Deck 9: Mindsets

Question 1

A deliberative mindset is most appropriate when addressing which of the following motivational questions?
(a)Who will I marry?
(b)When do I get married?
(c)What do I need to do to get married?
(d)What steps do I need to take for married life?

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The following quotation describes which type of mindset?: I already know that my goal is to "get into shape".So, what do I now need to do
To get myself into shape? What steps do I need to take to accomplish my goal?
(a)deliberative
(b)dissonance
(c)implemental
(d)promotion
(e)prevention

Answer 2

C

Question 3

People who adopt a mastery rather than a performance goal show a greater tendency toward the following except:
(a)a preference for a challenging task one can learn from.
(b)a preference to work on the task by themselves without asking for help from others.
(c)greater intrinsic motivation than intrinsic motivation during that task.
(d)conceptually-based learning strategies.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

An individual who is trying to attain what one does not yet have and strives to approach ideal end-states is said to be exhibiting a ______mindset.
(a)deliberative
(b)implemental
(c)prevention
(d)promotion

Question 5

According to research conducted by Gollwitzer, Heckhausen, and Steller (1990), individuals show a "cognitive tuning" toward information expressing the pros and cons of one goal versus rival goals.This process represents a ______mindset.
(a)general
(b)deliberative
(c)implemental
(d)promotion

Question 6

_____goal setting benefits from open-minded deliberative thinking, while _____goal striving benefits from closed mindedness implemental thinking.
(a)Deliberative and motivation-rich; implemental and volition-rich.
(b)Implemental and volition-rich; deliberate and motivation-rich.
(c)Promotion-based; prevention-based.
(d)Prevention-based; promotion-based.

Question 7

A(n) ______is a cognitive framework to guide one's attention, information processing, decision making, and thinking about the meaning of effort, success, failure, and one's own personal qualities.
(a)mindset
(b)goal
(c)plan of action
(d)implementation intention

Question 8

An individual that is sensitive to positive outcomes, approaches possibilities of gain, and adopts an enthusiastic behavioral strategy of locomotion that might be characterized as "just do it" is demonstrating a(n) ______mindset.
(a)deliberative
(b)implemental
(c)prevention
(d)promotion

Question 9

The type of achievement goal associated with growth mindset is the:
(a)mastery goal.
(b)performance goal.
(c)performance-approach goal only.
(d)performance-avoidance goal only.

Question 10

In the ______mindset, personal qualities are static attributes.
(a)growth
(b)promotion
(c)fixed
(d)consistency

Question 11

The ______mindset centers on responsibility, meeting obligations, and duty.
(a)deliberative
(b)implemental
(c)prevention
(d)promotion

Question 12

People with a ______mindset exert more effort, feel more alert, value the experience more, and cope and perform better when they strive with vigilance (rather than with eagerness).
(a)deliberative
(b)implemental
(c)prevention
(d)promotion

Question 13

______involve(s) the ongoing maintenance and persistence of motivated action because it involves all the post-decisional processes that sustain ongoing activity.
(a)Goal setting
(b)Goal strivings
(c)Plans of action
(d)Volition

Question 14

In the ______mindset, personal qualities are changeable.
(a)growth
(b)promotion
(c)fixed
(d)consistency

Question 15

Regulatory Focus Theory (RFT) suggests that people strive to achieve their goals by using two separate and independent motivational orientations or mindsets.
These mindsets are:
(a)deliberative and implemental.
(b)prevention and promotion.
(c)growth and fixed.
(d)consistency and dissonance.

Question 16

An individual who is sensitive to negative outcomes, avoids possibilities of loss, and adopts a vigilant behavioral strategy of caution that might be characterized as "do the right thing" is demonstrating a __________mindset.
(a)deliberative
(b)implemental
(c)prevention
(d)promotion

Question 17

Higgins (1997) suggests that depending on the individuals' regulatory mindset, success and failure means different things. Which focus (mindset) best represents the statement "success means the presence of gain"?
(a)deliberative
(b)implemental
(c)prevention
(d)promotion

Question 18

Which mindset best distinguishes between the motivation of setting goals and the volition of actually doing the work to attain those goals?
(a)consistency-Dissonance
(b)deliberative-implemental
(c)growth-fixed
(d)promotion-prevention

Question 19

For a person with a fixed mindset, the meaning of effort tends to be:
(a)"It is a tool, the means by which I can turn on and capitalize on my skills."
(b)"The harder you try, the dumber you therefore must be."
(c)"The more you try and the more you learn, the better you get.

Question 20

The following statement expresses a _____goal orientation: "My goal in this class is to get a better grade than most of the other students."
(a)leadership
(b)mastery
(c)performance-approach
(d)performance-avoidance

Question 21

Explain the differences between the deliberative and implemental mindsets.

Question 22

Can people develop a greater growth mindset?
(a)No, it is a personality characteristic that is largely stable over time
(b)Yes, if the important people in their lives will offer them ability praise for success
(c)Yes, if they receive a training session that provides convincing evidence to support the idea that learning makes you smarter
(d)Yes, if they receive one-on-one tutoring in setting and pursing performance-approach achievement goals.

Question 23

Initiation rituals in groups such as the military, fraternities, and athletic teams increase acceptance by group members.Initiation rituals increase acceptance by capitalizing on what dissonance-arousing process?
(a)choice
(b)effort justification
(c)insufficient justification
(d)new information

Question 24

When placed into an achievement situation, a person with a growth mindset is most likely to adopt which type of achievement goal?
(a)mastery
(b)performance-approach
(c)performance-avoidance
(d)all of the above

Question 25

When one adopts performance-avoidance goals, goal pursuit tends to produce:
(a)dissatisfaction and negative affect
(b)physiological arousal
(c)intrinsic motivation
(d)positive results
(e)rebound effects

Question 26

______can be understood through the analogy of pain-the person adjust his or her way of behaving to alleviate an aversive, uncomfortable psychological experience.
(a)deliberative
(b)dissonance
(c)implemental
(d)promotion
(e)prevention

Question 27

Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that once a difficult choice between equally attractive alternatives is made, people experience:
(a)counter-reaction balancing.
(b)effort justification.
(c)insufficient justification.
(d)post-decision regret.

Question 28

The experience of cognitive dissonance is psychologically aversive. To reduce dissonance, people often:
(a)add a dissonant belief.
(b)add a new consonant belief.
(c)decrease the importance of a consonant belief.
(d)increase the importance of a dissonant belief.

Question 29

All other things being equal, the person who adopts a _____goal orientation is relatively more likely to suffer a low sense of personal control, low vitality, and low life satisfaction.
(a)leadership
(b)mastery
(c)performance-approach
(d)performance-avoidance

Question 30

The belief that "I am a competent, moral, and reasonable person" is central to a ______mindset.
(a)deliberative
(b)dissonance
(c)implemental
(d)promotion
(e)prevention

Question 31

Explain the differences between the promotion and prevention mindsets.

Question 32

Explain the differences between growth and fixed mindsets.

Question 33

People high in the dispositional need for achievement tend to adopt _________, whereas people high in the dispositional fear of failure tend to adopt _________.
(a)performance-approach, performance-avoidance
(b)performance-avoidance, performance-approach
(c)performance-approach, mastery
(d)mastery, performance-approach

Question 34

A person with a performance goal generally strives to:
(a)improve by asking for information and help from others.
(b)make incremental (bit-by-bit)progress.
(c)overcome obstacles, difficulties, and setbacks with the application of greater effort.
(d)succeed with little apparent effort.

Question 35

Parental and teacher ability praise ("You are so smart!") tends to develop in children a ______mindset.
(a)fragile
(b)fixed
(c)growth
(d)positive

Question 36

If a classroom teacher defines success as showing improvement and places a high value on learning and effort, then her students are likely to adopt which type of achievement goal during learning activities? :
(a)mastery goal.
(b)performance goal.
(c)performance-approach goal only.
(d)performance-avoidance goal only.

Question 37

The belief that "the more you try and the more you learn, the better you get" is an example of:
(a)fixed mindset
(b)goal setting
(c)growth mindset
(d)personal mindset
(e)volitional strivings

Question 38

According to current research, general personality factors are not necessarily the regulators of achievement behavior in specific life domains such as school, sports, and work. This statement represents a problem associated with the:
(a)classical approach to achievement motivation.
(b)contemporary approach to achievement motivation.
(c)classical approach to growth mindsets
(d)contemporary approach to growth mindsets.

Question 39

Bem's self-perception theory challenged the basic tenet of cognitive dissonance theory by arguing that cognition-behavior:
(a)consistencies produce both positive and negative emotions.
(b)inconsistencies do not necessarily produce an aversive motivational state.
(c)inconsistencies only rarely produce the attributional search necessary to generate dissonance arousal.
(d)inconsistencies rarely occur, except in the laboratory.

Question 40

Self-perception theory is more applicable to situations in which people's attitudes are initially _____, while cognitive dissonance theory is more applicable to situations in which people's attitudes are initially _____.
(a)clear, salient, and strong; vague, ambiguous, and weak
(b)negative; positive
(c)positive; negative
(d)vague, ambiguous, and weak; clear, salient, and strong

Question 41

Identify the four ways a dissonance-suffering individual can reduce felt dissonance. Provide an illustrative example of each way of reducing dissonance.

Question 42

If you wanted to promote mastery goals in another person, what would you do in terms of defining success, placing value, giving reasons for effort, and evaluating work?

Question 43

Use cognitive dissonance theory to explain the motivational implications of this phrase: "Saying, or doing, is believing."

Question 44

Discuss how and when choice gives rise to cognitive dissonance (or post-decision regret).

Question 45

Identify the motivational orientation, behavioral strategy, and type of emotionality that are most associated with a prevention mindset.

Question 46

Discuss the relationship between pursuing performance-avoidance achievement goals and psychological well-being.

Question 47

Explain in detail what is meant by the statement "the meaning of effort is a crucially important understanding when the individual faces a difficult task".

Question 48

Identify the motivational orientation, behavioral strategy, and type of emotionality that are most associated with a promotion mindset.

Question 49

Describe the thought processes underlying a deliberative mindset.
What is the person with a deliberative mindset thinking about and preparing for the most?
Give a one-sentence example of what the person with a deliberative mindset might say.

Question 50

What causes the psychological experience of cognitive dissonance?

Question 51

Articulate the meaning (or interpretation) of effort for
(a)entity theorists and
(b)incremental theorists.

Question 52

Articulate an achievement goal that you might hear from a person with a fixed mindset; articulate an achievement goal you might hear from a person with a growth mindset.

Question 53

Explain how one of the two following situations produces cognitive dissonance in the individual-the act of making a choice or effort justification.