Deck 2: Cognitive and Linguistic Development

Question 1

According to developmentalists, maturation refers to the:

A)developmental changes that are controlled in large part by heredity.
B)changes related specifically to children's physical development.
C)changes related specifically to children's emotional development.
D)changes that reflect increasingly appropriate social behaviour.

Answer 1

developmental changes that are controlled in large part by heredity.

Question 2

Which one of the following clearly illustrates Piaget's concept of assimilation?

A)A kindergarten child draws on the chalkboard with a large white crayon instead of with chalk.
B)A third grader develops the necessary eye-hand coordination for writing letters.
C)A sixth grader moves to a different school and changes styles to fit the fashions.
D)An eighth grader is discouraged from using the word "awesome" to describe everything he sees.

Answer 2

A kindergarten child draws on the chalkboard with a large white crayon instead of with chalk.

Question 3

Which one of the following statements is not part of Piaget's basic assumptions?

A)Children can reason in the same way as adults if they are provided with stimulating physical and social environments.
B)Children construct knowledge from their experience.
C)Cognitive development depends on interactions with physical and social environments.
D)Neurological development is a prerequisite for cognitive development.

Answer 3

Children can reason in the same way as adults if they are provided with stimulating physical and social environments.

Question 4

From Piaget's perspective, children are:

A)most likely to learn when parents and teachers entice them to do so.
B)most likely to learn things that bring about desirable consequences.
C)more likely to develop cognitively in a formal school setting than at home.
D)eager to interact with and make sense of their world.

Question 5

Which of the following is the best description of a sensitive period in development?

A)a stage of development where children display little emotional regulation.
B)a particular age for the attainment of developmental tasks.
C)an age range where environmental influences are likely to have the most effect.
D)an age range where children are likely to have neurological development.

Question 6

What branch of philosophy inspired Piaget's work with children?

A)phenomenology
B)epistemology
C)etiology
D)cognitive psychology

Question 7

Louis receives a new soccer ball and begins to dribble it in the same way he dribbles his basketball.His dribbling of the new ball reflects Piaget's concept of:

A)concrete operations.
B)accommodation.
C)cognitive structure.
D)assimilation.

Question 8

Which one of the following pairs of children best illustrates a difference in temperament?

A)Monique enjoys dancing; Jillian prefers singing.
B)Henri likes to spend his time reading; Matt would rather watch a good movie.
C)Saidi is very sociable and outgoing; Krista is more quiet and reserved around peers.
D)Dan likes to think about abstract ideas; Michael learns more effectively when he can manipulate concrete objects.

Question 9

Miranda interacts with her toys when they are in view, but seems to completely forget about them when they are not near.Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is Miranda demonstrating?

A)preoperational.
B)concrete operations.
C)pragmatics.
D)sensorimotor.

Question 10

Which one of the following statements best illustrates a universal in development?

A)Piaget proposed that formal operational thought is characterized by an ability to think abstractly about a wide variety of topics.
B)Contemporary theorists have derived the concept "cognitive apprenticeship" from Vygotsky's theory of development.
C)Young children show similar patterns in their language development regardless of the specific language that they learn.
D)Piaget neglected to consider the influence of prior knowledge and experience on children's ability to think logically.

Question 11

Which one of the following best exemplifies Piaget's notion of disequilibrium?

A)Julie and Robin disagree about the existence of God.
B)Frank displays advanced math skills but struggles in reading.
C)Shannahn includes a folding table on the train in her conception of tables.
D)Lilly, a toddler raised in an urban apartment building, is unable to figure out the purpose of a garden hose that she sees on a suburban house.

Question 12

The processes of assimilation and accommodation both involve:

A)concrete operational thought.
B)relating new information to prior knowledge.
C)abstract thought processes such as inductive reasoning.
D)oral communication skills.

Question 13

Which one of the following teachers is definitely keeping in mind Piaget's idea that assimilation and accommodation are both necessary for learning and cognitive development to occur?

A)Mr.Rodriguez presents brand new topics every day, expecting the continual novelty to keep students interested and motivated.
B)Ms.Baretta makes sure that students have learned one topic very, very well before moving on to another.
C)Mr.Chang shows students how a new topic is similar to the things they already know, but also different in certain ways.
D)Ms.Doherty uses a lot of drill and practice exercises, encouraging students to work faster every time.

Question 14

Most developmental theorists agree that:

A)development occurs in stages, with each stage occurring at the same age for all children.
B)developmental milestones appear in a consistent sequence for most children.
C)physical development occurs in a predictable sequence, but cognitive development does not.
D)cognitive development occurs in a predictable sequence, but physical development does not.

Question 15

Five-year-old Sophie is playing with blocks.She stacks them one on top of another until her towers eventually tumble, and then she begins stacking them again.Which one of the following best reflects Piaget's view of how Sophie is probably learning in this situation?

A)She is probably still in the sensorimotor stage, so she will remember what she learns about the blocks only while the blocks are still in front of her.
B)She is absorbing information about how the environment behaves (e.g., "objects fall") without consciously thinking about it.
C)She is actively thinking about and interpreting the results of her actions.
D)Since she builds one tower after another, she is obviously reinforced by watching her towers tumble down.

Question 16

Which one of the following best illustrates Piaget's concept of accommodation?

A)Anne is given 10 more addition problems when she does the first 10 carelessly.
B)Gabrielle writes down her definition of a mollusk-something she learned word for word from a textbook.
C)Aaron copies down what his teacher writes on the blackboard.
D)Karl revises his understanding of what clouds are like when he studies them in science.

Question 17

Piaget proposed that true thought emerges when children begin to develop:

A)symbolic thinking.
B)conservation.
C)egocentric language.
D)abstract thinking abilities.

Question 18

In Piaget's theory, a scheme can best be described as a(n):

A)organized group of similar thoughts or actions.
B)set of motor skills that preschoolers develop.
C)lifestyle or family pattern.
D)mental picture of oneself.

Question 19

Piaget's view of cognitive development can best be described as:

A)a gradual and steady progression of intellectual capabilities.
B)discrete stages in which distinctly different forms of logical thought emerge.
C)changes in the brain that result in increasingly rapid learning.
D)an increasing number of stimulus-response connections over time.

Question 20

Mr.Humphrey teaches a class of twenty 8-year-old third graders.His goal for the upcoming school year is to help at least 50% of his students reach formal operations.Judging from Piaget's theory, we would expect that Mr.Johnson's goal is:

A)an easy one to attain.
B)almost impossible to attain.
C)attainable only if he emphasizes abstract reasoning throughout the school year.
D)attainable only if his students have had enriched educational experiences most of their lives.

Question 21

Piaget claimed that an adolescent's overly optimistic idealism about the world is due to ____ during the formal operations stage.

A)egocentrism
B)irreversibility
C)an incompletely developed ability to think abstractly
D)centration

Question 22

Olivia understands why 3/5 and 9/15 are equivalent fractions.Based on this information, Olivia is probably in Piaget's _______ stage of development.

A)concrete operations
B)preoperations
C)formal operations
D)sensorimotor

Question 23

Which one of the following statements shows transductive reasoning?

A)"The two glasses of water must still have the same amount because you haven't added any water or taken any away."
B)"It snows in the wintertime because it's Christmas."
C)"Six and one are seven because you just take six and count one more."
D)"If you have four people, you can make six possible pairs."

Question 24

At which one of Piaget's stages will you first see the following behaviour: Lorne can correctly answer the question, "If all flegs are blats, and if all blats are dulms, are all flegs also dulms?"

A)preoperational
B)formal operational
C)sensorimotor
D)concrete operational

Question 25

According to your textbook, formal operational egocentrism is:

A)the notion that all individuals should achieve formal operations in adulthood
B)the ability to think about oneself in concrete ways
C)the inability to separate one's abstract thoughts from those of others
D)the ability to solve personal problems in abstract ways

Question 26

Considering Piaget's theory of cognitive development, we would expect a student in the concrete operational stage to have the greatest difficulty with which one of the following questions?

A)An apple pie is cut into 4 pieces.A blueberry pie of the same size is cut into 12 pieces.How many pieces of blueberry pie do you need to have the same amount as 3 pieces of the apple pie?
B)How are an apple and a blueberry alike?
C)If we have one row of blueberries arranged like so: o o o o o o and another row of blueberries arranged like so: o o o o o o
Then does one row have more blueberries than the other?
D)If you have 8 Macintosh apples and 2 Jonathan apples, then do you have more Macintoshes or more apples?

Question 27

Vranda agrees with this logic: If all violins are musical instruments,
And if all musical instruments make noise,
Then all violins must make noise.
However, we then present this situation:
If all Cheetos are rutabagas,
And if all rutabagas are oysters,
Then all Cheetos are oysters.
Vranda vehemently denies that Cheetos can possibly be oysters.Based on this information, we would conclude that Vranda is in the ______ stage of development.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 28

From the perspective of Piaget's theory, why is language critical for children's cognitive development?

A)It allows them to get what they want.
B)It gives them a means for thinking about things symbolically.
C)It takes up most of their mental energy, thereby keeping them from being easily distracted.
D)It gives them a better self-image, because they are now aware that they can communicate effectively with other human beings.

Question 29

An example of Piaget's multiple classification is:

A)identifying a shape as a square one day but as a triangle the next.
B)realizing that things that are cars can also be vehicles.
C)getting cows and horses confused.
D)understanding that some behaviours that are perfectly acceptable at home are unacceptable at school.

Question 30

One thing that children in Piaget's formal operations stage can do that children in the concrete operations stage cannot is:

A)distinguish between their own feelings and those of others.
B)consider someone else's perspective on an issue.
C)understand that some actions, when done, can also be undone, or reversed.
D)reason logically about strictly hypothetical situations.

Question 31

Ms.Raman, a fourth-grade teacher, asks her students to write a list of the ways that they could use a pencil that don't involve writing or drawing.What kind of response is Ms.Raman likely trying to get from her students?

A)concrete operations.
B)formal operations.
C)multiple classifications.
D)deductive reasoning.

Question 32

According to newer research on cognitive development, which of the following statements is true regarding Piaget's interpretations?

A)Piaget likely underestimated the abilities of infants and preschoolers
B)Piaget likely overestimated the abilities of infants and preschoolers
C)Piaget likely underestimated the abilities of adolescents
D)Piaget likely overestimated the abilities of elementary school students

Question 33

Three of the following statements are in line with Piaget's explanation of why mathematical abilities improve with the development of formal operations.Which one is not?

A)abstract word problems become easier to solve
B)concepts like negative number become understandable
C)proportional reasoning is possible
D)sequential reasoning is possible

Question 34

Which one of the following children shows signs that he or she is in Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development?

A)Karim is able to reason logically about what it would be like to grow old, yet he cannot envision what it would be like to turn into a fish.
B)Jenny learns hundreds of new words and phrases in only a few months.
C)Joslyn thinks that when a stuffed dog disappears under a box, it no longer exists.
D)Jie is able to understand how another boy feels when his bicycle is stolen.

Question 35

James is talking about how much better the world would be if everyone got along with everyone else.James is probably in the ________ stage of development.

A)concrete operations
B)sensorimotor
C)formal operations
D)preoperational

Question 36

Piaget spoke of egocentrism in both the thought and speech of the preoperational child.Three of the following are examples of egocentrism as Piaget defined it.Which one is not?

A)Justin is constantly grabbing objects and pulling them toward himself.
B)Lois tells a story as if her listeners already know many of the details.
C)Kate cannot relate to the question, "How do you think Molly feels?"
D)Isabel cannot understand why she must share classroom equipment with others.

Question 37

Which one of the following is associated with Piaget's concrete operations stage?

A)an inability to classify objects as belonging to more than one category
B)separation and control of variables
C)reasoning about hypothetical ideas
D)deductive reasoning

Question 38

Linda's teacher shows her a small ball of clay.He then squashes the ball so it looks like a pancake and asks Linda which has more clay, the ball or the pancake.Linda replies that they both have the same amount."How do you know?" asks her teacher."Look," says Linda, "I can roll the pancake back into the same ball it was before." Linda's response shows:

A)formal operational logic.
B)a distinction between physical and psychological events.
C)reversibility.
D)transductive reasoning.

Question 39

Mary Jane is given her choice of two Hershey bars, one of which has been broken into four pieces.She chooses the broken candy bar, believing that it has more candy.Mary Jane is showing a lack of _______, indicating that she has not yet completed the transition to the _________ stage of development.

A)combinatorial thought; concrete operations
B)combinatorial thought; formal operations
C)conservation; concrete operations
D)conservation; formal operations

Question 40

Three of the following demonstrate the differences between concrete operational and formal operational thought.Which of the following does not?

A)dependence on concrete reality vs.ability to form abstractions
B)lack of sequential reasoning vs.sequential reasoning
C)inability to test many hypotheses vs.ability to test many hypotheses
D)lack of proportional reasoning vs.proportional reasoning

Question 41

According to your textbook, cognitive processes are:

A)operations on conceptual information
B)explanations of behaviour
C)performed in the cerebellum
D)reinforced in the environment

Question 42

Kiley is having trouble learning the steps involved in using a microscope correctly.If we consider Vygotsky's description of how children help themselves through difficult tasks, we should suggest that Kiley:

A)practice each step separately many times over.
B)go through the procedure in slow motion a few times.
C)talk herself through the steps.
D)learn the reasons why each step is important.

Question 43

The term to describe a student who uses concrete operations in Mathematics but formal operations in Language Arts is:

A)vertical decalage
B)multiple classification
C)horizontal decalage
D)decentration

Question 44

Which one of the following statements reflects a concern about the separation and control of variables?

A)"How do you think I should make amends with Martha? If I tell her I'm sorry, she might think I'm lying."
B)"I'm catching more tadpoles today, but I don't know if it's because I'm using a larger container to catch them or because I'm working in a different part of the frog pond."
C)"I have two tests to study for tonight-Science and Spanish.I'll study one subject before dinner and the other one after dinner so I don't get them confused."
D)"I'm trying to learn how to do a lay-up shot.Can you show me all the things I should do, going one step at a time?"

Question 45

From Vygotsky's perspective, what important role does inner speech play?

A)By giving ourselves directions about what to do next, we guide ourselves through complex tasks.
B)By practicing linguistic structures mentally, we develop more complex language capabilities.
C)By using words mentally as well as orally, we develop a more abstract representation of the world.
D)By talking to ourselves about what we should have done or said in a particular situation, we remember that situation more vividly.

Question 46

Which one of the following students is definitely working in his or her zone of proximal development?

A)Ulrich uses correct grammar and punctuation when he writes short stories.
B)Berta is beginning to learn basic woodworking techniques.She has trouble hammering a nail straight into a piece of wood unless her teacher stands beside her, helping her and reminding her of what to do.
C)Sasha is playing the clarinet in the band.He finds that it helps to keep the tempo if he taps the beat with his foot.
D)Carina finds it virtually impossible to solve mathematical word problems, even when her teacher gives her helpful hints.

Question 47

Which one of the following statements best describes Vygotsky's concept of internalization?

A)As children grow older, they develop an increasing ability to think about events in abstract rather than concrete terms.
B)With age, children become more sophisticated at solving problems, largely because their parents and teachers give them increasingly challenging problems to solve.
C)Over time, children acquire more self-confidence about their ability to deal with the world.
D)Through their social interactions with other people, children develop new ways of mentally approaching and thinking about a task.

Question 48

Which one of the following statements most accurately describes Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

A)Children's cognitive growth should be judged on the basis of their actual developmental level, not on the basis of their level of potential development.
B)Cognitive development progresses through four distinct stages; each stage is characterized by increasingly more complex thought and language.
C)Children develop by working on challenging tasks with the assistance of more competent individuals.
D)Language and thought, although closely intertwined in the first few years of life, become increasingly distinct entities over time.

Question 49

Which of the following is not a good example of Vygotsky's notion of scaffolding?

A)Provide feedback to students throughout a task.
B)Ask students guiding questions during a task.
C)Allow students to use supports such as reference materials.
D)Have students engage in discovery learning

Question 50

Mr.Lupart is assessing his students' needs in relation to the curriculum to ensure that each is challenged at their level.What is Mr.Lupart trying to establish?

A)social constructivism.
B)zones of proximal development.
C)concrete operations.
D)a socially responsive curriculum

Question 51

Three of the following teaching practices are consistent with Piaget's theory of cognitive development.Which one is not?

A)When Sue leaves out important details as she tries to explain something, her teacher says, "I don't understand what you mean when you say...."
B)A second-grade teacher encourages students to speculate about possible explanations as to why kites can fly, and then to test each explanation systematically.
C)When a high school student claims that people should "Make love, not war," his teacher urges him to consider whether such an approach would have been advisable when the Fascist movement was gaining ground in Europe in the late 1930s and early 1940s.
D)When Martin says that two nickels are worth more than one dime because there are two of them and they're bigger, his teacher asks, "How can that be? Two nickels are worth ten cents; one dime is also worth ten cents."

Question 52

Three of the following teachers are using scaffolding to help their students learn.Which one is not necessarily providing scaffolding?

A)Ms.Applegate gives her students a structure to follow when they write their first essay.
B)Mr.Prakash teaches a backhand tennis swing by gently guiding each student through the correct movement a few times.
C)Ms.Chen gives her class some hints about how to solve an especially difficult word problem.
D)Mr.Donaldson takes his students on a field trip to the art museum.

Question 53

Which one of the following examples most clearly illustrates a cognitive apprenticeship?

A)A junior high school English class is reading Robert Frost's "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening." At the end of each verse, the teacher describes the visual images and feelings that the poem elicits for him, and he encourages his students to do likewise.
B)An elementary school teacher gives his students lots of practice doing addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division problems so that they will be able to solve word problems more effectively later in the school year.
C)In a high school chemistry lab, a teacher clearly describes the steps that she expects her students to take as they conduct their laboratory experiment.She also lists the things that students should do after the experiment.
D)A middle school physical education teacher puts her students in pairs as they practice their forward and backward rolls.She asks the students in each pair to observe each other and give each other feedback about how to improve.

Question 54

Students in a fourth-grade reading group are reading a passage about snakes.Their teacher asks, "Who can think of a good title that summarizes what this passage is about?" After hearing several good suggestions, the teacher says, "The author says that snakes are helpful to farmers.What evidence does she give to support her statement?" If we consider Vygotsky's concept of internalization, we might predict that such a discussion will:

A)be more beneficial for students who are working outside their zones of proximal development than for students working inside their ZPDs.
B)help students develop a greater interest in learning for its own sake.
C)help students develop effective reading comprehension strategies (e.g., summarizing, looking for supporting statements).
D)be confusing and counterproductive for students who are not yet capable of abstract thought.

Question 55

Which one of the following conclusions can be derived from recent research regarding Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

A)Middle school and secondary school students typically have an easier time thinking logically in the social sciences than they do in the physical and life sciences.
B)Students will think more logically about a topic when they have acquired relevant knowledge and experiences related to the topic.
C)Many students continue to show signs of preoperational thinking until well into the high school years.
D)Students have an easier time understanding fractions and proportions later on if such concepts are first introduced at the same time that division is introduced (e.g., in third grade).

Question 56

An information processing perspective of development portrays cognitive development as:

A)a series of five distinctly different stages of development.
B)a gradual improvement in cognitive abilities.
C)the result of direct instruction about how to think.
D)something that is influenced largely by hereditarily controlled neurological changes.

Question 57

What is the key distinction between an apprenticeship and a cognitive apprenticeship?

A)in a cognitive apprenticeship students think about doing complex tasks
B)in an apprenticeship an expert imparts knowledge to a novice in a passive way
C)in a cognitive apprenticeship a student gets to learn how to think about the complex task as well as how to perform it
D)in an apprenticeship students don't think about the process

Question 58

Ms.Stevens and her fourth graders have been growing sunflowers under various conditions-they have grown sunflowers in different kinds of soil, with different amounts of water, and in varying degrees of sunlight.Below are four statements that Ms.Stevens makes related to the sunflowers.Which one is most consistent with the idea of a cognitive apprenticeship?

A)"Who can tell me what photosynthesis is?"
B)"How many of you have grown sunflowers at home? How many of you have moms or dads who are gardeners?"
C)"This sunflower is taller than that sunflower over there.Let's consider what the growing conditions for the two flowers have been and try to figure out what might have led to the difference we see."
D)"Rosa, please give each plant the same amount of water today that you gave it yesterday.Also, be sure that you keep each plant in the same location, so that the amount of sunlight it gets stays the same."

Question 59

Which of the following best describes how the oral traditions in First Nations' communities are related to cognitive development?

A)Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development
B)metacogntitive approaches
C)the information processing theory
D)Piaget's theory of cognitive development

Question 60

Several parents who are making costumes for an elementary school play ask the young cast members to assist them with such tasks as cutting fabric, pinning pieces together, and sewing simple hems.Using the language of Vygotskian theorists, we can say that the parents are:

A)engaging the students in guided participation.
B)presenting tasks that exceed the students' zone of proximal development.
C)encouraging the separation of thought and language.
D)creating a cognitive apprenticeship.

Question 61

The following statements describe the development of information processing abilities as children progress through the elementary school years.Three of the statements are accurate.Which one is not?

A)Children become increasingly able to pay attention to many different things simultaneously.
B)Children show an increasing tendency to rehearse information.
C)Children become increasingly able to determine when they actually know something.
D)Children become increasingly capable of learning effectively because of their expanding knowledge base.

Question 62

Which one of the following sentences reflects overregularization in a child's speech? The words in question are underlined.

A)I ain't going to school today.
B)Are you gonna go on the field trip?
C)The sheeps are in the meadow.
D)He don't know anything.

Question 63

Considering trends in cognitive development from an information processing perspective, which one of the following statements is accurate?

A)Students generally know the things they know and the things they do not.
B)Elementary students have a better sense of what they do and do not know than high school students.
C)Students tend to know a great many things that they do not realize they know.
D)Students across the K-12 grade span often think they know things that they really do not know.

Question 64

Considering what we have learned from our studies of cognitive development and language development, we should expect elementary school children to have the greatest difficulty understanding the meaning of which one of the following words?

A)although
B)somersault
C)swim
D)vehicle

Question 65

In which one of the following examples is metacognition most clearly illustrated?

A)Erika knows all the letters of the alphabet before she begins kindergarten.
B)Tania knows how much of a book she is likely to remember a month later.
C)Ryan can read fourth grade books at the age of six.
D)Alex has a photographic memory that enables him to remember everything he sees.

Question 66

Which one of the following illustrates an overgeneralization error? The words in question are underlined.

A)Abe knows what the words tall and short mean, but he does not realize that one is the opposite of the other.
B)Charles thinks that all animals have to have fur and four legs; therefore snakes, bumblebees, and people cannot possibly be animals.
C)Bhanu says, "I forgetted my homework today."
D)Maria thinks that whales and dolphins are kinds of fish, when they are actually mammals instead.

Question 67

Which one of the following statements is most consistent with what we know about the development of attention and its role in learning?

A)Children become increasingly more distractible during the elementary school years.
B)Distractibility decreases during the elementary school years but increases briefly at puberty.
C)Children show an increasing tendency to learn only the things they actually intend to learn.
D)Young children can pay attention to only one thing at a time; high school students can attend to and learn many things simultaneously.

Question 68

Three of the following aspects of language development appear during the elementary school years or even earlier.Which one are we not likely to see until students are in junior high or high school?

A)following accepted social conventions in terms of beginning and ending conversations
B)adapting a spoken message to the age of the listener
C)using context clues to interpret a speaker's message
D)understanding proverbs

Question 69

Maureen vehemently denies that trees are plants.Her understanding of what a plant is reflects which of the following errors?

A)overregularization
B)overgeneralization
C)undergeneralization
D)a pragmatic error

Question 70

Which strategy is most likely to be effective in promoting semantic development?

A)Students are allowed to make up their own meanings for words to encourage invention and creativity.
B)Students are taught the meanings of words related to topics they are studying.
C)Overgeneralization is encouraged.
D)Students are allowed to use words incorrectly in the early elementary grades to promote linguistic self-efficacy.

Question 71

Dirk knows more as a tenth grader than he did as a first grader.One result of this increased knowledge base is that Dirk:

A)can use rehearsal more effectively.
B)is more easily distracted.
C)can more easily understand new information.
D)is more likely to get the different things he knows confused with one another.

Question 72

The term holophrastic refers to:

A)one word meant to express a complete thought.
B)two words that sounds the same but have different meanings.
C)two words that sound and mean the same but are spelled differently.
D)two-word sentences.

Question 73

According to your textbook, a phoneme is:

A)the practical aspects of language.
B)word meaning.
C)unit of sound that does not affect word meaning.
D)the smallest unit of sound that affects word meaning.

Question 74

How do young children's estimates of their memory capacity relate to reality?

A)They usually underestimate how much they can remember.
B)They usually overestimate how much they can remember.
C)They are usually fairly accurate in their estimates of how much they can recall.
D)They do not even try to guess how much they can recall.

Question 75

Many theorists believe that people have an innate predisposition to learn language.Three of the following provide sources of evidence that these theorists use to support their belief.Which one is not used to support an inherited predisposition to learning language?

A)Most languages have certain characteristics in common, such as similar ways of forming negatives.
B)Children develop increasingly larger and more sophisticated vocabularies as they grow older.
C)Children sometimes learn a language more easily when they are exposed to it at a young age.
D)People in the same community learn the same language despite very different experiences with that language.

Question 76

Why is the elaboration technique more effective in adolescence than in childhood?

A)because adolescents are able to abstract information.
B)because of increased amounts of prior knowledge.
C)because of emerging abilities in self reflection.
D)because of more opportunities for cognitive apprenticeship.

Question 77

Which of the following is the best example of applying the Information Processing Theory in the classroom?

A)Mr.Ramirez has so many posters up in the classroom that you can't see the walls
B)Ms.Yu starts each class with a recap of the previous one
C)Ms.Tanner provides her students with stickers when they answer correctly.
D)Mr.Bass makes sure to have his students do group work in every class

Question 78

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding our current understanding of linguistic development?

A)linguistic development is a simple process of imitation.
B)every human is born with a language acquisition device.
C)there appear to be sensitive periods for language acquisition.
D)a child will never speak if he/she doesn't have expressive language by the age of seven.

Question 79

Which one of the following is the best example of pragmatics in language?

A)Julia waits until her friend has finished talking before she begins to speak.
B)Morris understands the underlying meaning of "A stitch in time saves nine."
C)Sheena knows that the plural of man is men, not mans.
D)Isaiah recognizes the double meanings in many of the puns he hears.

Question 80

Given what we know about the language development of elementary school children, three of the following errors might be observed in a class of second graders.Which one is not likely to be observed?

A)Annie asserts quite adamantly that a penguin is not a bird.
B)When Deepak is shown a doll that has a blindfold and asked if the doll is easy to see, Deepak says no.
C)Elizabeth speaks mostly in "semi-sentences"-i.e., subjects without predicates, and predicates without subjects.
D)Daniel complains that his bicycle is "broked."