Deck 1: Introduction to Psychopharmacology

Question 1

A drug's generic name is typically developed for the purpose of ____.

A) chemically classifying a drug
B) marketing the drug
C) giving credit to the manufacturer of the drug
D) describing the drug's physiological function

Answer 1

A

Question 2

One definition of a drug is that it is an administered substance that alters physiological functioning. What are the limitations of this definition?

A) It is too precise.
B) Most drugs have no pronounced physiological effect.
C) It does not differentiate between illegal and legal drug use.
D) It encompasses many substances not typically thought of as drugs.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

A ratio of the amount of drug per an organism's body weight is referred to as the ____ of a drug.

A) dose
C) bioavailability
B) dissolution
D) concentration

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The study of how drugs pass through the body is referred to as ____.

A) pharmacogenetics
C) pharmacovigilence
B) pharmacodynamics
D) pharmacokinetics

Question 5

If drug A has an ED₅₀ value of 12.0 mg/kg, and drug B has an ED₅₀ value of 4.0 mg/kg, what can we say about the potencies of these drugs?

A) Drug A is three times more potent than drug B.
B) Drug A is eight times more potent than drug B.
C) Drug B is three times more potent than drug A.
D) Drug B is eight times more potent than drug A.

Question 6

Which is the best example of an objective effect of a drug?

A) Drug W causes Siamus to feel anxious.
B) Drug X causes Violet to see bright spots.
C) Drug Y causes Sam abdominal discomfort.
D) Drug Z causes Patti's blood pressure to increase.

Question 7

Psychopharmacology is the study of how drugs affect mood, perception, thinking, or ____.

A) motor control
C) immune function
B) behavior
D) biological development

Question 8

Using an animal model, Dr. Wang calculates the therapeutic index for a newly developed drug, VitaDex, which has been designed to increase natural vitamin D production in response to artificial light. Which question is she trying to answer?

A) What is the effectiveness of VitaDex in increasing natural vitamin D production?
B) What is the difference in dose of VitaDex that kills half of the subjects and dose that produces a full therapeutic effect?
C) At what dose does VitaDex begin to induce health hazards?
D) What is the cost-benefit ratio of administering VitaDex at a level known to induce health hazards?

Question 9

Charlene misuses cough syrups containing codeine. What is meant by the term misuse?

A) Charlene is addicted to codeine.
B) Charlene's use of codeine causes harm to herself.
C) Charlene obtains codeine containing cough syrup illegally.
D) Charlene uses codeine for recreation purposes.

Question 10

Psychoactive drugs act on the ____.

A) lymphatic system
C) integumentary system
B) endocrine system
D) nervous system

Question 11

Potency refers to the amount of drug used to produce ____.

A) maximal effectiveness
C) a certain level of effect
B) an effect without toxicity
D) an off-target effect

Question 12

A drug's trade name is typically developed for the purpose of ____.

A) chemically classifying a drug
B) marketing the drug
C) giving credit to the manufacturer of the drug
D) describing the drug's physiological function

Question 13

Dr. Engle is a toxicologist at the pharmaceutical company Pharma Giant. He wants to calculate a conservative value for his therapeutic index. Which formula should he use?

A) LD₁/ED₉₉
C) LD₅₀/ED₅₀
B) ED₉₉/LD₁
D) ED₅₀/LD₅₀

Question 14

One reason that psychopharmacology is an incredibly important part of modern psychology is because ____.

A) psychoactive drug use is highly prevalent
B) due to misinformation, psychoactive drug use is on the decline
C) psychoactive drugs are restricted for the use of psychological disorders
D) many psychologists need to be convinced of the effectiveness of psychoactive drugs

Question 15

The study of how drugs affect biological actions is referred to as ____.

A) pharmacogenetics
C) pharmacovigilence
B) pharmacodynamics
D) pharmacokinetics

Question 16

Tom drinks alcohol to feel its intoxicating effects. Tom's use of alcohol is considered recreational because he ____.

A) uses alcohol entirely to experience its effects
B) is addicted to alcohol
C) is addressing a specific purpose
D) does not use alcohol for a medical purpose

Question 17

The study of how an individual's biological differences influence a drug's affect on biological functions and passage through the body is referred to as ____.

A) pharmacogenetics
C) pharmacovigilence
B) pharmacodynamics
D) pharmacokinetics

Question 18

What term is used to describe the dose of a drug required to produce 50 percent of the maximal effect?

A) K_i
C) ED₅₀
B) IC₅₀
D) LD₅₀

Question 19

Cadence drinks caffeine every morning to help her wake up. Cadence's use of caffeine is considered instrumental because she ____.

A) uses caffeine entirely to experience its effects
B) is addicted to caffeine
C) is addressing a specific purpose
D) does not use caffeine for a medical purpose

Question 20

Devin abuses cough syrups containing codeine. What is meant by the term abuse?

A) Devin is addicted to codeine.
B) Devin's use of codeine causes harm to himself.
C) Devin obtains codeine containing cough syrup illegally.
D) Devin uses codeine for recreation purposes.

Question 21

When a model forecasts characteristics of a disorder, this is referred to as ____.

A) construct validity
C) external validity
B) predictive validity
D) face validity

Question 22

Dr. Lopez designs a clinical trial: • Group A will receive a placebo
• Group B will receive Drug X-low dose
• Group C will receive Drug X-high dose
• Blood pressure will be measured four times for each participant
This is an example of what type of study design?

A) One-arm design: only one physiological parameter is measured
B) Two-arm design: there are two main groups (placebo vs. drug)
C) Three-arm design: there are three groups total (placebo, low dose, high dose)
D) Four-arm design: the physiological parameter is measured four times

Question 23

In a correlational study, the independent variable is ____.

A) not altered and the relationship between variables is inferred
B) altered and the relationship between variables is inferred
C) not altered and a causal relationship between variables is established
D) altered and a causal relationship between variables is established

Question 24

What is the purpose of performing an open-label study?

A) Withholding treatment may be unethical.
B) Feedback from study participants is important.
C) Researchers must know which patients receive which treatment.
D) Informed consent is only possible with open-label studies.

Question 25

When a model appears similar to a disorder, this is referred to as ____.

A) construct validity
C) internal validity
B) predictive validity
D) face validity

Question 26

The ability to extend findings beyond experimental conditions is referred to as ____.

A) external validity
C) construct validity
B) internal validity
D) face validity

Question 27

Which is the best example of a control group?

A) Study participants are given a dose of Drug X thought to have no physiological effects.
B) As a research participant, Ted unknowingly receives a placebo.
C) Allan administers the drug Calmix, but only conducts a toxicological profile of his subjects.
D) Chantal receives a high dose of the drug PhaseOut, but she feels no effects of the drug.

Question 28

In an experimental study, the independent variable is ____.

A) not altered and the relationship between variables is inferred
B) altered and the relationship between variables is inferred
C) not altered and a causal relationship between variables is established
D) altered and a causal relationship between variables is established

Question 29

Independent variables are study conditions that ____.

A) affect the dependent variable
C) cause confounding variables
B) provide measurement standards
D) skew the results of a study

Question 30

Experimental ____ addresses the quality of an experimental study.

A) precision
C) validity
B) control
D) reliability

Question 31

The adequacy of controlling variables that may obscure study results and reliability is referred to as ____.

A) external validity
C) predictive validity
B) face validity
D) internal validity

Question 32

When a model contains mechanisms related to those of a disorder, this is referred to as ____.

A) construct validity
C) external validity
B) predictive validity
D) face validity

Question 33

Dr. Sternberg publishes a research manuscript entitled: The novel drug BrainIx is highly effective in protecting brain cells grown in isolation. As an expert in drug studies, you recommend that Dr. Sternberg ____.

A) apply to the FDA to study BrainIx in humans
B) study BrainIx in an animal model
C) study BrainIx using a computer simulation
D) ignore his findings with BrainIx because cell models are not useful

Question 34

What is a limitation of using human subjects for psychopharmacology research?

A) Invasive measures are not possible.
B) The research is not cost effective.
C) The research is too time consuming.
D) Human populations are typically homogenous.

Question 35

Medical advances rely on animal research for three major reasons: ____.

A) lack of feasible alternatives; high predictive value; diversity of animal populations
B) lack of feasible alternatives; diversity of animal populations; drug assessment in controlled environment
C) high predictive value; lack of feasible alternatives; drug assessment in controlled environment
D) diversity of animal populations; high predictive value; drug assessment in controlled environment

Question 36

Dependent variables are ____ by researchers.

A) masked
C) assigned
B) manipulated
D) measured

Question 37

Before receiving her second clinical trial treatment, study participant Sheila asks the clinical trial nurse, "What type of drug am I receiving?" The nurse responds, "Although I do have this information, for purposes of the study I cannot provide it." This is an example of a(n) ____.

A) single-blind procedure
C) open-label study
B) double-blind procedure
D) concealed-label study

Question 38

Which is the best example of a subjective effect of a drug?

A) Drug W causes Louis's heart rate to increase.
B) Drug X alleviates Amber's fever.
C) Drug Y causes Pedro to feel disoriented.
D) Drug Z causes Fiona's pupils to dilate.

Question 39

Which agency enforces polices of the Public Health Service?

A) U.S. Department of Agriculture
C) Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare
B) Food and Drug Administration
D) National Research Council

Question 40

The USDA enforces regulations in the ____ Act.

A) Laboratory Safety
C) Ethical Research Practices
B) Rights for Animal Protection
D) Animal Welfare

Question 41

____ consists of a participant's thorough understanding of a study's procedures, possible gains, and potential risks.

A) Informed consent
C) Confidentiality agreement
B) Ethical assessment
D) Health care proxies

Question 42

Modern animal rights activities largely began after publication of philosopher Peter Singer's, book ____.

A) End the Carnage
C) Animal Liberation
B) What Gives Us the Right?
D) We Are Animals Too

Question 43

For the IACUC, the 3 R's address the necessity of using animals. The second "R" reduction refers to ____.

A) finding alternatives to animal research
B) minimizing the number of animals used
C) reducing costs associated with animal research
D) minimizing the pain and distress of animals

Question 44

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) makes ethical judgments according to its "3 R's": ____.

A) replacement, reduction, and respect
C) respect, reduction, and refinement
B) respect, replacement, and refinement
D) replacement, reduction, and refinement

Question 45

Groups such as the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) and the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) seek ____.

A) more humane treatment of animals in laboratory settings
B) complete cessation of animal research
C) limited use of animal research for terminal disease research only
D) expanded government oversight of animal research

Question 46

For the IACUC, the 3 R's address the necessity of using animals. The first "R" replacement refers to: ____.

A) finding alternatives to animal research
B) minimizing the number of animals used
C) reducing costs associated with animal research
D) minimizing the pain and distress of animals

Question 47

For the IACUC, the 3 R's address the necessity of using animals. The third "R" refinement refers to ____.

A) finding alternatives to animal research
B) minimizing the number of animals used
C) reducing costs associated with animal research
D) minimizing the pain and distress of animals

Question 48

Provide an in-depth explanation for the importance of animal research for psychopharmacology research. Include in your discussion the advantages of animal research models over other models.

Question 49

Organizations such as the Foundation for Biomedical Research and the Pro-Test seek ____.

A) to promote less governmental oversight over animal research
B) to educate the public about the value of animal research
C) to develop more effective animal disease models
D) to lessen the use of animal research by developing alternative methods

Question 50

____ weigh the value of potential research discoveries against the potential pain and distress experienced by research animals.

A) Therapeutic indexes
C) Cost-benefit ratios
B) Informed consents
D) Ethical cost assessments

Question 51

The Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) is a(n) ____ laboratory research accreditation organization.

A) federal
C) private
B) international
D) institution-specific

Question 52

What led federal legislators to pass the Animal Welfare Act in 1966?

A) Use of laboratory animals for the development of cosmetic products
B) Inhumane activities of animal research dealers
C) Common practice of animal vivisection in research laboratories
D) Public outcry for safer drugs

Question 53

After identifying the disorders to treat, there are several stages in therapeutic drug development. Reorder the following stages correctly. i. biological experimentation
Ii) safety pharmacology
Iii) clinical trials
Iv) drug synthesis
V) refined screening methods

A) iv, ii, i, v, iii
C) iv, i, v, ii, iii
B) i, iv, i, v, iii
D) i, iv, i, iii, v

Question 54

Some of the first written statements about the ethical conduct of human research are found in the ____.

A) United States Bill of Rights
B) Henrician Articles
C) Nuremberg Principles
D) European Convention on Human Rights Act

Question 55

Which is an example of a clinical trial that is currently in Phase II?

A) Study participants are given a low dose of Drug X to ensure its safety.
B) Study participants are followed for at least one year to determine the safety and efficacy of the drug.
C) Study participants from a more diverse background are given a large dose of Drug X for a long duration to test its safety and efficacy.
D) Study participants are given a larger dose of Drug X to determine its efficacy.

Question 56

Dr. Ma designs a study to test the effects of the novel anti-inflammatory drug InflaMED on a model of inflammation in laboratory rats. What does Dr. Ma first need to do?

A) Perform preliminary experiments on the rats before getting IACUC approval.
B) Submit a proposal to IACUC before starting any animal experiments.
C) Perform safety experiments on isolated cells or tissue before getting IACUC approval.
D) Ensure human tolerance for InflaMED before getting IACUC approval.

Question 57

Pharmaceutical drug research and development generally occurs in several stages. Provide an in-depth description of each stage of the drug research and development process.

Question 58

Clinical trials begin at phase I and progress through phases II, III, and IV. What would cause a drug to be removed from a clinical trial?

A) The drug is unsafe.
B) The drug is too similar to other marketed drugs.
C) The drug is found to have side-effects.
D) Bioavailability is poor.

Question 59

In the United States, which governmental agency oversees the regulation of human research?

A) National Institutes of Health
B) Food and Drug Administration
C) Center for Disease Control
D) Office of Protection from Research Risks

Question 60

What is a limitation of informed consent?

A) It precludes the use of blind-studies.
B) It does not allow children and mental incapable adults to participate in research studies.
C) It may lead to a breach of patient confidentiality.
D) Certain subject groups may not be able to directly give informed consent.