told by the administration that he could not offer extra credit for participation in his experiment, so he had to remove the offer of extra credit. What should Dr. Pullman be concerned with?

A) testing effects and maturation
B) mortality
C) maturation
D) history

Question 54

Leon has been struggling with the onset of early dementia. He is having a very hard time remembering his address, his grandchildren's names, and his daily routine. Leon was accepted into a clinical trial for a new drug to test its effectiveness compared with other medications on the market in slowing down the symptoms of dementia. Leon would transition to each medication group every 3 months. In each group Leon was initially assessed with periodic neurocognitive assessments to monitor any change. Leon was part of which type of research design?

A) mixed factorial design
B) between-subjects design
C) within-subjects design
D) quasi-experimental design

Question 55

Arun reminds his research methods students that in all between-subjects research studies, _____ assessed at different times and in different experimental conditions.

A) the same participants are
B) different participants are
C) all participants have to be the same age when
D) some participants are

Question 56

Eun Lee is currently the educator for the special education classroom in a local elementary school. She has recently been awarded a grant to test the efficacy of using a computer software program to increase the students' verbalizations and reading comprehension. Eun Lee decides to include an initial assessment and monitor the students after each module is completed on the computer program. Eun Lee is using a:

A) mixed factorial design.
B) between-subjects design.
C) within-subjects design.
D) correlational design.

Question 57

Forty 9-year-olds were read the same book by their parents every night for one month. The 9-year-olds were tested about the book after the first reading, and then every week thereafter. They were asked to name characters and describe different parts of the books, as well as read passages of the book for themselves. The researchers saw drastic improvement in their skills with this particular book so they performed the same experiment again, but this time they changed the book after a week and asked the same questions. They did not see the same type of improvement as in the initial study. What was most likely occurring during the initial study?

A) testing effect
B) instrumentation
C) attrition
D) history

Question 58

Kyle is examining the allergy effects of different brands of women's perfume. He has collected 40 people for each of the perfume conditions and has approximately 300 participants among the conditions. Kyle has set up his study to use a:

A) within-subjects design.
B) between-subjects design.
C) mixed factorial design.
D) correlational design.

Question 59

Hasan reminds his research methods students that in all within-subjects research studies, _____ assessed at different times and in different experimental conditions.

A) the same participants are
B) different participants are
C) all participants have to be the same age when
D) some participants are

Question 60

Faustino is examining the allergy effects of different brands of men's cologne. He has collected 40 people for each of the cologne conditions and has approximately 300 participants among the conditions. However, Faustino's research question can only truly be tested if he uses the same participants in all conditions, otherwise he will not have standardized the various allergy conditions and it will be difficult to draw conclusions regarding the colognes' likeliness to cause an allergic reaction. Faustino may want to consider re-designing his study to use a:

A) within-subjects design.
B) between-subjects design.
C) mixed factorial design.
D) correlational design.

Question 61

Dr. Hayes lectured on the differences between within-subjects designs and between-subjects designs and noted that a within-subjects design enhances the power of studies because:

A) it increases individual differences between conditions.
B) random assignment is used.
C) of attrition throughout the study.
D) it reduces issues with individual differences between conditions.

Question 62

Which of the following best addresses the nature of the threat to internal validity that is caused by instrumentation?

A) changes in how a variable is measured during the course of the study
B) the differential dropping out of the participants from a study
C) an unexpected or unrelated event occurring during the study that could influence responses
D) physiological changes occurring in participants during the course of the study

Question 63

Which would be the most likely threat to internal validity for adults' anxiety and depression scores during the decade of 1929-1939, known for the Great Depression?

A) testing effect
B) instrumentation
C) sensitization effect
D) history

Question 64

Which of the following best addresses the nature of the threat to internal validity that is caused by testing effects?

A) participants' scores changing on subsequent measurements simply because of their increased familiarity
B) the differential dropping out of the participants from a study
C) an unexpected or unrelated event occurring during the study that could influence responses
D) physiological changes occurring in participants during the course of the study

Question 65

A current issue in the mental health community is the change from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5 in 2013. As a result, many diagnoses and questionnaires are no longer applicable. Many studies that were ongoing had to change their diagnostic labels as well as the way they were measuring constructs among participants. This is an example of:

A) instrumentation.
B) testing effect.
C) attrition.
D) sensitization effect.

Question 66

Which of the following best addresses the nature of a threat to internal validity that is caused by history?

A) changes in how a variable is measured during the course of the study
B) the differential dropping out of the participants from a study
C) an unexpected or unrelated event occurring during the study that could influence responses
D) physiological changes occurring in participants during the course of the study

Question 67

Which of the following best addresses the nature of the threat to internal validity that is caused by attrition?

A) changes in how a variable is measured during the course of the study
B) the differential dropping out of the participants from a study
C) an unexpected or unrelated event occurring during the study that could influence responses
D) physiological changes occurring in participants during the course of the study

Question 68

Recent statistics have claimed that autism spectrum disorder diagnoses have skyrocketed among youth. However, many researchers have pointed out that the recent shifted to the DSM-5 resulted in reclassifications of many individuals to the autism spectrum as Asperger's disorder is no longer an available diagnosis. This change in the diagnostic manual has directly affected diagnoses and therefore it is difficult to accurately determine whether there has been a rise in autism spectrum diagnoses due to:

A) testing effect.
B) instrumentation.
C) attrition.
D) sensitization effect.

Question 69

Which of the following is a possible solution to a threat of internal validity?

A) decreased time between different conditions
B) not using distractor items
C) change in instrumentation in the middle of the study
D) using a comparison group not exposed to the treatment

Question 70

Forty 9-year-olds were studied for 3 years and their attention to tasks and reading comprehension were assessed every month. The researchers implemented an academic program and detail-to-task program for each child over the course of the 3 years. The researchers published a paper noting that there were tremendous increases in attention to detail and reading comprehension from when the child was 9 years old to when the child was 12 years old. Researchers need to be careful claiming credit for this change because _____ may also account for the change.

A) testing effect
B) instrumentation
C) attrition
D) maturation

Question 71

Which of the following best addresses the nature of the threat to internal validity that is caused by maturation?

A) changes in how a variable is measured during the course of the study
B) the differential dropping out of the participants from a study
C) an unexpected or unrelated event occurring during the study that could influence responses
D) physiological changes occurring in participants during the course of the study

Question 72

Which type of scale was used for the schadenfreude scale used in the study described throughout the chapter?

A) a ranking scale
B) a visual analogue scale
C) an analogue scale
D) a scale from 1 to 5

Question 73

Which would be the most likely threat to internal validity for children's depression scores on June 6, 1944, also known as D-Day?

A) testing effect
B) instrumentation
C) history
D) sensitization effect

Question 74

Dr. Rappaport is studying short-term memory and attention in relation to a simple and repetitive cognitive task. However, starting in the fifth hour of the 10-hour study he noticed that the participants were starting to yawn and take coffee breaks. Not only were the participants fatigued, but they also were jumpy due to the increased caffeine intake. What should Dr. Rappaport be concerned with?

A) testing effects and maturation
B) order effects and testing effects
C) history and maturation
D) attrition and history

Question 75

A seventh-grade world cultures class visited New York City on September 11, 2000, and then completed a survey regarding their mood, interest in the city, and cultural differences between the United States and the Middle East. The next year the following seventh grade class visited New York City on September 11, 2001. The students were present during the September 11^th attacks and witnessed all of the chaos and terror in the city. When the students safely made it back to school they were asked to complete the same surveys that the students of the previous year did. When considering the data from the 2001 seventh-grade class what should the teacher be most concerned with?

A) maturation
B) mortality
C) history
D) testing effects

Question 76

Dr. Al-Jamil studies the relations among political affiliations, personality traits, educational attainment, and financial wealth. She recruited participants in the local area between the ages of 25 years and 55 years. During Dr. Al-Jamil's study the United States economy crashed and the dollar lost most of its value. This created a huge economic change for the entire country. What should Dr. Al-Jamil be most concerned with when reviewing her data prior to the crash and after the crash?

A) testing effects and maturation
B) mortality
C) maturation
D) history

Question 77

In the "bug-killing paradigm" researchers found that:

A) participants were less likely to kill the bugs after they had killed one.
B) participants were more likely to kill the bugs after they had killed one.
C) participants were less likely to kill the bugs when they were told they had to use a grinder.
D) participants were more likely to plea to save the bugs after being told to kill one.

Question 78

The Rosenberg self-esteem scale was used in the research study described in the chapter. The scale used 0 to 4 to range from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the scoring of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale?

A) Reverse scoring made it impossible for a true score to be calculated.
B) The lower the score, the higher the self-esteem.
C) The higher the score, the higher the self-esteem.
D) The higher the score, the lower the self-esteem.

Question 79

Dr. Semaj had participants complete a demographic form first, then a mood form, then a behavioral activity form, and then a relationship satisfaction form, followed by an interview. Dr. Semaj noticed that participants did not complete all of the later measures. This could be the result of:

A) order effects.
B) instrumentation
C) maturation.
D) history.

Question 80

Dr. Nova had all participants transition among experimental conditions in the same order. All participants were exposed to the shock condition, followed by the video condition, followed by the ice-cold bath condition. Dr. Nova is concerned that the responses may have more to do with the sequence of conditions rather than the participants' actual responses. This is an example of:

A) maturation.
B) instrumentation.
C) order effects.
D) history.