Deck 12: Nature of Emotion: Six Perennial Questions

Question 1

In considering how motivation and emotion relate to one another, which of the following statements is most accurate?
(a)Emotions function as one type of motive.
(b)Emotions and motivation are so similar that it makes sense to treat them as synonyms.
(c)Motivation is more sensitive to changes in the environment, while emotion is more sensitive to changes in the person.
(d)Motivational states act as an ongoing readout about the person's emotional experience.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

_____are short-lived psychological-physiological phenomena the present efficient modes of adaptation to changing environmental demands.
(a)Arousal states
(b)Drives
(c)Emotions
(d)Insights

Answer 2

C

Question 3

When sad, a person is motivated to take the action necessary to overcome or reverse the sense of failure or separation just experienced.What dimension of emotion does this illustrate?
(a)bodily arousal
(b)feelings
(c)sense of purpose
(d)significant life event

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is not a criterion researchers use to identify an emotion as a basic emotion?
(a)It evokes a distinctive physiological patterned response.
(b)It is expressed more frequently by adults than by infants and children.
(c)It is expressed uniquely and distinctively, as through a facial expression.
(d)It is innate rather than acquired through experience.

Question 5

According to a biological view of emotion, about how many different emotions are there?
(a)two-love and hate (or life and death)
(b)a small number-between 2 and 10
(c)25-as represented by the 5 x 5 emotion grid
(d)an almost limitless number

Question 6

The _____component of emotion gives emotion its communicative aspect.
(a)bodily arousal
(b)feelings
(c)sense of purpose
(d)expressive

Question 7

Which of the following statements is the most accurate?
(a)Contemporary emotion research largely discounts the biological and cognitive approaches and instead focuses on a social-cultural approach.
(b)The biological approach provides a better, more accurate, perspective on understanding emotion than does the cognitive approach.
(c)The cognitive approach provides a better, more accurate, perspective on understanding emotion than does the biological approach.
(d)Together, the cognitive and biological approaches provide a comprehensive picture of the emotion process.

Question 8

According to a cognitive view of emotion, about how many different emotions are there?
(a)two-love and hate (or life and death)
(b)a small number-between 2 and 10
(c)25-as represented by the 5 x 5 emotion grid
(d)an almost limitless number

Question 9

In the chicken-and-egg debate over whether emotions are caused primarily by biology or by cognitions, the conclusion reached by the text is that:
(a)biology is the cause of emotion, while cognition is the after-effect.
(b)cognition is the cause of emotion, while biology is the after-effect.
(c)emotion is a complex interactive chain of events.
(d)emotion intensifies over time to the point that the original cause of the emotion is not important to knowing the emotion's eventual end-state.

Question 10

The most important single theme that emerges from Plutchik's chicken-and-egg analysis of the cause of emotion is:
(a)biological determinants are primarily, but not exclusively, responsible for emotion.
(b)cognitions do not directly cause emotions any more than biological events do.
(c)cognitive determinants are primarily, but not exclusively, responsible for emotion.
(d)that since biological responses come first, they should be the most important element in the cause of emotion.

Question 11

In Buck's two-system view of emotion, the biological system is relatively ___in the evolutionary history of human beings, while the cognitive system is relatively _____.
(a)important; unimportant
(b)unimportant; important
(c)ancient; new
(d)new; ancient

Question 12

In the discussion on the cognition versus biology debate on emotion, the textbook concludes that:
(a)more evidence supports the biological view.
(b)more evidence supports the cognitive view.
(c)neither view is correct, and emotion research needs a third view.
(d)both views are correct, but they emphasize different aspects of the emotion process.

Question 13

Which of the following is not one of the four core components of emotion?
(a)bodily arousal
(b)feelings
(c)sense of purpose
(d)significant life event

Question 14

According to Buck's proposition that emotions are the readout of motivational states, motives energize and direct behavior, while emotions:
(a)also energize and direct behavior, but in a much more potent fashion than do motives.
(b)channel undirected behavior into goal-directed behavior.
(c)facilitate or inhibit that behavior.
(d)all of the above

Question 15

Which of the following group of theorists would be most likely to agree with this statement: "Emotions emanate from subcortical processing and may or may not include cortical involvement."
(a)biological emotion researchers only
(b)cognitive emotion researchers only
(c)both biological and cognitive emotion researchers
(d)neither biological nor cognitive emotion researchers

Question 16

In Buddhist thought (as expressed by the Dalai Lama), which are the three most destructive emotions?
(a)anger, greed, and lust
(b)craving, agitation, and hatred
(c)fear, anger, and greed
(d)love, hate, and fear

Question 17

Which of the following group of theorists would most likely agree with this statement: "Before emotion can occur, a person engages in a meaning interpretation of the event to evaluate its importance or relevance to personal well-being."
(a)biological emotion researchers only
(b)cognitive emotion researchers only
(c)both biological and cognitive emotion researchers
(d)neither biological nor cognitive emotion researchers

Question 18

Which of the following is not taken as evidence that emotions are biologically generated events?
(a)Emotions are often difficult to verbalize.
(b)Emotions occur in infants and children.
(c)Electrical stimulation of the brain can cause an emotional reaction.
(d)Emotions can only be found in the human species.

Question 19

According to Plutchik's analysis of emotion, which of the following does not contribute to the mix of experience that causes emotion?
(a)arousal
(b)cognition
(c)facial expressions
(d)social roles

Question 20

Which of the following is not taken as evidence that emotions are biologically generated events?
(a)Emotion is a social construct.
(b)Emotions sometimes occur automatically and involuntarily.
(c)Emotions have a very rapid onset
(d)We sometimes act emotionally even before we are aware of our emotional experience.

Question 21

Identify the four interrelated dimensions, or components, of emotion.
For each dimension, provide a one sentence description or example.

Question 22

Which emotion regulation strategy is described in this example: Facing a threatening or boring situation, the person starts to think of something else.
(a)attentional focus
(b)reappraisal
(c)situation modification
(d)suppression

Question 23

To answer the question, What causes emotion?, Buck provides a two-systems view.
Identify these two systems and briefly explain how these two systems cause emotion.

Question 24

According to those who study the functions of emotions, which of the following statements is most true?
(a)Emotions disrupt and disorganize behavior.
(b)Emotions make it difficult for the person to cope optimally with the situation at hand.
(c)The functions of some emotions are more important, behaviorally speaking, than are the functions of other emotions.
(d)There is no such thing as a "bad" emotion.

Question 25

Some see emotions as constructive responses to life situations.
Others see emotions as destructive responses to life situations.
Outline the basic argument to support both points of view.

Question 26

Compared to people in a neutral or negative mood, people under the influence of positive affect are significantly more likely to:
(a)go to religious services.
(b)vote in primary elections.
(c)order nonfat, decaf pumpkin-spice lattes.
(d)solve problems in a creative way.

Question 27

Reappraisal involves:
(a)changing the meaning of a situation.
(b)redirecting one's attention, as with either distraction or rumination.
(c)repeating an emotion a second time after its first initial experience.
(d)thinking twice about one's emotional response.

Question 28

Mood exists as a blend of two dimensions, which are:
(a)good and bad
(b)hot and cold
(c)pleasure and unpleasure
(d)proactive and reactive
(e)valence and arousal

Question 29

People often try to control their emotions.The first opportunity within any emotional episode to control that emotion is to:
(a)change a cognitive reaction into a biological one.
(b)intentionally redirect attention with the situation, as with distraction.
(c)intentionally select into which situation you put yourself.
(d)suppress it-take a deep breadth or try to inhibit a facial expression.

Question 30

In considering the relationship between motivation and emotion, explain the following phrase: "Emotion is a readout system of underlying motivational states."

Question 31

When looking at all possible emotion regulation strategies, in general and overall, ______and ______regulate emotion well while ______does not.
(a)attentional focus and situation modification; reappraisal
(b)reappraisal and attentional focus; suppression
(c)reappraisal and suppression; situation modification
(d)situation selection and situation modification; attentional focus

Question 32

Unlike emotions, moods:
(a)are situation-specific in that we seem to have a mood for every different situation.
(b)emanate from significant life situations and the appraisal of their significance.
(c)function mostly to bias cognitions and what the person thinks about.
(d)last for seconds or perhaps minutes.

Question 33

According to ethologists, who study the smile, smiles:
(a)are mostly ways to communicate our private feelings of joy to others in a public way.
(b)are emotionally motivated.
(c)occur more frequently in humans than in nonhuman animals.
(d)are socially motivated.

Question 34

In Kraut and Johnston's study of bowlers, the researchers found that bowlers were much more likely to smile when they ___than when they _____.
(a)made a bad bowling score; made a good bowling score
(b)made a good bowling score; made a bad bowling score
(c)engaged their friends; made a good bowling score
(d)made a good bowling score; engaged their friends

Question 35

In the following example, explain why the emotion of fear/terror rather than the
physiological need for air is the primary motivator: A child puts a sweater on over his head, it gets stuck, and the child experiences a moment of air deprivation. He then shows panic-like emotion and finally coping behavior.

Question 36

Which of the following is the best explanation of why feeling good because of positive affect generates so many positive outcomes
(a)Being in a good mood influences biology, like serotonergic brain pathways.
(b)Being in a good mood influences cognition, like memory and judgment.
(c)Being in a good mood suppresses negative affect that would otherwise generate negative outcomes.
(d)Being in a good mood suppresses negative emotions like fear from rising to a threshold of awareness.

Question 37

How does emotion occur (i.e., what cause emotion?), according to cognitively oriented emotion theorists?

Question 38

Of the following emotion regulation strategies, which is generally recognized as the least effective strategy?
(a)attentional focus
(b)reappraisal
(c)situation modification
(d)situation selection
(e)suppression

Question 39

Compared to people in neutral moods, people who feel good (i.e., experience positive affect):
(a)are less competitive and more individualistic.
(b)experience greater self-consciousness and care markedly about what others think of their performances.
(c)have greater access in memory to happy thoughts and positive memories.
(d)provide more detailed answers to solve or answer problems.

Question 40

How does emotion occur (i.e., what cause emotion?), according to biologically oriented emotion theorists?

Question 41

From a cognitive point of view, about how many different emotions are there?
State a number, and explain/justify why you picked that specific number.

Question 42

Explain the role of both interest and joy in the involvement and satisfaction of the individual's motives.

Question 43

Answer the question, "How many emotions are there?" from both the biological and the cognitive perspective on emotion.

Question 44

From a biological point of view, about how many different emotions are there?
State a number, and explain/justify why you picked that specific number.

Question 45

Consider joy. Explain what causes it; explain its purpose-why it is a beneficial emotion to have; and explain how a highly joyful person is likely to behave.

Question 46

Explain how each of the following emotions contributes to coping effectively with threat and/or harm: fear; sadness; anger; and disgust.

Question 47

Explain the differences between emotion and mood.

Question 48

Consider fear. Explain what causes it; explain its purpose-why it is a beneficial emotion to have; and explain how a highly fearful person is likely to behave.

Question 49

What good are the emotions? List emotion's beneficial coping and social functions.

Question 50

Consider disgust. Explain what causes it; explain its purpose-why it is a beneficial emotion to have; and explain how a highly disgusted person is likely to behave.

Question 51

Explain why positive affect facilitates outcomes such as sociability, prosocial behavior, and creativity. That is, through what causal mechanism(s) does feeling good promote these outcomes?

Question 52

Consider interest. Explain what causes it; explain its purpose-why it is a beneficial emotion to have; and explain how a highly interested person is likely to behave.

Question 53

Debate or justify the claim that the emotions equip the individual with a specific, efficient response to a problem of physical and social survival.

Question 54

What is an emotion family? Why is the "emotion family" concept important in the effort to answer the question, "How many emotions are there?"

Question 55

Consider sadness. Explain what causes it; explain its purpose-why it is a beneficial emotion to have; and explain how a highly sad person is likely to behave.

Question 56

Consider the actor on stage who is beginning to feel stage fright.
Given an example of "reappraisal" that the actor could use as an emotion regulation
strategy to reduce or remove the negative emotionality (the stage fright).

Question 57

Name and outline the five emotion regulation strategies that are possible within the
sequence or flow of a typical emotional episode.

Question 58

Consider anger. Explain what causes it; explain its purpose-why it is a beneficial emotion to have; and explain how a highly angry person is likely to behave.

Question 59

Draw the circumplex model of mood by identifying the labels that define the endpoints of
both the x-axis and the y-axis.

Question 60

Overview the beneficial consequences of a positive mood state (i.e., positive affect).