Deck 7: Policing Methods and Challenges: Issues of Force, Liability, and Technologies

Question 1

A community stages demonstrations that protest the moral authority of their local police department.During the protest, demonstrators avoid cooperating with police and advocate that citizens video tape all interactions with police in case it becomes a negative encounter.In this example, there is a low level of ______.

A)procedural justice
B)constitutional policing
C)a guardian mindset
D)police legitimacy

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Robert is a police officer who has been reassigned to a precinct riddled with violent crime and drug activity.Before starting on his first day, Robert decides that he will do everything in his power to control crime in his new precinct.To that end, he tells his partner that together they will "take back" the precinct.Which of the following does this most exemplify?

A)warrior mindset
B)protector mindset
C)justice mindset
D)guardian mindset

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A local police department creates policies that help maintain peace but also protects citizen's rights to peaceably assemble in protest.Which of the following does this exemplify?

A)warrior mindset
B)soldier mindset
C)constitutional policing
D)police legitimacy

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is the foundation of community policing?

A)constitutional policing
B)procedural justice
C)openness of process
D)unbiased decision-making

Question 5

Which of the following is a reason police brutality persists according to the Human Rights Watch's report responding to excessive use of force?

A)A majority of police officers repeatedly commit human rights violations.
B)Systems of reporting are flawed and lack accountability.
C)It is difficult to define objectively reasonable forms of force.
D)There is a lack of information on appropriate use of force among police departments.

Question 6

Women currently comprise what percentage of the total police force?

A)2%
B)10%
C)12%
D)20%

Question 7

A U.S.Supreme Court ruling notes that use of force must be ______.

A)judiciously merited in unsafe circumstances
B)implemented when apprehending those suspected of extremely violent crimes
C)implemented when suspects actively resist arrest
D)objectively reasonable in view of all facts

Question 8

Why might a police agency have women police executives serving as role models?

A)to increase adoption of authoritarian style of policing
B)to make the policing field more attractive to women
C)to provide guidance on appropriate uses of force
D)to show that female officers are equally competent officers

Question 9

Americans allow police officers the right to use force assuming that police officers will use it ______.

A)any time they are in an unsafe situation
B)against those they believe have committed crimes
C)judiciously and as a last resort
D)to maintain peace and order

Question 10

Which of the following resulted from the 2014 police shooting death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri?

A)a U.S.Supreme Court ruling on appropriate use of force
B)a U.S.Department of Justice report on widespread racial abuses by police
C)subsequent police shootings of minorities in other cities
D)statement on ineffectiveness of police from James Baldwin, African American sociologist

Question 11

According to research conducted by the National Center for Women and Policing, a female officer would more effectively respond to which crime as opposed to a male colleague?

A)a male citizen who is speeding
B)a male victim of a robbery
C)a female citizen who is driving recklessly
D)a female victim of domestic violence

Question 12

Which of the following was one point of controversy that arose during the weeks of protest after the 2014 shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri?

A)the Human Rights Watch noting a small minority of officers commit human rights violations
B)the thousands of demonstrations and "die-ins" held nationwide
C)the creation of a university course called "Black Lives Matter"
D)the state's use of military equipment and tactics

Question 13

Your friend, Aria, notes that her recent interaction with a state highway patrol officer has made her suspicious of law enforcement.When you ask her why, she notes that the officer was very cold and uncommunicative.She also adds that the officer did not even tell her what the citation was for-he simply asked for license and registration, wrote her a citation and left the scene.Which pillar of procedural justice did the highway patrol officer primarily neglect?

A)fairness to all
B)voice
C)openness of process
D)impartiality

Question 14

According to research by the National Center for Women and Policing, female officers are less likely to ______.

A)use communication skills that defuse situations
B)respond to crimes against women
C)implement community-oriented policing
D)use excessive force

Question 15

A high number of police shooting that began in the U.S.in 2014 often involved unarmed ______.

A)demonstrators
B)juveniles
C)women
D)minorities

Question 16

Diversifying police agencies may help develop harmony by emphasizing which pillar of procedural justice?

A)fairness to all
B)voice
C)transparency
D)unbiased decision making

Question 17

Upon starting a new job as a law enforcement officer with a local police department, Korey makes it her goal to build public trust with community members.Which type of mindset has Korey employed?

A)warrior mindset
B)soldier mindset
C)justice mindset
D)guardian mindset

Question 18

What pillar of procedural justice does the creation of a nationwide database that tracks officer-involved shootings in the United States seek to support?

A)fairness to all
B)voice
C)openness of process
D)impartiality

Question 19

Which of the following allows the department of justice to compel a police department to change its policies, practices, or training?

A)constitutional policing
B)procedural justice
C)consent decree
D)police legitimacy

Question 20

The President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing was created in response to which of the following?

A)an unusually high number of police shootings
B)a U.S.Supreme Court's ruling on use of force
C)a Human Rights Watch report on excessive force
D)a James Baldwin piece on police in Harlem

Question 21

A state water patrol trooper arrests a woman for being intoxicated and operating a boat on a public lake.After handcuffing the woman, the officer straps a lifejacket around the woman and begins to drive his boat quickly to the dock.While accelerating, the woman falls into the water.Since the lifejacket was not secured correctly, the woman is unable to tread water and drowns.Which of the following has the officer neglected?

A)duty of care
B)vicarious liability
C)consent decree
D)respondeat superior

Question 22

Which of the following describes a failure to perform a duty owed?

A)negligence
B)false arrest
C)assault
D)civil liability

Question 23

In tort law, which term refers to the basis for which a cause of action is made to recover damages?

A)mediation
B)restoration
C)civil liability
D)victim restitution

Question 24

Which of the following describes a police officer who unlawfully physically restrains a person without probable cause?

A)false imprisonment
B)false arrest
C)double jeopardy
D)civil liability

Question 25

Which of the following is one of the two important questions raised by use of body-worn cameras?

A)Who will fund body-worn camera equipment?
B)How will all footage be made available to the public?
C)Where will all the videos be stored?
D)When should the cameras be used?

Question 26

A police officer operating a patrol car while driving drunk can be subject to which type of tort?

A)accidental
B)negligent
C)intentional
D)constitutional

Question 27

Why is it impossible to know how often police brutality truly occurs?

A)Reports of brutality are not consistently maintained.
B)Police officers are apprehensive to report colleagues.
C)It is difficult to clearly define brutality.
D)They are often low-visibility acts.

Question 28

What has the U.S.Supreme Court ruled with regard to high-speed police pursuits?

A)Officers are prohibited from engaging in any high-speed pursuits unless the suspect is fleeing after committing a violent felony.
B)Officers who break off a high-speed chase and let the fleeing suspect continue can be held liable for any injuries the suspect sustains if they subsequently crash their vehicle.
C)An officer is legally allowed to stop a high-speed chase by ramming a fleeing suspect's car, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury.
D)An officer violates Fourth Amendment rights when who stopping a high-speed chase by ramming a fleeing suspect's car because it constitutes an illegal "seizure" of the vehicle.

Question 29

Which of the following is an example of police brutality?

A)A police officer who has obtained a search warrant searches a suspect's vehicle.
B)A police officer arrests a Caucasian suspect who attempted to flee from the scene of a crime.
C)A police officer uses a racial slur when speaking to a Korean immigrant.
D)A police officer issues a citation to a driver who was swerving in between lanes of traffic.

Question 30

The ______ Amendment protects against the use of excessive force.

A)Fourth
B)Fifth
C)Sixth
D)Tenth

Question 31

A police officer who encounters a sleeping homeless person and uses his nightstick to beat the man unconscious could be subject to which type of tort?

A)accidental
B)negligent
C)intentional
D)deliberate

Question 32

A police officer detains a man for driving while intoxicated.After bail is posted for the man, the police still refuse to release him.This is an example of which of the following?

A)false arrest
B)false imprisonment
C)negligence
D)invasion of privacy

Question 33

Which of the following would be an example of proximate cause?

A)An officer pursuing a speeding vehicle causes a fatal collision with a third vehicle.
B)An officer shoots a suspect who charges at him with a large knife.
C)An officer responding to an emergency call is hit by another vehicle, causing serious injuries to the other occupants.
D)An officer in a foot pursuit trips on road debris and injures himself.

Question 34

Which of the following has led to a call for officers to wear body-worn cameras?

A)citizens capturing potential cases of improper use of force on cell phones
B)empirical data showing a sharp rise in police brutality
C)findings from The President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing
D)increase in the number of consent decrees issued in recent years

Question 35

Which of the following refers to the most difficult form of police brutality to overcome?

A)police officers issuing citations and apprehending suspects
B)police officers representing the majority group's law
C)police officers using verbal slurs or epithets
D)police officers inflicting physical harm on citizens

Question 36

Which term refers to the intentional illegal detention of a person?

A)false imprisonment
B)false arrest
C)double jeopardy
D)civil liability

Question 37

Which of the following is the burden of proof in criminal cases?

A)beyond a reasonable doubt
B)by a preponderance evidence
C)beyond a shadow of a doubt
D)by an absolute certainty

Question 38

An officer leaves the scene of a domestic violence call where the wife says the husband hit her and will continue to do so if her husband is not arrested.The officer can be held liable for which type of negligence if the wife is killed later that evening by her husband?

A)vicarious liability
B)proximate cause
C)failure to protect
D)duty of care

Question 39

Which term describes the unnecessary use of force by police against citizens?

A)consent decree
B)police brutality
C)procedural justice
D)constitutional policing

Question 40

Upon which of the following is vicarious responsibility based?

A)duty of care
B)proximate cause
C)consent decree
D)respondeat superior

Question 41

Police brutality is the unnecessary use of force by the police against citizens that results in injury.

Question 42

Officer liability may be tied to proximate cause, a concept that states the officer's intentional or wrongful actions caused harm to others.

Question 43

A tort is a criminal wrong.

Question 44

Procedural justice and police legitimacy both relate to the creation of a culture of integrity.

Question 45

Police officers are responsible for keeping suspects they have arrested safe.

Question 46

A factor that contributed heavily to an event, such as an auto crash is referred to as ______.

A)proximate cause
B)civil liability
C)duty of care
D)failure to protect

Question 47

Police departments generally leave the decisions related to high-speed pursuits to the discretion of individual officers depending on the circumstances of the case.

Question 48

Determining what constitutes "objectively reasonable" is always an easy task.

Question 49

Police pursuits are justified only when the necessity of apprehending the suspect outweighs the potential danger created by the pursuit.

Question 50

Women now represent approximately 50% of the police workforce.

Question 51

The three categories of torts that are typically filed against criminal justice professionals include negligence, ______ torts, and constitutional torts.

A)civil
B)intentional
C)accidental
D)malicious

Question 52

Legitimacy reflects the willingness of residents to defer to the law and to police authority, that is, their sense of obligation and responsibility to accept police authority.

Question 53

Autonomous vehicles will likely bring a world in which drivers do not commit traffic violations or cause traffic crashes.

Question 54

Which is a primary concern in using new technology for policing?

A)cost of equipment
B)wrongful conviction
C)privacy
D)equality

Question 55

According to research, women have better ______ skills.

A)communication
B)mathematical
C)situation diffusion
D)physical agility

Question 56

The extent to which the community believes that police actions are appropriate, proper, and just, and its willingness to recognize authority is referred to as police ______.

A)brutality
B)subculture
C)legitimacy
D)authority

Question 57

Which of the following pillars of justice means that decisions are made based on relevant evidence or data rather than on personal opinion, speculation, or guesswork?

A)fairness to all
B)voice
C)transparency and openness of process
D)impartiality and unbiased decision making

Question 58

The infliction of some injury on one person by another is referred to as ______.

A)negligence
B)false arrest
C)a tort
D)false imprisonment

Question 59

Police supervisors can be found liable in certain instances for the wrongful acts of a police officer.

Question 60

False arrest is the arrest of a person without probable cause.

Question 61

Compare the likelihood of female officers receiving use-of-force complaints versus male officers.

Question 62

Police brutality is not a new phenomenon.

Question 63

Under what type of circumstances are high-speed police pursuits considered justified?

Question 64

Negligence can arise when a criminal justice employee's conduct creates a danger to others.

Question 65

Describe how using facial recognition software can improve officer efficiency.

Question 66

A single act may be a crime as well as a tort.

Question 67

What are biometrics?

Question 68

Explain the concept of vicarious liability as it applies to 1983 lawsuits.

Question 69

What are the benefits of using handheld narcotics analysis technology?

Question 70

What type of responsibility do police officers have with regard to persons in custody?

Question 71

What is the duty of care?

Question 72

What are the differences between "soldiers" and "guardians?"

Question 73

A tort is a tool used by the courts to compel an agency to generally perform within the dictates of the Constitution and make specific reforms.

Question 74

What are the three categories of torts that are typically filed against criminal justice professionals?

Question 75

The 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act prohibits the DOJ to sue any police agency if it has exhibited a "pattern and practice" of using excessive force and/or violating people's civil rights.

Question 76

What are the pros and cons of autonomous vehicles?

Question 77

One of the advantages of having female police officers is that it improves law enforcement's response to violence against women.

Question 78

Female officers have been found to be just as competence as their male counterparts.

Question 79

What are the arguments against devices that display a log of a driver's every move leading to a crash?

Question 80

What was the impetus for the passage of