Deck 11: Cannabinoids

Question 1

Which is the most commonly used variety of cannabis?

A) Cannabis sativa
C) Cannabis gracilis
B) Cannabis indica
D) Cannabis ruderalis

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Cannabis may be inhaled through water-pipe devices or less elaborate pipes, referred to as ____, respectively.

A) roaches or bongs
C) hookahs or bongs
B) roaches or joints
D) hookahs or joints

Answer 2

C

Question 3

How do anandaminde and 2-AG differ from most other neurotransmitters?

A) They are not metabolized.
C) They do not bind to a receptor.
B) They are not stored in vesicles.
D) They are synthesized in the nucleus.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Research associate Dr. Sanchez would like to prevent the breakdown of 2-AG into inactive compounds. Which enzyme should she target?

A) NAPE phospholipase D
C) Monoacylglycerol lipase
B) sn-1-diacyglycerole lipase
D) FAAH

Question 5

Which statement best reflects changing social attitudes regarding the use of marijuana?

A) Cannabis abuse decreased in the late 1950s.
B) The Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America began excluding cannabis from its compilation of medicines after 1942.
C) Although the U.S. government began search and seizure operations at the U.S.-Mexico border in 1969, cannabis smugglers were mostly ignored.
D) As of 2011, current DEA Administrator Michele M. Leonhart is in strong support of lowering the scheduling of cannabis.

Question 6

Dr. Daly studies how endocannabinoid neurotransmitters interact with neuronal receptors. What neurotransmitters is she likely to study?

A) dronabinol and 2-AG
C) anandamide and 2-AG
B) dronabinol and 15d-PG2
D) anandamide and 15d-PG2

Question 7

For both recreational and instrumental purposes, users most often administer cannabis ____.

A) orally or by inhaling
C) injection or inhaling
B) orally or by insufflation
D) injection or insufflation

Question 8

The activation of cannabinoid receptors leads to various behavioral and psychologica effects by activating CB₁ and CB₂ receptors. What are the characteristics of these receptors?

A) ionotropic and excitatory
C) metabotropic and excitatory
B) ionotropic and inhibitory
D) metabotropic and inhibitory

Question 9

What is cannabis's key psychoactive ingredient?

A) Δ⁹-THC
C) cannabidiol
B) Δ⁸-THC
D) cannabinol

Question 10

The various behavioral and physiological effects described for cannabinoids and endocannabinoids result from actions at cannabinoid receptors, such as the CB₁ and CB₂ receptors. What type of receptors are CB₁ and CB₂?

A) CB₁ is ionotropic; CB₂ is ionotropic.
B) CB₁ is metabotropic; CB₂ is metabotropic.
C) CB₁ is ionotropic; CB₂ is metabotropic.
D) CB₁ is metabotropic; CB₂ is ionotropic.

Question 11

A condensed preparation of cannabis that primarily contains the trichome resins from the plant is referred to as ____.

A) reefer
C) potiguaya
B) weed
D) hashish

Question 12

The use of cannabis in modern medicine largely began from the efforts of ____.

A) Shen-Nung
C) William O'Shaughnessy
B) al-Hasan ibn al-Sabbah
D) Marco Polo

Question 13

Research associate Dr. Blake would like to prevent the breakdown of anandamide into inactive compounds. Which enzyme should he target?

A) NAPE phospholipase D
C) Monoacylglycerol lipase
B) sn-1-diacyglycerole lipase
D) FAAH

Question 14

Herbal marijuana alternatives are ____.

A) laboratory-synthesized cannabinoid receptor agonists
B) cannabis plants that have been modified to no longer contain Δ⁹-THC
C) other psychoactive plants that are typically stronger than cannabis
D) safer natural alternatives to cannabis

Question 15

Cannabis is included in which schedule, as designated by the DEA?

A) Schedule I
C) Schedule III
B) Schedule II
D) Schedule IV

Question 16

Johanna smokes marijuana. How long will Δ9-THC be detectable in her body?

A) one day
C) 14 days
B) seven days
D) 30 days

Question 17

According to the World Health Organization, approximately what percent of the world's population consumes cannabis on a regular basis?

A) 0.5%
C) 12.5%
B) 2.5%
D) 25%

Question 18

Small hairlike structures with glands that release a resin containing a number of phytocannabinoids are called ____.

A) panicles
C) racemes
B) trichomes
D) calyxes

Question 19

Δ⁹-THC exhibits high lipid solubility. How does this impact its effects?

A) This leads to slow distribution in tissues.
B) This decreases its elimination time.
C) Δ⁹-THC becomes sequestered in fat, leading to long-term pharmacological actions
D) Δ⁹-THC becomes sequestered in fat, making it less effective

Question 20

The United States first criminalized cannabis for nonmedical purposes in ____.

A) 1927
C) 1947
B) 1937
D) 1957

Question 21

After smoking cannabis, Latifah feels calm and relaxed. What subjective phase of cannabis use is Latifah experiencing?

A) buzz
C) stoned
B) high
D) wasted

Question 22

With the exception of glial cells, CB₂ receptors reside outside of the brain, particularly in ____.

A) muscle cells
C) hepatocytes
B) immune cells
D) skin cells

Question 23

After smoking cannabis, Bianca feels euphoric and exhilarated. What subjective phase of cannabis use is Bianca experiencing?

A) buzz
C) stoned
B) high
D) wasted

Question 24

For his upcoming experiments, graduate student Erik must use a drug that has the highest binding affinity for the CB₁ receptor . Which drug should he chose?

A) WIN55212-2
C) anandamide
B) cannabinol
D) Δ⁹-THC

Question 25

After smoking cannabis, Ken feels light-headed and dizzy. What subjective phase of cannabis use is Ken experiencing?

A) buzz
C) stoned
B) high
D) wasted

Question 26

Accelerated time, which is the perceived faster passage of time, occurs during which subjective phase of cannabis use?

A) buzz
C) stoned
B) high
D) wasted

Question 27

The endogenous cannabinoid system may be important for normal regulation of food intake. What is this inference based on?

A) 2-AG and anandamide reduce gherelin levels in the hypothalamus.
B) Gherelin reduces anandamide and 2-AG concentrations in the hypothalamus.
C) 2-AG and anandamide reduce leptin levels in the hypothalamus.
D) Leptin reduces anandamide and 2-AG concentrations in the hypothalamus.

Question 28

What were the findings of a study by Foltin and colleagues (1990) regarding cannabis use and motivation?

A) Cannabis users chose effortless tasks, showing a loss of motivation.
B) The use of cannabis had no effect on whether a participant chose an effortful or effortless task.
C) Cannabis users chose tasks requiring more effort perhaps because these tasks seemed less effortful.
D) Although cannabis users chose more effortful tasks, they chose to complete less tasks overall than non-cannabis users.

Question 29

Regular cannabis users report tolerance to ____.

A) behavioral but not subjective effects
B) subjective but not behavioral effects
C) both behavioral and subjective effects
D) neither behavioral nor subjective effects

Question 30

Since becoming a chronic user of cannabis, Kevin is told by a clinical psychologist that he may be experiencing amotivational syndrome. What are some of the outward signs of this syndrome?

A) indulgence in childlike thinking
C) heightened sensitivity
B) aggression
D) manic behavior

Question 31

Since becoming a chronic user of cannabis, Kevin shows a lack of motivation to engage in productive activities. What syndrome is Kevin displaying?

A) loss-of-direction syndrome
C) deimpetus syndrome
B) amotivational syndrome
D) incentive-reduction syndrome

Question 32

Graduate student Shar performs an immunocytochemical stain of CB₁ receptors in the brain. Shar is least likely to find strong staining of CB₁ in which brain region?

A) cerebellum
C) basal ganglia
B) cerebral cortex
D) hypothalamus

Question 33

Many studies find mild memory deficits occurring after acute administration with cannabis or Δ⁹-THC. For example, Weil and colleagues (1968) found that cannabis use ____.

A) increased short-term memory while decreasing long-term memory
B) decreased short-term memory while increasing long-term memory
C) impaired memory performance while failing to impair attention performance
D) impaired attention performance while failing to impair memory performance

Question 34

Graduate student Erik administers the CB₁ receptor agonist WIN55212-2 to a rat, followed by microdialysis measurements of neurotransmitter levels in the nucleus accumbens. Based on a study by Polissidis and colleagues (2012), which neurotransmitter levels will likely increase?

A) dopamine
C) anandamide
B) GABA
D) serotonin

Question 35

Outside the brain, CB₁ receptors can be found in the heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, and ____.

A) muscles
C) skin
B) pancreas
D) intestines

Question 36

What role have animal models played in supporting or refuting cannabis's effect on appetite?

A) Animal models show that the "munchies" are not a real phenomenon.
B) Animal models support that the "munchies" are a real phenomenon.
C) Animal models have not been useful in evaluating the "munchie" response.
D) Animal models show variable "munchie" "stuffed" responses.

Question 37

The phenomenon of accelerated time following cannabis use is thought to be a function of reduced blood flow to which brain region?

A) cerebral cortex
C) amygdala
B) hippocampus
D) cerebellum

Question 38

Acute administration of a cannabinoid containing Δ⁹-THC causes which physiological changes?

A) decreased heart rate and hypotension
C) decreased heart rate and hypertension
B) increased heart rate and hypotension
D) increased heart rate and hypertension

Question 39

Which statement best summarizes the binding affinities of Δ9-THC and the endocannabinoid anandamide at CB₁ receptors in comparison to other CB receptors?

A) Both Δ⁹-THC and anandamide have higher affinities for CB₁ receptors.
B) Both Δ⁹-THC and anandamide have higher affinities for non-CB₁ receptors.
C) Δ⁹-THC has a higher affinity for the CB₁ receptors; anandamide for non-CB₁ receptors.
D) Δ⁹-THC has a higher affinity for non-CB₁ receptors; anandamide for CB₁ receptors.

Question 40

Postdoctoral fellow Ines administers either low dose or high dose Δ⁹-THC to a group of laboratory rats. According to the results of Polissidis et al., 2012, what effect will this have on locomotor activity?

A) High or low doses increases locomotor activity.
B) High or low doses decrease locomotor activity.
C) High doses increase locomotor activity; low doses decrease locomotor activity.
D) High doses decrease locomotor activity; low doses increase locomotor activity.

Question 41

Compared with the negative subjective effects caused by Δ⁹-THC, the negative subjective effects of cannabis are ____.

A) fewer in number
C) the same
B) greater in number
D) unpredictable

Question 42

According to your text, medical cannabis is least likely to be used to treat ____.

A) cancer
C) autoimmune disease
B) pain
D) neurodegeneration

Question 43

Aside from cancer risk, cannabis smoking may increase the risk of ____.

A) neurodegenerative disease
C) liver disease
B) bronchitis and emphysema
D) diabetes

Question 44

According to a study by Georgotas and Zeidenberg (1979), participants required ____.

A) the same amount of cannabis throughout the study
B) more cannabis administration as the study progressed
C) less cannabis administration as the study progressed
D) more or less cannabis administration depending on whether they were male or female

Question 45

Describe two studies that explore the subjective effects of cannabis in humans. Discuss how the experiments were performed, provide an analysis of the results, and report on the significance of the findings.

Question 46

The expected revisions for the DSM-V will ____ cannabis withdrawal syndrome.

A) omit
C) modify
B) include
D) clarify

Question 47

In 1985, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the prescription of Δ⁹-THC, known as ____ for the reduction of nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy.

A) WIN55212-2
C) anandamide
B) 2-AG
D) dronabinol

Question 48

Although marijuana is a popular drug of abuse, it is also emerging as a medical treatment. Describe the current medical uses for marijuana, including a discussion of the scientific evidence that supports the use of medical cannabis.

Question 49

What is the relationship between cannabis and the immune system?

A) Cannibis may increase the risk of auto-immunity and the risk of infection.
B) Cannibis may increase the risk of auto-immunity and decrease risk of infection.
C) Cannibis may decrease risk of auto-immunity and increase the risk of infection.
D) Cannibis may decrease the risk of auto-immunity and decrease the risk of infection.

Question 50

Dr. Pinto prescribes Hank medical marijuana for the treatment of glaucoma. What is the main reason for this?

A) To reduce pain
B) To decrease intraocular eye pressure
C) To increase blood flow to the eye
D) To increase cone proliferation in the retina

Question 51

Which statement best reflects the relationship between cannabis and carcinogen levels?

A) Cannabis cigarettes have a negligible level of carcinogens.
B) Cannabis cigarettes have a moderate level of carcinogens, but less than tobacco cigarettes.
C) Cannabis cigarettes contain greater amounts of certain carcinogens than tobacco cigarettes.
D) Cannabis cigarettes contain greater amounts of certain carcinogens than tobacco cigarettes, but lead to less tar accumulation in the lungs.

Question 52

Today, many clinicians recognize a series of potential withdrawal symptoms from cannabis, which Beseler and Hasin (2010) describes as consisting of, in part, ____.

A) aggression
C) hallucinations
B) amotivation
D) delusions

Question 53

Research associate Maxwell finds that the pain-relieving properties of cannabinoids may result from activation of CB₁ receptors in the thalamus, brain stem, and ____.

A) hippocampus
C) amygdala
B) cerebral cortex
D) basal ganglia

Question 54

According to a study by Vann and colleagues (2008) what component of cannabis may cancel out the aversive effects of Δ⁹-THC?

A) B-caryophyllene
C) cannabinol
B) N-alklamide
D) cannabidiol

Question 55

According to a study by Georgotas and Zeidenberg (1979), the sudden cessation of chronic cannabis use can lead to ____.

A) seizure
C) stroke
B) irritability
D) increased appetite

Question 56

For the treatment of cancer, cannabis may ____.

A) limit the growth of existing tumors
B) prevent the formation of new tumors
C) help patients cope with adverse side effects of chemotherapy
D) help patients adopt healthier lifestyle habits

Question 57

Why is it thought that correlational studies fail to find increased risk of lung cancer among cannabis smokers?

A) Cannabis smokers also typically have healthier eating habits.
B) Cannabis smokers also typically have healthier exercise habits.
C) Cannabis smoke does not contain a high level of carcinogens.
D) Cannabis smoke yields chemicals that may limit a user's risk for lung cancer.

Question 58

Cancer patient Janice is prescribed a cannabinoid medication that consists of a one-to-one ratio of cannabidiol and Δ⁹-THC. What medication was she prescribed?

A) Anandamide
C) Sativex
B) WIN55212-2
D) Marinol

Question 59

Which statement best reflects the relationship between cannabis and the risk for lung cancer?

A) The risk for lung cancer from smoking cannabis is equal to that of tobacco cigarette use.
B) The risk for lung cancer from smoking cannabis is less than that of tobacco cigarette use.
C) The risk for lung cancer from smoking cannabis is more than that of tobacco cigarette use.
D) Data regarding the risk for lung cancer from smoking cannabis has not been adequately analyzed.

Question 60

What would be the main advantage of smoking cannabis - versus using Δ⁹-THC alone - for medical purposes?

A) Smoking cannabis may provide additional health benefits beyond those of Δ⁹-THC
B) Smoking cannabis allows users to regulate the dosing
C) Smoking cannabis results in more effective targeting of CB₁ receptors
D) Smoking cannabis yields a euphoric effect not found with Δ⁹-THC alone