Deck 4: Pavlovian Applications

Question 1

The CS and US in the Little Albert experiment were a __________, respectively.

A) rat and loud sound
B) rabbit and loud sound
C) rabbit and slap
D) rat and shock

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The use of classical conditioning to change feelings (such as likes and dislikes) is sometimes called ___________.

A) pavrotics
B) emotoconversion
C) evaluative conditioning
D) neo-conditioning

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Blue jays usually do not eat Monarch butterflies. This is an example of a(n) __________.

A) conditioned taste aversion
B) fixed action pattern
C) unconditional response
D) conditioned emotional response

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In treating Peter's fear of rabbits, Jones used a procedure called__________.

A) systemic fear reduction
B) pseudoconditioning
C) counterconditioning
D) restitution therapy

Question 5

Barbara Rothbaum and colleagues used virtual reality exposure therapy to treat a fear of __________.

A) snakes
B) dogs
C) spiders
D) flying

Question 6

The research that is most helpful in understanding racial prejudice is probably that of __________.

A) Watson and Rayner
B) Garcia
C) Pavlov
D) Staats and Staats

Question 7

Garcia's first experiment on taste aversion was unusual in that the ________.

A) subjects were pigeons
B) interval between CS and US was several minutes
C) US was very weak
D) CS was very intense

Question 8

People are most likely to tolerate painful and humiliating events if these events consistently __________.

A) precede positive events
B) occur simultaneously with positive events
C) follow positive events
D) occur by themselves over a long period

Question 9

In ______ therapy, a stimulus that elicits an inappropriate response is paired with a negative stimulus such as shock or an emetic drug.

A) counter-
B) adversive
C) aversion
D) shock

Question 10

Garcia's interest in the role of learning in taste aversions may have begun when he became sick after eating ____________.

A) chocolate
B) licorice
C) strawberries
D) a hot dog

Question 11

One VRET program for treating spider phobias is called ______.

A) SpiderWorld
B) Arachnophilia
C) Spider Killer
D) Spidex

Question 12

The most recent variation of counterconditioning involves__________.

A) programmed texts
B) psychoactive drugs
C) virtual reality
D) sleep conditioning

Question 13

The first person to use counterconditioning to treat a phobia was probably__________.

A) Rosalie Rayner
B) Carl Rogers
C) Mary Cover Jones
D) John B. Watson

Question 14

A follow-up of exhibitionists treated by Barry Maletzky with a variation of aversion therapy showed that those who had undergone treatment involuntarily ____________.

A) improved as much as voluntary patients
B) improved, but not as much as voluntary patients
C) improved during treatment, but soon reverted to their old ways
D) did not improve

Question 15

Barry Maletzky treated exhibitionists by having them imagine that they were about to perform the inappropriate behavior, and then _______.

A) sounding a loud horn
B) showing them a photograph of a bloody scene
C) giving them a mild electric shock
D) exposing them to an unpleasant odor

Question 16

Pavlov found that when he paired painful stimuli with food, the dog came to show no distress at the painful stimuli. This experiment may help explain __________ behavior in humans.

A) aggressive
B) exhibitionistic
C) sadistic
D) masochistic

Question 17

The studies of Carolyn and Arthur Staats demonstrating that neutral words paired with pleasant words become pleasant are examples of__________.

A) first-order conditioning
B) tertiary conditioning
C) higher-order conditioning
D) oral conditioning

Question 18

The term used to refer to sexual behavior disapproved of by society is ___________.

A) teraforms
B) hedomanias
C) paraphilias
D) dysentias

Question 19

The CS in the Little Albert experiment was a __________.

A) rabbit
B) rat
C) teddy bear
D) mouse

Question 20

The CS and US in the Garcia et al. experiment were__________.

A) flavored water and radiation
B) a bell and food
C) food and bell
D) a light and loud buzzer

Question 21

If a person sneezes after coming close to a realistic-looking artificial flower, you can be pretty sure that he or she is__________.

A) allergic to plastic
B) allergic to pollen
C) faking
D) nearsighted

Question 22

Research shows that when women receiving chemotherapy return to the hospital, they show __________.

A) increased immune functioning
B) decreased immune functioning
C) no change in immune functioning
D) incidental conditional responses

Question 23

Conditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry was written by __________.

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) Mary Cover Jones
C) John Watson and Rosalie Rayner
D) Joseph Wolpe

Question 24

Shepard Siegel's work suggests that some deaths attributed to _____________ are actually the result of conditioning.

A) accident
B) drunk driving
C) drug overdose
D) heart attack

Question 25

Peter's fear of a rabbit was established in a laboratory.

Question 26

If an aversive stimulus, such as a noxious odor, regularly precedes a pleasant stimulus, such as a tasty
meal, the former stimulus may lose much of its unpleasant quality.

Question 27

The phenomenon of __________ suggests that we should be more likely to develop aversions to novel foods than to familiar ones.

A) overshadowing
B) blocking
C) latent inhibition
D) counterconditioning

Question 28

Researchers tried to change the preferences for two brands of ____________ but were unsuccessful when the subjects were strongly attached to a brand.

A) candy
B) soft drinks
C) cigarettes
D) beer

Question 29

Morgan Doran and his colleagues found that after taste aversion training, ___________ would remove weeds from a vineyard without damaging the grape plants.

A) goats
B) sheep
C) llamas
D) cows

Question 30

Peter's fear, like Albert's, was the result of conditioning by a researcher.

Question 31

Political campaign ads attempt to use conditioning by pairing their candidate with stimuli that evoke
positive emotions and by pairing the opponent candidate with stimuli that evoke negative emotions.
Completion

Question 32

Studies of taste aversion demonstrate that conditioning can occur despite a long inter-stimulus
interval.

Question 33

Pavlovian conditioning is an adaptive mechanism but can nevertheless result in the acquisition of
maladaptive behavior.

Question 34

Diana Woodruff-Pak found that people who condition slowly are more likely to develop ___________.

A) autism
B) anxiety disorders
C) dementia
D) prejudices

Question 35

Exposure therapy is really a form of counterconditioning.

Question 36

Elnora Stuart and colleagues paired slides of pleasant scenes with__________.

A) hair tonic
B) shampoo
C) toothpaste
D) milk

Question 37

Staats and Staats demonstrated that both positive and negative biases could be established through
conditioning.

Question 38

Senatorial candidate Smith's popularity increased dramatically after he was seen on television shaking hands with a very popular public figure. This is probably an example of__________.

A) preconditioning
B) emotional conditioning
C) masochistic behavior
D) backward conditioning

Question 39

Pavlovian conditioning accounts for negative emotions, but not for positive ones.

Question 40

VRET owes a debt to the work of Mary Cover Jones.

Question 41

How might you use Pavlovian conditioning to produce a boost in the body's immune system in
response to a CS?

Question 42

Mary Cover Jones cured Peter's fear of ______.

Question 43

Blue jays acquire a taste aversion for _________.

Question 44

Summarize Garcia's work on taste aversion. Explain how his work differed from most studies of
Pavlovian conditioning.

Question 45

Prejudice is an example of a CER, or __________.

Question 46

Arne Ohman and his colleagues used conditioning to establish a fear of ______ in college students.

Question 47

VRET stands for _________.

Question 48

Describe the work of Watson and Rayner with Little Albert.

Question 49

Pavlovian conditioning suggests that stimuli associated with chemotherapy (such as the clinic where
the patient is treated) might suppress the patient's _______ system.

Question 50

Describe how a person might learn to be embarrassed by the word strawberry.

Question 51

Thomas Parish and colleagues reduced the bias of white American children toward the Vietnamese by pairing images of Vietnamese with________.

Question 52

Describe how you might have cured Little Albert's phobia.

Question 53

The CS in the Little Albert study was a _______.

Question 54

What are the practical implications of Siegel's work for people who use narcotic drugs?

Question 55

How do the experiments of Carolyn and Arthur Staats help us understand prejudice?