Deck 3: Nations and Society

Question 1

Ascription occurs when

A)one ethnicity develops negative stereotypes about a rival ethnicity.
B)ethnic conflict enhances ethnic divisions.
C)ethnic identity becomes intertwined with the pursuit of sovereignty.
D)a particular quality or characteristic is assigned at birth.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

National identity is

A)rarely derived from ethnic identity.
B)rarely derived from religious identity.
C)often derived from ethnic identity.
D)becoming a less influential institution in politics.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Ethnic identity can be defined as a set of

A)linguistic differences between otherwise similar people.
B)biological characteristics that distinguish people.
C)institutions that bind people together through a common culture.
D)political similarities that bind people together.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following concepts is common to both communist and social democratic ideologies but is lacking in fascist ideology?

A)belief in the value of competition among individuals
B)belief in the potential of individuals
C)rejection of the notion of the state
D)belief in high state capacity

Question 5

Which of the following best characterizes the nature of the conflict in Afghanistan in recent years?

A)ethnic
B)national
C)national and ethnic
D)national and fundamentalist

Question 6

Which of the following concepts is inherently political?

A)society
B)class
C)nation
D)ethnicity

Question 7

An institution that binds people together through common political aspirations is a(n)

A)national identity.
B)social movement.
C)ethnic identity.
D)state.

Question 8

A state that encompasses one dominant nation that it claims to embody and represent is known as a(n)

A)ethnic polity.
B)citizen state.
C)nation-state.
D)patriotic state.

Question 9

Political culture can be defined as

A)the views of a society toward the role of culture and its place in politics.
B)how politicians conduct their campaigns.
C)a society's norms for political activity.
D)the level of political modernization in a country.

Question 10

In which of the following ways do both conservatives and liberals differ from radicals?

A)They advocate removing existing institutions.
B)They do not see the need to fundamentally reorder the political system.
C)They question whether societal problems can ever be solved.
D)They advocate restoring values from previous or even indeterminate regimes of the past.

Question 11

Which of the following is one of the two most important components of national identity?

A)self-government
B)legitimacy
C)equality
D)ethnicity

Question 12

Which of the following statements about fundamentalism is accurate?

A)Most fundamentalists emphasize collective equality.
B)Fundamentalists reject reactionary attitudes for radical ones.
C)Fundamentalists seek to solve the problems of the modern world.
D)Most fundamentalists embrace violent means to change the status quo.

Question 13

Following from the work of Bruce Lawrence, fundamentalism can be defined as

A)the use of violence toward religious ends.
B)a high degree of religious orthodoxy.
C)an ideology that seeks to unite religion with the state.
D)any deeply held value that combines political and religious views.

Question 14

The specific concept of national identity has its modern origins in

A)Europe toward the end of the eighteenth century.
B)North America before and during the War for Independence.
C)Europe during the Cold War.
D)the Middle East under colonialization.

Question 15

In Ronald Inglehart's conception of political culture, what form of society is the opposite of traditional?

A)nationalistic
B)religious or fundamental
C)secular-rational
D)modernistic

Question 16

Which of the following statements about ethnicity is accurate?

A)Ascription typically reduces ethnic solidarity.
B)Ethnic solidarity can lessen willingness to share resources with groups that are ethnically different.
C)Ethnic designations typically weaken social solidarity.
D)People typically choose their ethnicities through a process of assimilation.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about citizenship, national identity, and patriotism is accurate?

A)Citizenship is likely to be more flexible than ethnic identity.
B)High degrees of national identity necessarily spark high degrees of patriotism.
C)Patriotism typically gives rise to more inclusive citizenship.
D)Citizenship is rigid in scope and power, unlike ethnic or national identity.

Question 18

Which of the following concepts has the most potential to be inclusive or flexible?

A)citizenship
B)ethnic identity
C)national identity
D)patriotism

Question 19

Why might the term patriotic fail to characterize the Palestinian people?

A)Palestinians have a minimal sense of national identity, a core component of patriotism.
B)Palestinians have low levels of ethnic cohesion, a core component of patriotism.
C)Most Palestinians have rejected formal citizenship in their state in the name of political protest.
D)Patriotism refers to pride in one's state, and Palestinians lack a formal state.

Question 20

Citizenship is best defined as

A)formal participation in democratic processes, such as voting.
B)formal recognition of an ethnic group by the state.
C)economic obligations that a person has to the state, such as taxation.
D)an individual's or a group's relation to the state.

Question 21

Compare the central ideas of liberalism with those of fascism.How does each ideology view the role of the individual in political life? Does liberalism or fascism advocate for higher degrees of state autonomy and capacity? Why?

Question 22

Political attitudes refers to views regarding the

A)necessary pace and scope of change in the balance between freedom and equality.
B)intersection and relationship between ethnic and national identities.
C)proper role of elected officials.
D)means by which ethnic or nationalistic conflicts should be settled.

Question 23

A person following a liberal ideology would likely approve of

A)a low degree of state autonomy.
B)increased levels of state capacity.
C)reduced rights of public association.
D)reduced competition among individuals.

Question 24

Which of the following concepts or phenomena was first and most directly connected to state development?

A)growing ethnic identity
B)growing national identity
C)increased calls for sovereignty
D)extensions of citizenship to multiple ethnic groups

Question 25

Which of the following statements about fundamentalism is accurate?

A)Piety and violence are strongly associated with fundamentalism.
B)Fundamentalism's turn away from reactionary attitudes and toward radical attitudes often leads to association with violence.
C)Fundamentalists reject concepts of collective equality and individual freedom.
D)Fundamentalists have a wide spectrum of views on the balance between freedom and equality.

Question 26

Conservatives are those in the political spectrum who favor

A)evolutionary change of the status quo.
B)revolutionary change of the status quo.
C)restoring structures that once existed.
D)little or no change to existing institutions.

Question 27

Do people in the United States have stronger feelings of nationalism or patriotism? What are the differences between the two?

Question 28

Reactionaries are those in the political spectrum who favor

A)evolutionary change of the status quo.
B)the status quo.
C)restoring structures and values that they believe once existed.
D)a racist political system.

Question 29

Which of the following was a result of the growing linkage between ethnic and national identities in state development?

A)washing away of differences between ethnic identities
B)weakening of state authority
C)general disinterest in pursuing sovereignty
D)growing capacity of the state to generate tax revenue

Question 30

Radicals are those in the political spectrum who favor

A)evolutionary change of the status quo.
B)restoring structures that once existed.
C)dramatic change of the existing order.
D)the elimination of private property and an end to class divisions.

Question 31

In which of the following ways does national conflict differ from ethnic conflict?

A)National conflict is typically more violent than ethnic conflict.
B)National conflict has an independent state as a core goal; ethnic conflict does not.
C)In ethnic conflict, sovereignty has already been achieved; in national conflict sovereignty has not been achieved.
D)Ethnic conflict can result from national conflict, but national conflict does not result from ethnic conflict.

Question 32

What are the most important political aspirations related to national identity? What major factors can contribute to the formation of a national identity?

Question 33

Describe the four types of political attitudes discussed in the text and how they array on a spectrum from left to right.How does each political attitude regard change differently?

Question 34

Power sharing as a way to solve ethnic and national conflict

A)must be accompanied by international intervention in order to work.
B)sometimes causes concern about "freezing" or perpetuating group divisions.
C)has usually led to authoritarianism.
D)almost always results in a federalist structure.

Question 35

What is political culture and how has the study of political culture changed over time? How do political scientists handle the role of religion in culture?