Deck 12: Biotechnology and Genomics

Question 1

Which of the following reasons explains a possible advantage of using adult stem cells in therapeutic cloning rather than embryonic stem cells?

A) Adult stem cells have a longer lifespan in culture than embryonic stem cells, and would persist for a longer time in the patient's body.
B) Embryonic stem cells can only produce a few cell types while adult stem cells can produce any type of cell.
C) Adult stem cells are less likely to be rejected by the patient's body.
D) Unlike adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells may stop dividing within the patient's body.
E) The use of adult stem cells is less controversial than the use of embryonic stem cells.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Why do adult stem cells currently have fewer uses in therapeutic cloning than embryonic stem cells?

A) Embryonic stem cells have longer telomeres and persist for much longer than adult stem cells.
B) Embryonic stem cells are capable of reverting to a G ₀ stage when starved.
C) Adult stem cells may become any type of cell, whereas embryonic stem cells may only become adult stem cells first.
D) Embryonic stem cells may become any type of cell, whereas adult stem cells may only become a limited number of cell types.
E) Adult stem cells have more restrictions that prevent them from re-entering the cell cycle at the G ₀ stage.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is used to cleave DNA in order to create recombinant DNA?

A) restriction enzymes
B) DNA ligase
C) DNA helicase
D) vectors
E) plasmids

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Why is it necessary to "starve" the donor cells prior to reproductive cloning?

A) to force the cells into G ₀ stage so that they will respond to cytoplasmic growth signals
B) to force the enucleated egg cell into G ₀ stage so that it would accept the donor nucleus
C) to lengthen the telomeres in the donor nucleus
D) to make the nucleus "start over" in the S stage so that the nucleus will be diploid
E) to make the nucleus "start over" in the S stage so that the nucleus will be haploid

Question 5

Which of the following describes a way that DNA fingerprinting can be useful?

A) DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify a viral infection.
B) DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify a suspected rapist.
C) DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify the remains of an unknown person.
D) DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify the parents of a child.
E) All of the above describe uses for DNA fingerprinting.

Question 6

Which of the following is used to insert the foreign gene when creating recombinant DNA?

A) a vector
B) restriction enzymes
C) DNA ligase
D) embryonic stem cells
E) DNA helicase

Question 7

Which of the following sequences of events in the production of recombinant DNA are in the correct order?

A) cut DNA with restriction enzymes, mix DNA with plasmid DNA, add DNA ligase
B) mix DNA with plasmid DNA, cut with restriction enzymes, add DNA ligase
C) add DNA ligase, cut DNA with restriction enzymes, mix DNA with plasmid DNA
D) mix DNA with plasmid DNA, add DNA ligase, cut with restriction enzymes
E) cut with restriction enzymes, add DNA ligase, mix DNA with plasmid DNA

Question 8

Specialized cells differ from one another because they

A) only express certain genes.
B) express all genes.
C) turn off gene expression once specialized.
D) may re-enter the cell cycle at any time.
E) do not express any genes.

Question 9

Therapeutic cloning can

A) produce clones of adult individuals.
B) be used to produce superior farm animals.
C) produce specialized cells to treat human disease.
D) be used to create new species of plants.
E) produce embryonic stem cells.

Question 10

The steps involved in a single PCR cycle, in the correct order, are

A) cool to allow DNA strands to anneal, heat to allow primer to anneal, cool to allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA.
B) heat to denature DNA strands, cool to allow primer to anneal, allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA.
C) heat to denature DNA strands and for primer to anneal, cool to allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA.
D) cool to denature DNA strands, heat to allow primer to anneal, cool to allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA.
E) cool to allow primer to anneal, heat to denature DNA strands, cool to allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA.

Question 11

________ is the study of the structure and function of cellular proteins and their interactions; ________ may be employed to use computer algorithms to aid this process.

A) Proteomics; bioinformatics
B) Comparative genomics; bioinformatics
C) Genomics; proteomics
D) Proteomics; comparative genomics
E) Comparative genomics; proteomics

Question 12

Reproductive cloning results in __________ while therapeutic cloning results in ____________.

A) mature cells; clones
B) clones; enucleated eggs
C) clones; various types of mature cells
D) embryonic stem cells; adult stem cells
E) enucleated eggs; various types of mature cells

Question 13

Bacteria, plants, and animals have all been used to create transgenic forms that are useful in

A) producing high-yield tomato plants.
B) creating pest-resistant versions of corn.
C) cleaning up oil spills.
D) generating pharmaceuticals.
E) producing new types of high-yield beef.

Question 14

Organisms that have had foreign genes inserted into them are called transgenic organisms.

Question 15

In order to clone adult animals, scientists typically begin with a(n)

A) isolated sperm cell.
B) enucleated egg.
C) enucleated liver cell.
D) red blood cell.
E) enucleated sperm cell.

Question 16

DNA ligase

A) produces many copies of an unknown piece of DNA.
B) makes copies of a foreign gene for use in making recombinant DNA.
C) is used to produce DNA fingerprints of a crime scene suspect.
D) amplifies mitochondrial DNA sequences.
E) links two DNA molecules together.

Question 17

The study of comparative genomics has given researchers the ability to look at multiple genomes from different species, which has lead to new ideas about the evolutionary history of organisms. The conclusion is that

A) modern vertebrate species have very little similarity between their genomes.
B) modern vertebrate species all evolved from the different ancestors.
C) the genomes of modern vertebrate species and modern bacterial species are 98% similar.
D) the genomes of all modern verterbrates are very similar.
E) the genomes of modern bacteria contain 85% more genes than that of modern vertebrates.

Question 18

After 12 PCR cycles, how many DNA strands would be available?

A) 4,096
B) 2,048
C) 1,024
D) 512
E) 256

Question 19

Cells from the root of a carrot may be used to generate an entire carrot plant. This illustrates that

A) only cells of the root contain the plant's genes.
B) every cell of the root contains all of the plant's genes.
C) plants are easier to clone than animals.
D) carrots may be used for therapeutic cloning.
E) a carrot's roots contain all of the tissues of an adult plant.

Question 20

Which of the following is a possible use for transgenic organisms?

A) bacteria that degrade oil
B) corn plants that are resistant to herbicides
C) cattle that secrete therapeutic proteins into their milk
D) carrots that produce influenza virus proteins that can be used as vaccines
E) All of the above describe possible uses of transgenic organisms.

Question 21

Which gene on chromosome 22 is believed to have made a difference in the evolution of humans compared to that of chimpanzees?

A) The gene for proper speech development.
B) The gene for smell.
C) The gene for hearing.
D) The gene for blood type.
E) The gene for social behaviors.

Question 22

What does the field of proteomics study?

A) The structure and function of cellular proteins and how they interact to contribute to traits.
B) The structure and function of cellular lipids and how they interact to contribute to traits.
C) The structure of carbohydrates and how they are converted into a useable form of energy for the body.
D) The structure of prions and how they can lead to various diseases within the body.
E) The interaction between cellular proteins and how they make up the bulk of the cell membrane.

Question 23

The CRISPR system involves the Cas9 enzyme, which identifies specific nucleotides to be cut using a(n) ________ molecule as a guide to identify the proper DNA sequence to edit.

A) RNA
B) DNA
C) protein
D) virus
E) helicase

Question 24

Based on genomic studies, when did a change in gene sequences occur that lead to a change in the way that the brain processes speech?

A) between 1 and 6 million years ago
B) between 4 and 9 million years ago
C) between 10,000 and 100,000 years ago
D) approximately 25,000 years ago
E) approximately 12,000 years ago

Question 25

Because of the area of study that it addresses, proteomics will play an important role in which of the following fields?

A) The development of new drugs for the treatment of disease.
B) The development of new surgical techniques.
C) The development of new transgenic food crops.
D) The development of new transgenic domesticated animals.
E) Genetic alterations to unborn children that will eliminate potential health problems.

Question 26

Which organisms have been modified to produce insulin, blood clotting factor VIII, and human growth hormone?

A) bacteria
B) goats
C) cows
D) corn
E) soy beans

Question 27

How genetically similar are humans and mice?

A) 85%
B) 90%
C) 98%
D) 45%
E) There is no genetic similarity between humans and mice.

Question 28

There are several methods of gene editing, including ________, the most widely used method.

A) CRISPR
B) CLUSTER
C) Cas9
D) PCR
E) sequencing