Deck 5: Drugs of Abuse

Question 1

Stephan who has struggled with alcoholism most of his adult life has not had a drink of alcohol in the last 12 months. However, he still has strong cravings to drink alcohol from time-to-time. What term characterizes Stephan's remission state?

A) sustained full remission
C) sustained partial remission
B) relapsing remission
D) partial dependent remission

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Criticisms of controlled substances schedules address which two issues?

A) Practicality and methods used
B) Practicality and infringement on rights
C) Appropriateness and methods used
D) Appropriateness and infringement on rights

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A maladaptive pattern of substance use that does not involve tolerance or dependence is referred to as ____.

A) drug addiction
C) recreational drug habit
B) substance abuse
D) instrumental drug habit

Answer 3

B

Question 4

One of the first national regulations on drugs of abuse was the Harrison Narcotics Act passed, which restricted the sale of narcotics for medical uses. When was this law passed?

A) 1915
C) 1951
B) 1932
D) 1970

Question 5

Big Pharma is testing a new drug, Medforma. Which governmental agency will be in charge of designating Medforma's schedule classification?

A) Food and Drug Administration
B) Drug Enforcement Administration
C) Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives Bureau
D) Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

Question 6

Early clinical definitions of addiction focused on the development of tolerance, physical dependence, and craving (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1995). What is a criticism of this definition?

A) It is too inclusive.
C) It is operational.
B) It is too limited in scope.
D) It is not evidence-based.

Question 7

Early clinical definitions of addiction focused on the development of tolerance, physical dependence, and ____ (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1995).

A) physical deterioration
C) craving
B) behaviors consistent with drug abuse
D) sensitization

Question 8

One source currently describes addiction as substance dependence: "maladaptive pattern of substance use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress as manifested by three (or more) [symptoms] occurring at any time in the same 12-month period." What is the source?

A) Drug Enforcement Administration Resource Manual
B) Controlled Substances Act
C) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
D) National Institute on Drug Abuse Regulatory Guidebook

Question 9

Dr. Donahue is characterizing the effects of a schedule V drug, ChemZ, on the central nervous system. According to its schedule, we can determine that ChemZ is deemed to have a ____.

A) relatively low abuse potential and a legitimate medical purpose
B) moderate abuse potential and a legitimate medical purpose
C) high abuse potential and a legitimate medical purpose
D) high abuse potential and lack of medical usefulness

Question 10

A return to a chronic drug use state that meets the clinical features of addiction is referred to as ____.

A) resurgence
C) relapse
B) reoccurrence
D) reappearance

Question 11

Suzette, a recovering heroin addict, is currently in sustained full remission. What does this mean?

A) She has shown no symptoms for dependence or abuse over the last 12 months.
B) She has not used heroin or any other addictive drug during the last 12 months.
C) She has not shown any signs of maladaptive behavior or poor health for the last 12 months.
D) Although she has strong cravings for heroin, she has resisted using the drug.

Question 12

How do drug-addiction models differ from clinical definitions of addiction?

A) Drug addiction models explain compulsive drug use.
B) Drug addiction models serve to diagnose an addiction.
C) Drug addiction models address withdrawal symptoms.
D) Drug addiction models recognize behaviors associated with addiction.

Question 13

Dr. Rodriguez is characterizing the effects of a schedule I drug, ChemY, on the central nervous system. According to its schedule, we can determine that ChemY is deemed to have a ____.

A) relatively low abuse potential and a legitimate medical purpose
B) moderate abuse potential and a legitimate medical purpose
C) high abuse potential and a legitimate medical purpose
D) high abuse potential and lack of medical usefulness

Question 14

Which act first described drugs of abuse as controlled substances, requiring the legal regulation of certain drugs with abuse potential and leading to an abuse potential/medical use classification system?

A) Harrison Narcotics Act
C) Misuse of Drugs Act
B) Controlled Substances Act
D) Dangerous Drugs Act

Question 15

The DSM addiction definition differs from earlier definitions because it considers ____.

A) drug use that persists despite a strong desire to stop
B) tolerance and psychological dependence
C) that addiction is characterized by lack of knowledge of physical or psychological harm
D) the fact that not all addictive drugs are harmful

Question 16

Who is engaging in recreational drug use?

A) Amelia, who uses caffeine to feel more awake in the morning
B) Javier,who uses caffeine to help him concentrate while he studies
C) Ron, who uses alcohol to feel more relaxed at parties
D) Hal, who uses alcohol to feel its intoxicating effects

Question 17

A 1994 New York Times article illustrated the appropriateness of drug scheduling by gathering the opinions of two prominent drug abuse experts, Jack Henningfield and Neal Benowitz (Hilts, 1994). What was a major finding of this article?

A) Substances that pose the greatest addiction risk are not scheduled substances
B) Many drugs of abuse also have high therapeutic potential
C) Pharmaceutical companies heavily influence drug scheduling
D) Judicial penalties for drug offenses do not correlate well with drug schedules

Question 18

Laws at the state and national level limit the availability of drugs deemed to ____.

A) alter mental states
C) have a significant risk of abuse
B) lead to drug addiction
D) cause serious adverse health effects

Question 19

How do some drug developers circumvent existing drug schedules?

A) By relying on the biological effects of active metabolites
B) By designing drugs that are safe but addictive
C) By designing drugs that have high therapeutic efficacy as well as high abuse potential
D) By testing their drugs in rodent but not human models

Question 20

Professor Eagleton is giving a lecture on drug enforcement and regulation. What point is she most likely to make about the drug scheduling process?

A) The scheduling process is often too slow to be effective.
B) The scheduling process often makes snap judgements about drugs.
C) The scheduling process fails to take into account scientific evidence.
D) The scheduling process constantly reevaluates and reclassifies drug schedules.

Question 21

Dr. Benoit is a proponent of the disease model of drug addiction. Which statement is he most likely to agree with?

A) The process of eliminating substance abuse should focus on a psychological, not biological approach.
B) The abused substance is a manifestation of the disease, not the cause of it.
C) Drugs disrupt neurobiological processes, leading to addictive behaviors.
D) Drug addiction is caused by maladaptive behavior.

Question 22

The unconditioned stimulus is the ____.

A) open arm
C) food pellet
B) closed arm
D) clicking noise

Question 23

In the incentive-salience model, what is meant by the term wanting?

A) Using a drug because of the enjoyment of its effects
B) The stimuli associated with drug use induces a motivational state to use the drug
C) The need to use the drug is associated with avoiding withdrawal symptoms
D) Having a strong craving for a drug at any random moment

Question 24

Which is an example of positive reinforcement?

A) A rat presses a lever to stop a loud noise.
B) A rat presses a lever to receive a food pellet.
C) A rat learns that a tone signals a food pellet is coming.
D) A rat learns that a tone signals a loud noise will stop.

Question 25

What is a process in which the resulting consequence from a response increases the frequency of future responses?

A) discrimination
C) conditioning
B) association
D) reinforcement

Question 26

The key structures along the brain's reward circuitry consist of the ____.

A) hippocampus and thalamus
B) hippocampus and nucleus accumbens
C) ventral tegmental area and thalamus
D) ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens

Question 27

Graduate student Sam sets up an experiment in which a rat hears a tone every time a fruit loop is placed in his cage. The rat, when hungry, eventually emits responses in order to activate the tone. The tone is referred to as a ____ reinforcer.

A) conditioned
C) neutral
B) associated
D) discriminating

Question 28

Which is an example of negative reinforcement?

A) A rat presses a lever to stop a loud noise.
B) A rat presses a lever to receive a food pellet.
C) A rat learns that a tone signals a food pellet is coming.
D) A rat learns that a tone signals a loud noise will stop.

Question 29

Behavior that occurs when an organism engages in learned behaviors in order to achieve a desired objective is referred to as ____.

A) reflexive behavior
C) incentive salience behavior
B) operational behavior
D) goal-directed behavior

Question 30

Incentive salience is the attribution of salient motivational value to a(n) ____ stimuli.

A) conditioned
C) neutral
B) unconditioned
D) reinforced

Question 31

In classical conditioning, behaviors occur ____.

A) reflexively
B) instinctively
C) as a result of meeting past consequences
D) independent of associative learning

Question 32

The conditioned stimulus is the ____.

A) open arm
C) food pellet
B) closed arm
D) clicking noise

Question 33

Which theory proposes that the body automatically counteracts the effects of a drug?

A) drug-homeostasis model
C) reactionary-maintenance model
B) rebound theory
D) opponent-process theory

Question 34

Who proposed one of the first drug-addiction models exclaiming that drug-addicted individuals develop a drive to achieve a drug's positive reinforcing effects, motivating a person to engage in drug seeking behavior?

A) Wikler
C) Pavlov
B) Solomon
D) Corbit

Question 35

Postdoctoral research fellow Julio performs a cocaine self-administration experiment on rats. During a presentation of his findings, Julio reports, "I have determined that rats will, on average, lever press around 200 times to receive a self-administered dose of cocaine." What has Julio measured?

A) break point
C) addiction index
B) excitatory constant
D) reward threshold

Question 36

A conditioned response in this scenario would be ____.

A) entering the open arm to get the food pellet
B) entering the open arm when a clicking noise is heard
C) remaining in the closed arm despite the presence of a food pellet
D) remaining in the closed arm despite hearing a clicking noise

Question 37

At a seminar on drug addiction, Dr. Chang makes a statement, "Drug addiction occurs after a shift from "liking" the effects of a drug to "wanting " the effects." Dr. Chang is most likely to support which model of drug addiction?

A) associative learning model
C) goal-directed behavior model
B) incentive-salience model
D) opponent-process model

Question 38

Unlike the drive model, the opponent-process theory considers that addictive drug use occurs partly ____.

A) to enhance reward outcomes
C) to counteract homeostasis
B) to prevent withdrawal symptoms
D) as a psychological coping mechanism

Question 39

An unconditioned response in this scenario would be ____.

A) entering the open arm to get the food pellet
B) entering the open arm when a clicking noise is heard
C) remaining in the closed arm despite the presence of a food pellet
D) remaining in the closed arm despite hearing a clicking noise

Question 40

Associative learning principles are likely to characterize the ____ features of drug use.

A) behavioral
C) subconscious
B) cognitive
D) biological

Question 41

Chronic treatment with an abused drug may also recruit procedural memory systems involving the ____.

A) dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex
C) amygdala
B) dorsal striatum
D) hippocampus

Question 42

Which has the greatest effect in enhancing dopamine release from axon terminals in the nucleus accumbens?

A) food
C) sex
B) novel stimuli
D) amphetamine

Question 43

Neurons containing which neurotransmitter largely compose the reward circuits of the brain?

A) dopamine
C) GABA
B) glutamate
D) acetylcholine

Question 44

Which type of therapies teach drug-addicted individuals to identify and reduce their urges to use a substance?

A) social therapies
C) behavioral therapies
B) psychodynamic therapies
D) cognitive-behavioral therapies

Question 45

Who first reported that dopamine has functional significance for brain function by mediating the pharmacological effects of the drug reserpine?

A) Arvid Carlsson
C) Kathleen Montagu
B) James Olds
D) Abraham Wikler

Question 46

Which type of therapies are characterized by individuals joining others in their common battle with addiction?

A) social therapies
C) behavioral therapies
B) psychodynamic therapies
D) cognitive-behavioral therapies

Question 47

Beyond the effects of acute drug administration, chronic administration of an abused drug leads to changes in brain systems primarily involved in ____.

A) motivation and reward
C) coordination and reflexive responses
B) learning and memory
D) processing of sensory information

Question 48

Food addiction is an emerging focus for mental health professionals. The current DSM fails to characterize food addiction as a disorder. Drawing from the studies discussed in the text, illustrate how obesity might satisfy the DSM's criteria for dependence and how overeating shares many of the neurobiological features of drug addiction.

Question 49

Beyond the reward system, which brain structures adapt to the chronic use of abused drugs?

A) amygdala, thalamus, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus
B) ventral tegmental area, amygdala, thalamus, and nucleus accumbens
C) nucleus accumbens, caudate putamen, thalamus, and hippocampus
D) caudate putamen, thalamus, prefrontal cortex, and ventral tegmental area

Question 50

Studies by Kalivas and colleagues showed that stimuli once strongly paired with drug use activate what type of neurons to elicit desire for the drug?

A) dopamine
C) GABA
B) glutamate
D) acetylcholine

Question 51

Padma is addicted to heroin. She wants to quit, but every time she runs into her neighbor, with whom she frequently engaged in heroin use, she has strong cravings for the drug. Which of Padma's brain structures played an initial role in forming associations between her neighbor and the reinforcing effects of heroin?

A) hippocampus
C) amygdala
B) prefrontal cortex
D) thalamus

Question 52

How is medication viewed in the detoxification and prevention of drug relapse processes?

A) It is not recommended for either detoxification or prevention of relapse.
B) It is helpful in both detoxification and the prevention of relapse.
C) It is helpful for detoxification but harmful for prevention of relapse.
D) It is harmful for detoxification but helpful for prevention of relapse.

Question 53

The discovery of the brain reward circuit in 1954 is attributed to ____.

A) Arvid Carlsson
C) Kathleen Montagu
B) James Olds
D) Abraham Wikler

Question 54

Leading authorities in drug-addiction research describe addiction as a cycle involving three primary stages: intoxication, withdrawal, and ____.

A) craving and instigation
C) homeostasis and maintenance
B) preoccupation and anticipation
D) desire and fulfillment

Question 55

After years of alcohol abuse, Charlene is beginning an addiction treatment program at an in-house facility. What will likely be the first step in her addiction treatment program?

A) reconciliation
C) intense psychotherapy
B) admitting that she is addicted
D) detoxification

Question 56

Discuss how chronic drug abuse induces changes to learning and memory systems. Include in your answer a description of the neurobiological basis of this process and how it reinforces drug use.

Question 57

To stimulate a reward pathway in the brain, Dr. Brochier targets GABA receptors with heroin. What is the relationship between GABA receptors and the reward pathway?

A) Stimulating GABA receptors causes an increase in dopamine neuron activity.
B) Stimulating GABA receptors increases dopamine receptor levels.
C) Inhibiting GABA receptors causes an increase in dopamine neuron activity.
D) Inhibiting GABA receptors increases dopamine receptor levels.

Question 58

Which type of therapies attempt to provide alternative reinforcers for behaviors in the drug-seeking and using process?

A) social therapies
C) behavioral therapies
B) psychodynamic therapies
D) cognitive-behavioral therapies

Question 59

According to a longitudinal study by Mtzell (1998), what percent of heroin addicts remained drug free 20-years after the study commenced?

A) 10%
C) 30%
B) 20%
D) 40%

Question 60

Which answer correctly pairs a stage of drug addiction with the associated brain pathway and drug addiction model?

A) Intoxication: drive model and thalamo-cortical-amygdala pathway
B) Withdrawal: opponent-process model and amygdala
C) Preoccupation: drive model and reward pathway
D) Anticipation: opponent-process thalamo-cortical-amygdala pathway