Deck 8: Alcohol

Question 1

Mike works at a plant that produces alcoholic beverages. He is in charge of overseeing a procedure that uses yeast cells and grain to make the alcohol. What process is Mike using?

A) evaporation
C) condensation
B) distillation
D) fermentation

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What is the relationship between alcohol and GABA receptors?

A) Alcohol acts as a GABA receptor agonist, causing hyperpolarization of the neuron.
B) Alcohol acts as a GABA receptor agonist, causing depolarization of the neuron.
C) Alcohol acts as a GABA receptor antagonist, causing hyperpolarization of the neuron.
D) Alcohol acts as a GABA receptor antagonist, causing depolarization of the neuron.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The history of alcohol consumption shows that alcohol usage was ____.

A) supported without opposition
B) an important part of medicine
C) discouraged in religious practices
D) restricted to fermented beverages until the 19th century

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Alcohol is least likely to bind to which type of receptor?

A) glutamate receptors
C) serotonin receptors
B) GABA receptors
D) acetylcholine receptors

Question 5

The number of grams of alcohol found in 100 milliliters of solution is referred to as the ____ of alcohol.

A) proof
C) dosage
B) percentage
D) unit

Question 6

Which brain structures are primarily responsible for alcohol's depressing effects on the CNS?

A) thalamus, cerebellum, and hippocampus
B) cerebellum, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex
C) cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus
D) cerebral cortex, thalamus, and cerebellum

Question 7

According to a 2009 survey conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), what percent of all U.S. individuals 12 and older had consumed alcohol within the last 30 days?

A) at least 12%
C) at least 50%
B) at least 25%
D) at least 75%

Question 8

What is the basis of a breathalyzer test?

A) Five percent of alcohol is eliminated in the lungs.
B) Ten percent of alcohol remains in the stomach for a prolonged period.
C) Seven percent of alcohol is perspired through the pores.
D) Three percent of alcohol tightly binds to mucous membranes in the mouth.

Question 9

Which statement best reflects the rate of alcohol elimination?

A) The rate follows nonlinear kinetics.
B) The rate follows linear kinetics.
C) The rate is highly unpredictable due to variable kinetic patterns.
D) The rate follows a mix of nonlinear and linear kinetics.

Question 10

Janet is in charge of the distillation process at the alcohol manufacturing company, Drink-2-Relax. What does this process involve?

A) Separating alcohol from a fermented mixture
B) Combining alcohol with a fermented mixture
C) Using bacterial cells and a nutrient source to yield alcohol
D) Using yeast cells and a source of sugar to produce alcohol

Question 11

Liquors have a much higher alcohol content than beers and wine. Why?

A) The fermentation process used to generate liquors yields a higher content of alcohol.
B) Liquors use a distillation process, which bypasses the need for fermentation.
C) Liquors go through a process of fermentation and distillation, which concentrates the alcohol.
D) Yeast cells used in the distillation process require minimal sugar substrates.

Question 12

The earliest recorded history of alcohol dates to a time when taverns in Samaria and Egypt sold alcohol, and traders transported alcohol throughout the known world. When was this early recorded history?

A) 3200 B.C
C) 1200 A.D.
B) 1200 B.C.
D) 3200 A.D.

Question 13

Seth consumes two alcoholic beverages. As a result, he has 0.05 grams of alcohol in his body per 100-ml volume of blood. What is Seth's blood alcohol concentration (BAC)?

A) 0.005
C) 0.5
B) 0.05
D) 5

Question 14

A disruption of which enzyme would lead to the build up of alcohol in your body?

A) alcohol oxidase
C) alcohol esterase
B) alcohol dehydrogenase
D) alcohol catalase

Question 15

Identical twins Erin and Jill drink the same amount of alcohol at a party. Erin has a plate of pasta before consuming the alcohol; Jill drinks on an empty stomach. Why is Jill more likely to feel stronger effects of the alcohol?

A) When Erin's bran processes the rewarding properties of food, this competes with the alcohol reward pathways.
B) On a full stomach, alcohol remains in the stomach longer, which facilitates metabolism before absorption.
C) A full stomach facilitates passage of food through the digestive system to the liver, where most alcohol is metabolized.
D) On an empty stomach, alcohol dehydrogenase production depletes, which allows alcohol levels to build up

Question 16

Which region of the world reports the lowest levels of alcohol consumption?

A) Middle East
C) South America
B) North America
D) Australia

Question 17

Ethyl alcohol, which is found in beverage alcohol, functions as a central nervous system (CNS) ____.

A) neutralizer
C) stimulant
B) psychedelic
D) depressant

Question 18

What historical role did the 18th Amendment play in the usage of alcohol in the United States?

A) Banned sale and distribution of alcohol
B) Banned the consumption of alcohol
C) Protected the right to consume alcohol
D) Protected the right to free trade of alcohol

Question 19

Marty is looking for a bottle of vodka for a holiday party. He settles on a bottle of vodka that has 40g of alcohol in 100 mL of solution. What is the proof of this vodka?

A) 20
C) 80
B) 40
D) 100

Question 20

Sean is a chronic user of alcohol. What types of changes on the GABAergic system would we expect to find in Sean's brain?

A) Increased metabolism of GABA
B) Reduced number of GABA receptors
C) GABA receptors that are more sensitive to the effects of alcohol
D) Greater inhibition of GABA neurons

Question 21

Gizelle says to her roommate before they head out for the night, "I'm only going to have two drinks tonight. I have to get up early." As the night progresses, her roommate asks, "What happened to your two drink rule?", as she catches Gizelle drinking her fourth beer. What is Gizelle likely experiencing?

A) dependence
C) sensitization
B) withdrawal
D) priming

Question 22

Gabe has a BAC of 0.25. How will Gabe's cognitive function be affected by this acute increase in blood alcohol level?

A) He may suffer a seizure.
B) He may experience reversible dementia.
C) He will feel more alert, but in fact will not be.
D) He may experience increased personal insight.

Question 23

What hypothesis did Conger (1956) develop to explain habitual alcohol use?

A) chronic disinhibition hypothesis
C) tolerance subjectivity hypothesis
B) tension reduction hypothesis
D) alcohol state dependent hypothesis

Question 24

After a night of binge drinking, Hank wakes up and tells his buddies, "What happened last night? I must have blacked out." What alcohol-induced state is Hank referring to?

A) stupor and anterograde amnesia
B) stupor and retrograde amnesia
C) loss of coordination and anterograde amnesia
D) loss of coordination and retrograde amnesia

Question 25

In general, what type of effects does low dose alcohol have on the brain?

A) Neither excitatory nor depressant effects on physiological and psychological functions
B) Both excitatory and depressant effects for most physiological and psychological functions
C) Excitatory effects for certain physiological and psychological functions
D) Depressant effects on physiological and psychological functions

Question 26

According to a study by Ding et al. (2011), the serotonergic 5-HT₃ receptor is important for alcohol's ability to increase ____ concentrations in the nucleus accumbens.

A) GABA
C) norepinephrine
B) glutamate
D) dopamine

Question 27

What is a physiological effect of low dose alcohol?

A) Decreased risk of stroke
B) Increased risk of heart disorders
C) Increased risk of ischemia
D) Decreased risk of neurodegenerative disease

Question 28

Graduate student Adrienne studies the effects of alcohol on voltage-gated calcium channels. After performing a series of experiments, Adrienne finds that alcohol, because of its action on these channels, ____.

A) increases neurotransmitter release
B) decreases neurotransmitter release
C) increases the packaging of neurotransmitters into vesicles
D) decreases the packaging of neurotransmitters into vesicles

Question 29

What is the relationship between alcohol and body temperature?

A) Core temperature increases, and the body feels warmer.
B) Core temperature increases, but body feels cooler.
C) Core temperature decreases, but the body feels warmer.
D) Core temperature decreases, and the body feels cooler.

Question 30

Who is engaging in extreme drinking?

A) Hal, who consumes five beers in two hours
B) Marta, who is engaging in "21 for 21" on her 21st birthday
C) Devlin, who has not gone a single day without drinking a beer in over 10 years
D) Caitlyn, who has a shot of tequila on an empty stomach

Question 31

Based on a study by Liguori et al. (1999), participants can detect clear drug effects at BACs of 0.05. What were these drugs effects?

A) feelings of depression and delirium
C) feeling high and moderate delirium
B) feelings of depression and dizziness
D) feeling high and mild dizziness

Question 32

Alcohol has a marked effect on reducing ____.

A) impulsivity
C) reaction time
B) extravertedness
D) disinhibition

Question 33

Amber is contemplating kicking her once-a-day glass of red wine habit. But then she is surprised to find out that low dose alcohol has health benefits. What does Amber learn about alcohol's role in promoting cardiovascular health?

A) Alcohol increases low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels.
B) Alcohol decreases low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels.
C) Alcohol activates plasmin.
D) Alcohol promotes blood platelet formation.

Question 34

Over the course of one hour, Jennifer consumes four standard drinks. What type of drinking does this exemplify?

A) Moderate drinking
C) Binge drinking
B) Heavy drinking
D) Extreme drinking

Question 35

Alcohol use causes poor judgment because of a weakening of behavioral control that manifests as poor risk assessment, engagement in dangerous behavior, and impulsivity. This process is referred to as ____.

A) desensitization
C) deregulation
B) disinhibition
D) disengagement

Question 36

In a study by Schulte and colleagues (2001), participants were asked to identify square patterns formed by X's in a rapid series of differently patterned screens. Alcohol-treated participants who had a BAC of 0.05 or higher produced more errors than placebo-treated patients. This study demonstrates that alcohol disrupts ____.

A) divided attention
C) coordination
B) reaction time
D) disinhibition

Question 37

Which type of memory is least likely to be affected by alcohol consumption?

A) episodic
C) sensory
B) semantic
D) working

Question 38

In a microdialysis study by Cohen and colleagues (2002), administration of the cannabinoids CB₁ receptor antagonist rimonabant prevented alcohol from increasing ____ levels in the nucleus accumbens of rats.

A) dopamine
C) acetylcholine
B) serotonin
D) GABA

Question 39

Most alcohol related deaths occur from ____.

A) suppressed gag reflex
C) myocardial infarction
B) grand mal seizure
D) depressed respiration

Question 40

A specific disinhibition trait in alcohol use is ____.

A) decreased motivation
C) increased feelings of relaxedness
B) increased impulsivity
D) incoherent speaking

Question 41

Tyler finds himself in the emergency room after suffering from alcohol poisoning. Tyler's BAC must have been at least ____.

A) 0.025
C) 0.25
B) 0.05
D) 0.5

Question 42

Barry, an alcoholic, is at risk for low cardiac output associated with chronic alcohol use referred to as alcoholic ____.

A) cardiomyopathy
C) cardiac dysrhythmias
B) myocardial infarction
D) endocarditis

Question 43

Sensitization typically occurs in response to alcohol's ____ effects.

A) cardiovascular
C) behavioral
B) hepatic
D) reinforcing

Question 44

Unaware that she is pregnant, Tabitha engages in heavy alcohol drinking during most of her pregnancy. If Tabitha's baby develops fetal alcohol syndrome, what facial characteristics will be prominent?

A) Abnormally large eye openings
C) Fuller than normal upper lip
B) Eyes set far apart
D) Hydrocephalus (large head)

Question 45

Who is likely participating in cognitive-behavioral therapy to treat alcohol dependence?

A) Stan, who is prescribed naltrexone to weaken alcohol's reinforcing effects
B) Maiken, who undergoes a 12-step recovery program centered on social support
C) Alex, who learns to eliminate his problems associated with alcohol use
D) Solenne, who goes through a detox program and avoids contact with others who drink

Question 46

The term hangover refers to an unpleasant experience that occurs after alcohol consumption. Describe the symptoms and social cost of a hangover. In addition, discuss and analyze the five theories describing the biological origins of a hangover, discussing relevant studies that support the theories.

Question 47

What typically causes a person with a high BAC to pass out?

A) Extreme exhaustion
B) Loss of GABA receptors
C) Dampening of cortical arousal areas
D) Increased activation of dopamine receptors

Question 48

Describe current pharmacological strategies for treating alcohol dependence. Provide examples of specific medications and their biological mechanisms of action. When applicable, discuss studies that support the effectiveness of these strategies.

Question 49

Estelle is prescribed medication to treat her alcohol dependence. This medication weakens alcohol's reinforcing properties by blocking opioid receptors. What medication was she prescribed?

A) Disulfiram
C) Acamprosate
B) Naltrexone
D) Burpropion

Question 50

Increases in alcohol dehydrogenase levels is characteristic of which form of alcohol tolerance?

A) metabolic tolerance to alcohol
C) behavioral tolerance to alcohol
B) pharmacodynamic tolerance to alcohol
D) acute tolerance to alcohol

Question 51

Chronic alcohol use can lead to chronic liver disease, characterized by tissue scarring and poor liver function referred to as a(n) ____.

A) hepatitis
C) hepatic steatosis
B) intrahepatic cholestasis
D) cirrhosis

Question 52

Bernard is an alcoholic. What term best describes Bernard's condition?

A) alcohol abuse
C) alcohol tolerance state
B) alcohol dependency
D) alcohol withdrawal syndrome

Question 53

Dean is an alcoholic. During withdrawal from alcohol, he experiences a seizure. What biological adaptive response played a role in his seizure?

A) Increased glutamate synthesis
C) Increased glutamate receptor levels
B) Increased glutamate metabolism
D) Decreased glutamate receptor levels

Question 54

Who is experiencing acute alcohol tolerance?

A) Justin, who as a result of alcohol use, has diminished GABA receptor levels
B) Genaya: she feels less of a "buzz" from alcohol when her BAC declines, compared to her increasing BAC
C) Terry: because of an increase in alcohol dehydrogenase levels, he is metabolizing more alcohol
D) Mindy: her BAC is climbing at a decreased rate in response to her alcohol consumption

Question 55

Derek, an alcoholic, was just diagnosed with Korsakoff's syndrome. A possible cause and a symptom of this syndrome is ____.

A) GABA receptor loss and high blood pressure
B) GABA receptor loss and memory loss
C) vitamin B₆ deficiency and high blood pressure
D) vitamin B₁ deficiency and memory loss

Question 56

Barry, an alcoholic, suffers from alcoholic cardiomyopathy. What are the characteristics of this disorder?

A) enlargement of the heart, and constriction of the heart chambers
B) enlargement of the heart, and dilation of the heart chambers
C) atrophy of the heart, and constriction of the heart chambers
D) atrophy of the heart, and dilation of the heart chambers

Question 57

Increases in NMDA receptor levels is characteristic of which form of alcohol tolerance?

A) metabolic tolerance to alcohol
C) behavioral tolerance to alcohol
B) pharmacodynamic tolerance to alcohol
D) acute tolerance to alcohol

Question 58

How do type A alcoholics differ from type B alcoholics?

A) Type A: 25 and older with low genetic risk; Type B: under 25 with high genetic risk
B) Type A: 25 and older with high genetic risk; Type B: under 25 with low genetic risk
C) Type A: under 25 with low genetic risk; Type B: 25 and older with high genetic risk
D) Type A: under 25 with high genetic risk; Type B: 25 and older with low genetic risk

Question 59

After a week of heavy partying during spring break, Liz experiences abnormal heartbeats. She finds out from her doctor that she likely experienced cardiac arrhythmias referred to as "____."

A) holiday heart syndrome
C) drinker's heart syndrome
B) alcohol output syndrome
D) college cardiac syndrome

Question 60

Alcohol poisoning is characterized by inhibition of ____ functioning.

A) limbic system
C) autonomic system
B) hepatic
D) cardiovascular