Deck 9: Ghb, Inhalants, and Anesthetics

Question 1

At what rate does GHB degrade into GABA in the brain?

A) At 5-minute half-lives
C) At 45-minute half-lives
B) At 25-minute half-lives
D) At 65-minute half-lives

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Dr. Arnold studies endogenous GHB production in the brain. What does he determine is the relationship between GHB and GABA?

A) GHB is a precursor for GABA synthesis, and they are stored in the same storage vesicles.
B) GABA is a precursor for GHB synthesis, and they are stored in the same storage vesicles.
C) GABA is a precursor for GHB synthesis, and they are stored in separate storage vesicles.
D) GHB is a precursor for GABA synthesis, and they are stored in separate storage vesicles.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is both a drug and a neurotransmitter that has what type of effects on the central nervous system (CNS)?

A) depressant
C) psychedelic
B) stimulant
D) neutralizing

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What criminal act is most often associated with GHB use?

A) gang violence
C) spousal abuse
B) date rape
D) indecent exposure

Question 5

Dan was prosecuted for the illegal synthesis and disruption of GHB. What household item was listed in the court documents as a precursor chemical for GHB synthesis?

A) paint thinner
C) laundry detergent
B) glue
D) cough syrup

Question 6

Researchers first synthesized GHB in 1960 as part of an effort to develop compounds that have a similar chemical structure to the neurotransmitter ____.

A) glutamate
C) dopamine
B) GABA
D) serotonin

Question 7

Dr. Arnold scours the literature and finds that beyond the GHB receptor, studies indicate that GHB functions as an agonist for the ____ receptor (Diana et al., 1991; Pistis et al., 2005).

A) GABA_A
C) GABA_C
B) GABA_B
D) GABA_D

Question 8

Early pharmacological studies found that GHB elicits a unique sleeping pattern that is characterized by ____.

A) growth-hormone release and shorter periods of deep sleep
B) growth-hormone release and longer periods of deep sleep
C) prostaglandin release and shorter periods of deep sleep
D) prostaglandin release and longer periods of deep sleep

Question 9

Why do authorities often have a difficult time verifying the use of GHB in sexual assault cases?

A) The use of other drugs mask the chemical detection process for GHB.
B) GHB binds tightly to heme groups.
C) GHB has a short elimination period.
D) GHB is quickly converted into succinic semialdehyde.

Question 10

The oral delivery of GHB is the most common route of delivery used in sexual assault cases. Why might this be?

A) Liquid GHB is colorless and tasteless.
B) Liquid GHB is colorless and has a longer half-life than the solid form.
C) Liquid GHB is tasteless and has increased binding affinity than the solid form.
D) Liquid GHB has an increased binding affinity and longer-half life than the solid form.

Question 11

Graduate student Darryl adds DrugX to the bathing media of his neuronal cultures and finds strong depletion of GHB. What was a likely target of this drug?

A) glutathione synthetase
C) succinic semialdehyde reductase
B) lactate dehydrogenase
D) d-amino acid oxidase

Question 12

Which statement regarding GHB is true?

A) GHB is used to treat ADHD.
B) GHB has yet to be classified as a controlled substance.
C) GHB is naturally synthesized by the body.
D) GHB was first synthesized to mimic the actions of norepinephrine.

Question 13

Why is the GHB derivative sodium oxybate an effective treatment for narcolepsy?

A) Sodium oxybate promotes increased arousal.
B) Sodium oxybate enhances restorative sleep.
C) Sodium oxybate resets the circadian rhythm.
D) Sodium oxybate blocks GABA receptors.

Question 14

Sodium GHB is used for the treatment of ____.

A) Alzheimer's disease
C) narcolepsy
B) pain management
D) ADHD

Question 15

Dr. Arnold analyzes the results of an experiment exploring the interaction of GHB with its receptor. What is Dr. Arnold likely to find?

A) GHB receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor that causes inhibitory effects .on neurons
B) GHB receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor that causes excitatory effects on neurons.
C) GHB receptor is an ionotropic receptor that causes inhibitory effects on neurons.
D) GHB receptor is an ionotropic receptor that causes excitatory effects on neurons.

Question 16

Dr. Arnold performs an immunocytochemical stain to determine the localization of GHB receptors. What is he likely to find?

A) GHB receptors are highly concentrated in the amygdala.
B) GHB receptors are highly concentrated in the nucleus accumbens.
C) GHB receptors are highly concentrated in the hippocampus.
D) GHB receptors are highly concentrated in the hypothalamus.

Question 17

In the body, naturally occurring GHB is a metabolite of ____.

A) serotonin
C) dopamine
B) GABA
D) acetylcholine

Question 18

Dr. Arnold is excited to discover the relationship between GHB and dopamine release. What does he find?

A) Both low and high doses lead to increased dopamine levels in the long-term.
B) Both low and high doses lead to decreased dopamine levels in the long-term.
C) Low doses decrease dopamine release; high doses eventually increase dopamine levels.
D) Low doses increase dopamine release; high doses eventually decrease dopamine levels.

Question 19

Dr. Arnold studies endogenous GHB production and storage in the brain. He determines that the relationship between GHB and GABA storage is that they are stored ____.

A) in the same storage vesicles
B) in separate storage vesicles
C) as combined chemicals
D) tethered to a protein complex

Question 20

Dr. Bennett lectures on the function of prodrugs, which are converted to active metabolites in the body. She describes the final step in the conversion of prodrug 1,4-butanediol to GHB. What pathway does she describe?

A) 1,4-butanediol is converted to GHB by aldehyde dehydrogenase.
B) GBL is converted to GHB by alcohol dehydrogenase.
C) 1,4-butanediol is converted to GHB by alcohol dehydrogenase.
D) GBL is converted to GHB by aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Question 21

Willy calls out to his roommate, "Hey - let me try that laughing gas." What does Willy want to try?

A) nitrous oxide
C) toluene
B) amyl nitrite
D) ethylene

Question 22

By far, the majority of abused inhalants consists of volatile solvents, fuels, and anesthetics. The most frequently used compound in this category is ____.

A) xylene
C) acetone
B) toluene
D) butane

Question 23

Ginger is offered a popper by her friend Gavin. What is Gavin trying to give Ginger?

A) nitrous oxide
C) toluene
B) amyl nitrite
D) ethylene

Question 24

Ginger engages in popper use. What is she likely to experience?

A) light headedness
C) anxiety
B) memory loss
D) hallucinations

Question 25

Approximately two million adolescents use inhalants, with most inhalant use occurring at age ____.

A) 12
C) 16
B) 14
D) 18

Question 26

Studies find that strong doses of GHB lead to ____.

A) feelings of depression and disinhibition
C) confusion and disinhibition
B) feelings of depression and drowsiness
D) confusion and drowsiness

Question 27

What statement accurately reflects the time course of the subjective effects of GHB?

A) Stimulant effects persist throughout.
B) Depressant effects persist throughout.
C) Stimulant effects occur early on, and depressant effects occur later.
D) Depressant effects occur early on, and stimulant effects occur later.

Question 28

While presenting a seminar about the criminal use of GHB, Dr. Bentley reports that sexual predators use GHB, particularly in combination with alcohol, to make a victim appear inebriated and to ____.

A) create a false memory
B) induce memory loss
C) make themselves seem more appealing to their victims
D) exert mind control over their victims

Question 29

Pedro was caught by his parents inhaling the fumes from model airplane cement. What type of drug was Pedro inhaling?

A) xylene
C) acetone
B) toluene
D) butane

Question 30

What is an example of a subjective experience reported by GHB users (which occurs during - not after - drug use), as described in a survey conducted by Miotto and colleagues (2001)?

A) Increased anxiety
C) Increased happiness
B) Hallucinations
D) Delusions

Question 31

Inhalant abuse is least likely to occur with ____ children.

A) African American
C) Caucasian
B) Asian
D) Hispanic

Question 32

Sheridan is at the store looking for a source of nitrous oxide. What is he likely to purchase?

A) Container of bleach
C) Lighter fluid
B) Painter thinner
D) Aerosol whip cream container

Question 33

Nicole abuses xylene. What is she likely to use as a source of xylene?

A) Lighter fluid
C) Nail polish
B) Glue
D) Paint thinner

Question 34

Two of the oldest known psychoactive inhalants include ____.

A) nitrous oxide and ether
C) Toluene and ether
B) nitrous oxide and amyl nitrite
D) Toluene and amyl nitrite

Question 35

Which statement regarding the use of inhalants by adolescents is accurate?

A) Inhalant use increases as adolescents grow.
B) Inhalant use decreases as adolescents grow.
C) Inhalant use remains constant during adolescence.
D) Inhalant use peaks in early adolescence and then again in late adolescence.

Question 36

Studies in controlled laboratory conditions report that strong doses of GHB ____.

A) lead to a rapid heart beat
C) increase blood pressure
B) block digestive functions
D) decrease respiratory rates

Question 37

Aurora engages in acute GHB use. What type of withdrawal symptom is she likely to experience?

A) confusion
C) seizures
B) tremor
D) hallucinations

Question 38

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) ____.

A) only around-the-clock use of GHB typically meets the criteria for substance dependence
B) even around the clock use of GHB fails to meet the criteria for substance abuse
C) patterns of acute and chronic use meet the criteria for substance dependence
D) acute GHB use often meets the criteria for substance dependence

Question 39

Inhalant use is considered ____.

A) uncommon
C) practical
B) safe
D) expensive

Question 40

Who is at the greater risk for inhalant use?

A) Shaun, who lives in a geographically isolated area
B) Marcus, who lives in an urban environment
C) Rocco, who works the night shift
D) Jack, who works over 60 hours a week

Question 41

Which statement best describes the earliest uses of nitrous oxide following its discovery by Sir Humphrey Davy?

A) It was first used as a rather ineffective anesthetic.
B) It was first used as a very effective anesthetic.
C) It was first used for recreational purposes in isolation.
D) It was first used for recreational purposes at social gatherings.

Question 42

Describe the pharmacological actions of GHB. Provide a description of the storage of GHB and the localization of GHB receptors in the brain. In addition, include an analysis of GHB-receptor activation and its effect on other neurotransmitters.

Question 43

Describe Baker and colleagues (2008) study in which they conducted a three-lever drug-discrimination procedure to shed light on the basis of GHB's subjective mechanisms. Highlight important insights of the study, analyzing the importance of the findings in understanding GHB's discriminative stimulus effects.

Question 44

According to Kurtzman and colleagues (2001), who is experiencing the second stage of toluene's effects?

A) Kip, who is experiencing blunted sensations and impaired motor coordination
B) Shiloh, who is experiencing stupor and eventual unconsciousness
C) Sabine, who is experiencing excitation, euphoria, and exhilaration
D) Emilio, who is experiencing disorientation, slurred speech, and confusion

Question 45

Charlene is engrossed in a novel in which the main character, Dr. Jones, spends his evenings huffing ether. What does this mean?

A) Dr. Jones places ether in a paper bag and inhales the fumes.
B) Dr. Jones is vaporizing ether and ingesting the condensed particles.
C) Dr. Jones places an ether-soaked clothe directly over his nose.
D) Dr. Jones is engaging in the insufflation of ether.

Question 46

Sudden sniffing death syndrome may occur when ____.

A) a user is suddenly startled
B) a user inhales the vapors of an expired chemical
C) oxygen suddenly rushes to the brain
D) inhalant use is accompanied by cigarette use

Question 47

Some of the first reports of inhalant sniffing occurred ____.

A) during the Civil War
C) during the Great Depression
B) during the Roaring Twenties
D) immediately after World War II

Question 48

What are the two main mechanisms of action of the inhalant toluene?

A) NMDA receptor agonism; GABA receptor antagonism
B) NMDA receptor agonism; GABA receptor agonism
C) NMDA receptor antagonism; GABA receptor antagonism
D) NMDA receptor antagonism; GABA receptor agonism

Question 49

Darren is a chronic user of toluene and may have developed pharmacodynamic tolerance to the drug. What would be the biological evidence to support his pharmacodynamic tolerance to toluene?

A) Decreased NMDA receptor levels
C) Decreased GABA receptor levels
B) Increased NMDA receptors levels
D) Increased GABA receptor levels

Question 50

Three common approaches to inhaling solvents are called ____.

A) huffing, blowing, and bagging
C) sniffing, heaving, and bagging
B) heaving, blowing, and sniffing
D) sniffing, huffing, and bagging

Question 51

Beyond NMDA and GABAA receptors, toluene may also function as an ____.

A) antagonist for serotonin (5-HT)3 receptors and an agonist for nicotinic receptors
B) agonist for serotonin (5-HT)3 receptors and an antagonist for nicotinic receptors
C) antagonist for both serotonin (5-HT)3 receptors and nicotinic receptors
D) agonist for both serotonin (5-HT)3 receptors and nicotinic receptors

Question 52

Inhalant overdose characterized by a series of adverse effects, including stupor, seizure, unconsciousness, cessation of breathing, and cardiac arrest, is referred to as ____.

A) acute intolerance syndrome
C) overdose attack syndrome
B) sudden sniffing death syndrome
D) huffing hazard syndrome

Question 53

Rory is a chronic user of inhalants. What might we find if we looked into Rory's brain?

A) White matter thickening and ventricle enlargement
B) White matter degeneration and ventricle enlargement
C) White matter thickening and ventricle shrinking
D) White matter degeneration and ventricle shrinking

Question 54

According to Kurtzman and colleagues (2001), who is experiencing the fourth stage of toluene's effects?

A) Kip, who is experiencing blunted sensations and impaired motor coordination
B) Shiloh, who is experiencing stupor and eventual unconsciousness
C) Sabine, who is experiencing excitation, euphoria, and exhilaration
D) Emilio, who is experiencing disorientation, slurred speech, and confusion

Question 55

What pharmacological characteristics do most inhalants have?

A) lipid solubility, rapid absorption, and rapid elimination
B) lipid solubility, rapid absorption, and slow elimination
C) water solubility, slow absorption, and rapid elimination
D) water solubility, rapid absorption, and slow elimination

Question 56

What is an accurate description of about the frequency of withdrawal symptoms following inhalant use?

A) Withdrawal symptoms are common even after acute use.
B) Withdrawal symptoms are common but only after chronic use.
C) Withdrawal symptoms are uncommon, but may occur after binge use.
D) Withdrawal symptoms have not been reported.

Question 57

What is the primary treatment for inhalant overdose?

A) ipecac syrup
C) epinephrine
B) insulin
D) oxygen delivery

Question 58

According to Kurtzman and colleagues (2001), who is experiencing the third stage of toluene's effects?

A) Kip, who is experiencing blunted sensations and impaired motor coordination
B) Shiloh, who is experiencing stupor and eventual unconsciousness
C) Sabine, who is experiencing excitation, euphoria, and exhilaration
D) Emilio, who is experiencing disorientation, slurred speech, and confusion

Question 59

According to Kurtzman and colleagues (2001), who is experiencing the first stage of toluene's effects?

A) Kip, who is experiencing blunted sensations and impaired motor coordination
B) Shiloh, who is experiencing stupor and eventual unconsciousness
C) Sabine, who is experiencing excitation, euphoria, and exhilaration
D) Emilio, who is experiencing disorientation, slurred speech, and confusion

Question 60

Microdialysis studies evaluating toluene's ability to enhance nucleus accumbens dopamine levels, an action usually predictive of a drug's reinforcing effects, ____.

A) demonstrate an increase in dopamine levels
B) demonstrate a decrease in dopamine levels
C) show that toluene has no effect on dopamine levels
D) provide mixed results