Deck 6: Learning and Cognitive Processes

Question 1

Which one of the following statements best describes the three-component model of memory presented in the textbook?

A)All information that reaches the sensory register also reaches working memory, but only a small percentage of this information is stored in long-term memory.
B)Information that must be remembered for a long time goes directly from the sensory register to long-term memory; less important information is stored in working memory.
C)The three components of memory are used to store different kinds of information: visual images are stored in the sensory register, most numerical information is stored in working memory, and verbal information is stored in long-term memory.
D)All information that enters long-term memory must first pass through the sensory register and working memory.

Answer 1

All information that enters long-term memory must first pass through the sensory register and working memory.

Question 2

Which one of the following statements best describes the sensory register?

A)It stores everything that is sensed in a relatively non-coded fashion.
B)It stores information primarily in terms of its underlying meaning.
C)It stores only a small amount of information, selecting things that will probably be important to know.
D)It stores only a small amount of information, selecting things more or less at random.

Answer 2

It stores everything that is sensed in a relatively non-coded fashion.

Question 3

Which one of the following statements best characterizes the duration of the sensory register?

A)Information can last indefinitely in the sensory register if the visual or auditory image is retrieved occasionally.
B)Meaningless information fades quickly, but meaningful information may remain for hours.
C)Visual information lasts less than a second, with auditory information lasting a bit longer.
D)Information remains for about ten seconds regardless of its nature.

Answer 3

Visual information lasts less than a second, with auditory information lasting a bit longer.

Question 4

What is the main difference between behaviourists and cognitivists?

A)child vs adult learning.
B)extrinsic vs instrinsic motivation.
C)internal vs external influences on learning.
D)validated vs experimental research methods.

Question 5

As his teacher reads a story, Wesley pictures the main characters the way he thinks they must look.By forming visual images based on the verbal descriptions his teacher reads, Wesley is ______ those descriptions.

A)encoding
B)retrieving
C)organizing
D)using verbal mediation to learn

Question 6

Sadie hears her teacher say, "Seven times nine is sixty-three," and immediately repeats this math fact to herself three times.Five minutes later, Sadie cannot respond correctly when her teacher asks, "What is seven times nine?" Based on this information, how far in Sadie's memory system did the math fact probably get?

A)It reached the sensory register.
B)It reached working memory.
C)It reached long-term memory.
D)It never got into the memory system at all.

Question 7

Which one of the following statements best characterizes working memory (sometimes known as short-term memory)?

A)It holds information for several hours and includes only things that we know we will need later on.
B)It holds information for only a second or two unless we engage in maintenance rehearsal.
C)It actively processes a small amount of information, typically holding it for less than a minute.
D)It holds processed information for several days or weeks, but probably not forever.

Question 8

Three of the following students' behaviours indicate that they are paying attention.Which one does not necessarily show that students are paying attention?

A)Students correctly answer questions about the material just presented.
B)Students are taking good notes on the material being presented.
C)Students are solving problems using the material just presented.
D)Students' eyes are clearly directed at their teacher.

Question 9

Which one of the following examples best reflects the cocktail party phenomenon?

A)Students become overwhelmed when too much is going on in the classroom at once.
B)Students working in a small group can hear what one student is saying even though students in other groups are also talking.
C)When a dog walks into the classroom, the students' attention is temporarily distracted from their independent seatwork assignment.
D)Students pay more attention when they are enjoying themselves.

Question 10

Mr.Wagner stands in front of the class explaining the process of evolution.Jessie is sitting in the front row, but her mind is on the fight she had with her best friend just before class.Based on this information, how far in Jessie's memory system did Mr.Wagner's lecture get?

A)It reached the sensory register.
B)It reached working memory.
C)It reached long-term memory.
D)It never got into the memory system at all.

Question 11

What is a mental process whereby a learner takes disparate pieces of information to build understanding?

A)reconstruction.
B)induction.
C)deduction.
D)construction.

Question 12

Which one of the following best reflects the use of the sensory register component of memory?

A)You can remember a tune for several hours, even though you do not remember the words.
B)You can remember something you heard for a second or two even though you were not paying attention.
C)You can remember the name of a person just long enough to introduce her to someone else.
D)You can remember the concept of reinforcement because you are able to relate it to your own experiences.

Question 13

Which one of the following situations reflects the typical duration of working memory?

A)Arnie remembers his locker combination throughout the entire school year.After summer vacation, however, he has forgotten it.
B)Blake looks up the correct spelling of the word "fossil," repeats the letters once, and closes the dictionary.By the time he finds a piece of paper on which to write the word, he has forgotten how to spell it.
C)Cassie remembers most of the information that she has been learning about World War II in class this week, but she remembers very little of what she learned about World War I two weeks ago.
D)At noon, Darrell makes a mental list of the five homework assignments he needs to complete that night.At 3:00 he checks himself and realizes that he still remembers all five.However, by 7:00 p.m.he cannot remember two of the five assignments.

Question 14

According to constructivists, why is it important for teachers to closely monitor students' understanding?

A)Students don't learn information exactly as you present it.
B)So they can establish appropriate reinforcers.
C)Some students are not motivated to learn
D)To establish appropriate scaffolding.

Question 15

Ms.Henkes introduces her students to "The Stone Angel", a novel outlining one woman's perspective in late adulthood, by asking students to write a paragraph from the perspective of their grandmother.According to cognitivists, all of the following are good rationales for her practice.Which one is not?

A)may help connect prior knowledge.
B)may be more reinforcing.
C)may add more meaning.
D)may promote active involvement.

Question 16

Which one of the following is the best example of encoding while learning provincial capitals?

A)Charles tries to learn Edmonton, Alberta by thinking, "Edmund likes to play with Albert."
B)Abigail tries to learn St.John's, Newfoundland by repeating "St.John's, Newfoundland" over and over to herself.
C)Corey tries to learn Winnipeg, Manitoba by making sure he is relaxed before he studies it.
D)Darcy tries to learn Halifax, Nova Scotia by having a tape recorder play "Halifax, Nova Scotia," over and over while she sleeps.

Question 17

Which one of the following teaching strategies best reflects the perspective of cognitive psychology?

A)Mr.Fitzgerald plans classroom activities that are likely to elicit desirable student behaviours.
B)Mr.Peters makes sure that he performs classroom tasks the same way that he wants his students to do them.
C)Ms.Stewart shows her students exactly what they should and should not do as they use the equipment in his chemistry lab.
D)Mr.Wells has students recall personal experiences related to the concepts they are studying.

Question 18

As human beings, we encounter a great many stimuli at any one time.Which one of the following most accurately reflects cognitive psychologists' perspective about how we respond to all these stimuli?

A)By learning to use effective long-term memory storage processes, we can eventually begin to remember almost everything we encounter.
B)We must select the things we think are most important to learn and remember, and ignore the rest.
C)We remember virtually everything we experience, but we have difficulty retrieving most of it.
D)We cannot remember everything, and we have little control over the things that we do remember.

Question 19

According to cognitive psychologists, the pair of activities that most people would have trouble doing simultaneously is:

A)thinking about what to cook for dinner while combing one's hair.
B)watching the evening news on television while studying for an exam.
C)carrying on a conversation about the meaning of life while walking down the street.
D)mentally planning a weekend camping trip while jogging.

Question 20

Which one of the following statements best describes the idea that learning involves a process of construction?

A)Students must learn certain things very well before they can begin to understand other things.
B)Students must learn ideas in a concrete form before learning them as abstractions.
C)Students use pieces of information about a topic to develop their own understanding.
D)Students' thought processes become increasingly complex and sophisticated as they grow older.

Question 21

Which one of the following statements best describes an activation model of memory?

A)Information is more effectively encoded when it is acted out (for example, through role playing) at the time of storage.
B)What you are thinking about is activated; other things stored in your memory are in an inactive state.
C)You must repeat information several times if it is to be stored effectively.
D)Different pieces of information in memory interact with one another, so that you often remember something differently than the way in which you stored it.

Question 22

Which component of the memory system does the most work?

A)sensory register.
B)long-term memory.
C)short-term memory.
D)encoding mechanism.

Question 23

Four students are storing this fact: "Mount Royal in Montreal was named by Jacques Cartier in 1535." Based on the following information, which student is probably going to have the most difficult time retrieving the information from long-term memory a few days later?

A)Alexander repeats the fact to himself ten times in a row.
B)Marlene once visited Montreal and recalls that it is several hundred years old.
C)Cathy realizes that 1535 was more than four hundred years ago.
D)Drew is amazed to learn that the Europeans settled in Montreal before the Seven Years' War.

Question 24

According to cognitivists, what is the likeliest reason that students in the same classroom learn different things?

A)different cognitive abilities.
B)different personal histories and experiences.
C)different academic goals.
D)different memory capacities.

Question 25

Three of the following are ways that prior knowledge contributes to learning.Which one is not?

A)it determines what is important to learn.
B)it provides an organizational framework.
C)it provides a mechanism for procedural knowledge.
D)it promotes meaningful learning.

Question 26

Travis realizes that the year World War II ended-1945-is the same year that his father was born.Which one of the following processes is Travis most clearly demonstrating?

A)a mnemonic
B)rehearsal
C)meaningful learning
D)imagery

Question 27

Three of the following statements accurately characterize rote learning.Which statement is not true of rote learning?

A)Few if any connections are made to existing knowledge.
B)Information is learned in a relatively meaningless fashion.
C)Repetition is the main strategy used during storage.
D)Information is stored as one or more visual images.

Question 28

What is the main difference between declarative and procedural knowledge?

A)intensity.
B)flexibility.
C)reversibility.
D)frequency.

Question 29

Gretchen thinks about Christopher Columbus, which reminds her of Spain, which in turn reminds her that she needs to do her homework for her Spanish class.Gretchen's train of thought best illustrates:

A)the interconnectedness of long-term memory.
B)elaboration in working memory.
C)reconstruction error in retrieval.
D)encoding during long-term memory storage.

Question 30

Eunice had trouble learning the formula for calculating the area of a circle, so she is saying it to herself over and over again while the teacher passes out the geometry test.Eunice is demonstrating:

A)storage in the sensory register.
B)retrieval from working memory.
C)the use of maintenance rehearsal.
D)the use of verbal mediation.

Question 31

Students in a fifth grade classroom are studying dinosaurs.With the three conditions for meaningful learning in mind, choose the student who is most likely to engage in meaningful learning.

A)When the teacher introduces the topic, Arthur vaguely remembers reading a book about dinosaurs several years ago, although he cannot seem to recall much about it.
B)When the teacher describes the tremendous size of some of the dinosaurs, Becky remembers a huge brontosaurus skeleton she saw at a museum.
C)When the teacher writes the word "protoceratops" on the board, Connor writes it down, being sure to copy the word accurately.
D)When the teacher introduces the terms "meat-eaters" and "plant-eaters," Dale repeats both terms to herself several times.

Question 32

Which one of the following students definitely has a meaningful learning set?

A)Annie practices calculating the area of a triangle by completing her 20 homework problems.
B)Ben memorizes the fact that 0.5 is equivalent to 1/2.
C)Myra knows that she will eventually learn the multiplication tables if she practices them enough times.
D)Dirk is trying to figure out the logic behind the process of long division.

Question 33

Only one of the following teaching practices is consistent with what we know about working memory.Which one?

A)Mr.Adams tells his students that, with practice, they will be able to do complicated long division problems in their heads.
B)Ms.Borelli tells her students that they should try to focus on main ideas rather than try to remember every detail.
C)Ms.Fisher suggests that students in her Russian class listen to Russian tapes while they sleep.
D)Mr.Vandenberk urges his students to put information for tomorrow's test in their "short-term memories."

Question 34

In teaching "MacBeth" Mr.Pierce has students act out the scenes as well as write the dialogue in plain language.The students are likely to remember the information because:

A)the information is being repeated.
B)students are using procedural knowledge.
C)students are encoding in a variety of ways.
D)students are being active.

Question 35

Nicole learns the formula "E = mc2" by repeating it to herself over and over again.Which one of the following processes is Nicole most clearly demonstrating?

A)elaboration
B)meaningful learning
C)rehearsal
D)internal organization

Question 36

A biology teacher wants students to remember the various components of a cell.Considering what research tells us about encoding and retrieval, the teacher would be well advised to help students encode information about the cell:

A)primarily in a visual form, because visual images usually remain vivid in memory for a long period of time.
B)primarily in a verbal form, because language underlies much of human learning.
C)in both visual and verbal forms, because multiple forms of encoding increase the likelihood of retrieval.
D)in a relatively non-coded form for a few days, to allow for greater flexibility in encoding later on.

Question 37

In which of these situations is information most likely to be stored effectively in long-term memory?

A)Abby looks up the correct spelling of "independence" and immediately writes it down.
B)Corinne repeats "Comment allez vous?" after his teacher five times in a row.
C)Maurice realizes that receive follows the "I before E except after C" rule.
D)David stares at a page in his textbook trying to form a photographic image of the page in his mind.

Question 38

Three of the following conditions are necessary for meaningful learning to occur.Which one of the following is not an essential condition for meaningful learning?

A)being emotionally involved with the information being studied
B)intending to learn information in a meaningful fashion
C)knowing something about the topic already
D)being aware that prior knowledge is related to the topic being studied

Question 39

To learn how to spell "rhinoceros," Paula repeats the letters of the word over and over again without really thinking about what she is saying.Considering research findings about the effectiveness of rehearsal, we can predict that Paula's strategy will be:

A)highly effective.
B)effective only if she says the letters in a very loud voice.
C)effective only if she says the letters slowly (e.g., at a rate of one letter per second).
D)relatively ineffective.

Question 40

Which of the following is false regarding working memory?

A)it moves in one direction toward long-term memory.
B)it has a limited capacity.
C)it is also known as short-term memory.
D)it is the processing centre for new information.

Question 41

Cordell is trying to remember the various rocks he has been studying in his earth science class (granite, sandstone, limestone, obsidian, marble, etc.).He finally decides it would be easiest if he studied them as three groups: sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic.Considering research regarding this strategy, Cordell should:

A)have an easier time remembering them because he is organizing them.
B)have a more difficult time remembering them because he must remember the three groupings as well as the rocks themselves.
C)have an easier time remembering them only if he also looks at pictures of each kind of rock.
D)have a more difficult time remembering them because he is only using rehearsal to learn them.

Question 42

Which one of the following statements best describes how learners often acquire procedural knowledge?

A)Learners first learn it as declarative knowledge; with time and practice, it gradually becomes procedural knowledge.
B)Learners first learn it initially as one or more auditory images; eventually, they recode it into visual images.
C)Learners initially acquire it in an automatic "unthinking" form; eventually, it evolves into knowledge that they can talk about and describe.
D)Learners are able to bypass working memory; the knowledge goes immediately from the sensory register into long-term memory.

Question 43

Three of these teachers will probably promote meaningful learning in their students.Which one is unlikely to do so?

A)Mr.Kovacs shows how the area of a triangle (area = 1/2 base x height) is half of something they already know-the area of a rectangle.
B)Ms.Gupta asks her students to define peninsula in their own words.
C)Mr.Harris encourages his third graders to practice their cursive letters at least once every day.
D)Ms.Malik points out that the German word krank (meaning "sick") might be related to the English word cranky.

Question 44

When you are studying for a test, you may often try to find interrelationships among the new pieces of information you are learning.Cognitive psychologists call this process:

A)facilitative interference.
B)organization.
C)reconstruction in retrieval.
D)automaticity.

Question 45

To help herself learn the early explorers of the New World, Jessica makes a chart that lists the Spanish explorers together, the Portuguese explorers together, the French explorers together, and so on.Which one of the following processes is Jessica most clearly demonstrating?

A)elaboration
B)meaningful learning
C)rehearsal
D)organization

Question 46

Lucas is struggling to remember the Capital of Alberta on his geography test.Three of the following are factors that are likely to affect retrieval.Which one is not?

A)using knowledge frequently
B)using multiple mnemonics
C)employing a retrieval cue
D)making multiple connections

Question 47

Three of the following are examples of mnemonics.Which one is not a mnemonic?

A)To learn how to drive a car with a standard transmission, Bart practices the various parts of the task (e.g., steering, shifting, and braking) separately.
B)To learn the letters identifying the spaces on the treble clef (F A C E), Annabelle simply remembers the word "face."
C)To learn that the Spanish word pájaro means "bird," Corey pictures a bird wearing pajamas.
D)To learn that the Spanish word navidad means "Christmas," Doreen thinks of the word "nativity."

Question 48

Tyler learns that Christopher Columbus's first voyage across the Atlantic was financed by Queen Isabella of Spain.He thinks to himself, "She probably thought she would make a profit on her investment." When he stops to consider the queen's motives, Tyler is demonstrating which one of the following processes?

A)elaboration
B)meaningful learning
C)rehearsal
D)organization

Question 49

Which of the following allows students to retrieve information most effortlessly?

A)creative variability.
B)verbal mediator.
C)elaboration.
D)automaticity.

Question 50

As Jane reads about Louis Riel's resistance against the government, she pictures him as he must have looked, with dark hair and a full mustache, standing tall and proud as he defended himself at his trial.Considering research findings regarding the effectiveness of visual imagery, we can predict that Jane will:

A)get confused by the vividness of her visual image.
B)remember the information better than she might otherwise.
C)store the information in her working memory rather than her long-term memory.
D)remember her image perfectly for a year or longer.

Question 51

These four teachers claim to be practicing principles from cognitive psychology.Based on the following information, which one is not actually doing so?

A)Ms.Arnott, a high school biology teacher, draws a hierarchy on the board showing how mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians are all vertebrates, and how vertebrates and invertebrates are both animals.
B)Mr.Campbell, a fourth grade teacher, suggests that his students try to learn their spelling words by thinking about similarly spelled words that they already know.
C)Ms.MacPherson, a third grade teacher, introduces her class to the topic of multiplication by showing them how it relates to addition.
D)Mr.Sullivan, a junior high school soccer coach, asks his players to practice passing the ball to one another as they run down the field and then openly praises those players who are passing skillfully.

Question 52

If you wanted to help your students learn something by using a mnemonic device, which one of the following sentences would you use?

A)"Area equals length times width" is the formula for calculating the area of a rectangle.
B)"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" is the Golden Rule.
C)"My very earthy mother just sat upon new petunias" tells us the nine planets in the solar system.
D)"Macdonald, Mackenzie, Abbott, Thompson, and Bowell" are the first five prime ministers of Canada.

Question 53

To remember the three American states that come together at a single point (Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah), Marcia remembers "CANU" (pronounced like "canoe").Marcia's technique illustrates the use of:

A)the keyword method.
B)a superimposed meaningful structure.
C)visual imagery.
D)verbal mediation.

Question 54

Mr.Gaydos wants to teach his students how to perform the Heimlich maneuver.Three of the following strategies should help his students learn the maneuver more effectively.Given what we know about teaching procedural knowledge, which strategy is least likely to be effective in helping students learn the procedure correctly?

A)Mr.Gaydos can give his students an opportunity to practice the maneuver on a realistic human dummy.
B)Mr.Gaydos can show his students pictures of the various steps involved in the maneuver.
C)Mr.Gaydos can describe Dr.Heimlich's medical background and his motivation for developing the procedure.
D)Mr.Gaydos can encourage his students to talk themselves through the procedure as they perform it.

Question 55

Norman is studying Chinese and needs to remember that the word for "exit" is chu, so he remembers the sentence, "The choo-choo train is exiting the station." Norman's technique illustrates the use of:

A)reconstructive retrieval.
B)the keyword method.
C)a superimposed meaningful structure.
D)verbal mediation.

Question 56

Three of the following mathematics teachers are using techniques that should help their students remember information.Which one is using a relatively ineffective technique?

A)Mr.Allen uses wooden blocks to help students understand how the volume of a cube is calculated.
B)Ms.Onslow asks students to think of real-life problems requiring the use of multiplication.
C)Mr.Butt shows his students how division is simply the reverse of multiplication.
D)Ms.Davenport asks her students to memorize definitions of eight geometric figures.

Question 57

Which one of the following teaching practices is most likely to encourage students to elaborate as they study new material?

A)Help them to locate Berlin on a map of Europe.
B)Ask them how they might apply the principle that gas expands when heated.
C)Ask them, "Who remembers what the chief exports of Japan are?"
D)Say, "Yesterday we learned the safe way to hand a pair of sharp scissors to someone else.Who can show us how we learned to do that?"

Question 58

Three of the following teachers are using strategies that should help students learn information effectively.Which one is not necessarily promoting effective cognitive processing?

A)Mr.Powell helps students identify important ideas in their textbooks.
B)Ms.Bertinelli has students repeat definitions of new vocabulary words out loud.
C)Mr.King makes sure that students are paying attention before he begins class.
D)Ms.Cao talks about how famous battles in history are in some ways similar to the fights students sometimes have on the playground.

Question 59

Ms.Hubert entered her fourth grade class in the division math competition where students are expected to solve complex math problems on the spot.Which of the following strategies should Ms.Hubert avoid?

A)providing retrieval cues for number facts.
B)drill and practice exercises.
C)review number facts often.
D)have students construct their own retrieval cues.

Question 60

Mnemonics probably facilitate learning and memory in a number of ways.Which one of the following is not a potential advantage of mnemonics?

A)It relates new information to what a person already knows.
B)It expands the capacity of working memory.
C)It helps organize information.
D)It provides retrieval cues to aid recall.

Question 61

From the perspective of cognitive psychology, recognition memory tasks are easier than recall tasks because recognition tasks:

A)can be answered by using less working memory capacity.
B)do not need to be learned in a meaningful fashion.
C)provide more retrieval cues.
D)can usually be answered by using skills that have been learned to automaticity.

Question 62

Given what we know about the effects of retrieval cues on retrieval, in which one of the following situations are students most likely to remember how the word people is spelled?

A)Have students use the word people in a meaningful sentence.
B)Give students four choices to pick from: peepal, peapul, pepull, and people.
C)Have students close their eyes and try to recall what the word people looks like when they read.
D)Have students concentrate very hard on how the word sounds as it is pronounced.

Question 63

Sheema needs to know her division facts for a quiz tomorrow.She wants to do as well as she possibly can on the quiz.Based on findings regarding automaticity, which one of the following would be the best advice to give Sheema?

A)"Repeat each fact at least five times silently."
B)"Repeat each fact at least five times out loud."
C)"Study the facts until you know each one and then do something entirely different until morning."
D)"Study the facts until you know them all perfectly, and then continue to practice them even after that."

Question 64

Three of the following are commonly accepted explanations of forgetting.Which one is not?

A)Information slowly fades away over time if it is not used.
B)Information is still in memory but cannot be found when it is needed.
C)Gaps in recalled information are filled in incorrectly.
D)Strong memories overpower unrelated, but weaker, ones.

Question 65

A language arts teacher teaches her students the parts of speech-noun, verb, adjective, and so on-and wants her students to continue to remember them as they study English and foreign languages in the years to come.Considering the factors affecting retrieval of information from long-term memory, which one of the following strategies should maximize the likelihood that students will remember the different parts of speech over the long run?

A)Have students study them early in the fall and periodically review them in various contexts throughout the school year.
B)Have students study them intensely for a month, then stay away from any discussion of them for the rest of the school year.
C)Have students study each part of speech separately, perhaps a different one each month.
D)Have students memorize definitions of each part of speech until they can recite the definitions word for word.

Question 66

Nora was thinking about something else the day her teacher explained the difference between the words between and among, so she has trouble using these two prepositions correctly.Nora's difficulty "remembering" the difference between the two words can probably best be explained as:

A)failure to store in long-term memory.
B)failure to retrieve from long-term memory.
C)decay in long-term memory over time.
D)reconstruction error during retrieval.

Question 67

Richard is studying both French and Spanish.In the same week, he learns that the French word for "mother" is mère and that the Spanish word for "mother" is madre.One day his French teacher asks Richard, "Who is married to your father?" and Richard erroneously answers, "Madre." Richard's memory error can best be explained in terms of:

A)decay.
B)interference.
C)reconstruction error.
D)failure to store

Question 68

Which one of the following statements is consistent with the recommendations in the textbook for promoting retrieval?

A)Teach students how to create and use their own retrieval cues.
B)Show students how to use the keyword method to help them remember lists of ten items or more.
C)Spend approximately two-thirds of each class day reviewing things that students already know.
D)At the secondary school level, always use essay tests rather than multiple choice tests.

Question 69

Jenny is taking a quiz that asks for the chemical symbols of 20 elements.She remembers 19 of them but cannot remember the symbol for mercury.As she walks home from school, she suddenly remembers that the symbol for mercury is Hg.Jenny's memory problem during the quiz can best be explained in terms of:

A)interference.
B)reconstruction error.
C)decay.
D)failure to retrieve.

Question 70

According to research into classroom practice, how long do teachers typically wait for a student response?

A)one second.
B)as long as it takes.
C)one minute.
D)ten seconds.

Question 71

To remind her first-grade son Kevin to bring home his umbrella from school, his mother pins a piece of paper with a picture of an umbrella to Kevin's jacket collar.Kevin's mother is helping him remember the umbrella through the use of:

A)a superimposed meaningful structure.
B)a retrieval cue.
C)the keyword method.
D)verbal mediation.

Question 72

An advantage of knowing some skills to a level of automaticity is that skills learned to automaticity:

A)require less working memory capacity.
B)promote the development of retrieval cues.
C)make meaningful learning of those skills unnecessary.
D)enhance the reconstructive nature of retrieval.

Question 73

Which of the following best describes the role of attention and information processing techniques in inclusive settings?

A)they are useful for students who have attention problems.
B)they benefit all students except those with cognitive delays.
C)they serve no reported benefit.
D)they benefit all students.

Question 74

Mr.Martinez wants his first grade students to be able to identify 200 reading words at the level of automaticity.Which one of the following techniques will best help his students achieve that goal?

A)Tell them how important it is for them to know the words.
B)Explain how the letters of the words are related to their pronunciation.
C)Explain how some of the letters in the words are "silent letters."
D)Give them lots of practice reading the words.

Question 75

What are the two reported benefits to students learning in relation to teacher wait time?

A)less anxiety and more engagement.
B)less wasted time and less homework
C)more time to process and better teacher-student discussions.
D)better classroom behaviours and less frustration.

Question 76

Ms.Iwata has a long-term goal for her science students-to consider what they have learned about science as they deal with issues and problems in their daily lives.What teaching strategy will best help her students retrieve relevant scientific principles when they need them the most?

A)Make sure that students study those principles in a no-anxiety situation.
B)Associate those principles with as many real-life situations as possible.
C)Maximize the use of concrete materials, and minimize the use of abstract ideas.
D)Maximize the use of abstract ideas, and minimize the use of concrete materials.

Question 77

Successful retrieval of information from long-term memory depends on three of the following factors.Retrieval does not depend on:

A)the part of long-term memory being searched.
B)how the information was stored in the first place.
C)the duration of working memory.
D)the presence of relevant retrieval cues.

Question 78

When we increase the wait time after teacher questions from one second to three seconds, we can expect students' answers to those questions to:

A)be more dependent on retrieval cues present in the immediate situation.
B)be longer and more complex.
C)reflect more automaticity in responding.
D)reflect a decline in interest for the subject matter.

Question 79

Three of the following strategies should help students remember academic material over the long run.Considering guidelines presented in the textbook, which one will not help them?

A)Students should review the material periodically over the course of several days or weeks.
B)Students should engage in meaningful learning by relating the material to a situation in which they are likely to use it.
C)Students should prevent interference by learning each piece of information at a different time.
D)Students should elaborate by drawing inferences from the things they study.

Question 80

Lucy sees a boy who looks very familiar to her, but she cannot remember who he is.Then the boy says something with a thick French accent, and Lucy suddenly realizes that he is the foreign exchange student from France.In this situation, the boy's French accent helps Lucy remember by:

A)inhibiting interference.
B)helping her elaborate on stored information.
C)facilitating a reorganization of her long-term memory.
D)providing a retrieval cue.