Deck 7: Energy for Cells

Question 1

Two ATP are invested in glycolysis in order to __________.

A) produce acetyl-CoA
B) break glucose into two molecules
C) add a phosphate group to glucose
D) join glucose molecules together
E) release carbon dioxide

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Cellular respiration uses oxygen to convert the chemical energy stored in organic molecules into __________.

A) other organic molecules
B) ATP
C) carbon dioxide
D) water
E) pyruvate

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is necessary for the complete breakdown of glucose?

A) Oxygen
B) Water
C) Carbon dioxide
D) ATP
E) ADP

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What is oxidation?

A) The addition of electrons and H+ ions to form molecules
B) The removal of electrons and H+ ions to form new molecules
C) The addition of ATP to a molecule
D) The production of ATP by the use of carbon dioxide
E) Oxygen production

Question 5

Where in the cell are both NAD+ and FAD reduced to form NADH and FADH₂?

A) Outer mitochondrial membrane
B) Cristae
C) Mitochondrial matrix
D) Intermembrane space
E) Thylakoids

Question 6

During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose is ultimately converted to __________.

A) ADP and heat
B) ATP and heat
C) heat only
D) ATP and NADH
E) CO ₂ and water

Question 7

Why is it necessary for ATP to be used in the energy-investment phase of glycolysis?

A) Adding the phosphate activates the glucose, making it easier to break it apart.
B) Adding the phosphate to the glucose makes it more stable and less likely to break apart.
C) There is no purpose to adding the phosphate to the glucose; it just happens that way.
D) The addition of the phosphate is necessary to produce NADH.
E) The energy that is released when ATP becomes ADP is harnessed and used to pump hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane.

Question 8

The number of ATP produced during aerobic cellular respiration from one glucose molecule is usually __________.

A) 2-4
B) 26-28
C) 10-20
D) 36-38
E) 10-12

Question 9

Energy is released from ATP when __________.

A) adenine bonds to an additional phosphate group forming ADP
B) ATP bonds to oxygen forcing the adenine (A) to be removed
C) ATP is exposed to sunlight, which forces the phosphate groups to be removed
D) a phosphate group is removed from ATP yielding ADP + P + energy
E) ATP bonds to carbon dioxide forcing a phosphate to be removed

Question 10

The energy source that drives the production of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation is the __________.

A) the diffusion of hydrogen protons down their electrochemical gradient
B) removal of a phosphate group from ATP
C) capture of solar energy
D) the production of lactic acid
E) the diffusion of CO ₂ across the cell membrane

Question 11

What cellular process uses oxygen to produce ATP from glucose and other organic molecules?

A) Photosynthesis
B) Oxidation/reduction reactions
C) Cellular respiration
D) Mitosis
E) Meiosis

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?

A) Glycolysis → preparatory reaction → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
B) Citric acid cycle → electron transport → glycolysis → preparatory reaction
C) Glycolysis →citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
D) Citric acid cycle → glycolysis → electron transport chain → preparatory reaction
E) Glycolysis → electron transport chain → preparatory reaction

Question 13

Which of the following is the opposite of cellular respiration?

A) Fermentation
B) Cell division
C) Hydrolysis
D) Photosynthesis
E) Dehydration synthesis

Question 14

Which of the following is mismatched?

A) Citric acid cycle - matrix of mitochondria
B) Glycolysis - cytoplasm
C) ATP production in the electron transport chain - cristae of mitochondria
D) Where the H+ ions are located before flowing through an ATP synthase complex - intermembrane space
E) Preparatory reaction - cristae of mitochondria

Question 15

What organelle is used during the process of cellular respiration?

A) Cytoplasm
B) Mitochondria
C) Chloroplast
D) Ribosomes
E) Cell membrane

Question 16

What molecule most directly provides the energy you need for your muscles to contract?

A) Glucose
B) ATP
C) NADH
D) ADP
E) Oxygen

Question 17

The production of ATP in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is accomplished by __________.

A) the reduction of carbon dioxide
B) substrate-level ATP synthesis
C) oxidative phosphorylation
D) lactic acid synthesis
E) the oxidation of O ₂

Question 18

When glucose is broken down to CO ₂ and H ₂O, ________ energy is released and converted into ________.

A) chemical; ATP
B) photon; ATP
C) kinetic; NADH
D) NADH; ATP
E) chemical; NADH

Question 19

In the energy payoff phase of glycolysis, both ATP and NADH are formed. What purpose do each of these molecules serve in the cell?

A) ATP acts as a way to break up glucose to form pyruvate, while NADH serves as an electron acceptor.
B) ATP acts as a power source for the citric acid cycle, while NADH serves as energy to run the cell.
C) ATP acts as a power source for performing cellular work, while NADH serves as an electron carrier to allow for greater ATP production.
D) ATP acts as an electron acceptor, while NADH serves as a way to break up glucose to form pyruvate.
E) ATP acts as a power source for performing cellular work, while NADH acts as a power source for photosynthesis.

Question 20

The final acceptor for electrons in aerobic cellular respiration is __________.

A) oxygen
B) pyruvate
C) CoA
D) glucose
E) carbon dioxide

Question 21

The final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain is ________, resulting in formation of ________.

A) phosphate; ATP
B) CoA; acetyl-CoA
C) oxygen; water
D) hydrogen; carbon dioxide
E) pyruvate; oxygen

Question 22

As a result of glycolysis, there is a net gain of ________ ATP.

A) 0
B) 2
C) 4
D) 36
E) 12

Question 23

The product of the preparatory reaction is __________.

A) pyruvate
B) acetyl-CoA
C) glucose
D) water
E) carbon dioxide

Question 24

The cristae of a mitochondrion are critical __________.

A) because they are the location for glycolysis
B) because they contain the ATP synthase complexes
C) because they are the site for the electron transport chain
D) because they are the site of the electron transport chain and they contain the ATP synthase complexes
E) because they are the location of the citric acid cycle

Question 25

The processes of glycolysis that break down glucose to pyruvateduring the energy-investment phaseinvolve the removal of __________.

A) electrons and hydrogen from glucose, and the addition of phosphate to ADP
B) phosphate from glucose, and the addition of that phosphate to ATP
C) NAD from glucose, and the addition of phosphate to ADP
D) NAD from ATP, and the addition of phosphate to ADP
E) electrons from ATP, and the addition of phosphate to glucose

Question 26

The citric acid cycle starts with ________ and yields ________.

A) lactic acid; carbon dioxide
B) glucose; 32 ATPs
C) acetyl-CoA; lactic acid or alcohol
D) acetyl-CoA, NAD ⁺, FAD, and ADP; carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH ₂, and ATP
E) carbon dioxide; oxygen

Question 27

Glucose is a 6-carbon molecule. How is it changed as it moves through glycolysis?

A) Electrons and hydrogen are removed, and the molecule is rearranged to form two 3-carbon molecules.
B) ATP is added, and the molecule is rearranged to form three 2-carbon molecules.
C) Electrons and hydrogen are removed, and the molecule is rearranged to form three 2-carbon molecules.
D) Electrons and hydrogen are removed, and the molecule is rearranged to form three ATP molecules.
E) ATP is added, and the molecule is rearranged to form two 3-carbon molecules.

Question 28

Before entering the citric acid cycle, pyruvate is converted to __________.

A) lactic acid
B) ethyl alcohol
C) acetyl-CoA
D) citric acid
E) pyruvate

Question 29

The energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain is ultimately used to produce __________.

A) lactic acid
B) citric acid
C) alcohol
D) ADP
E) ATP

Question 30

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are similar in that they both produce __________.

A) CO ₂
B) NADH
C) ATP
D) NADH and ATP
E) ADP

Question 31

Susan suffered from a heart attack. When the doctors tested her heart muscle, they found that she had an increased ratio of lactic acid to pyruvate in her heart. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the skewed ratio?

A) The heart cells must have received too much oxygen
B) The heart cells had not received enough oxygen
C) The heart cells accumulated to much carbon dioxide which poisoned her cells
D) The lactic acid accumulated as a result of cellular respiration occurring too quickly
E) The heart cells produced too much ATP

Question 32

A product of glycolysis is __________.

A) FADH ₂
B) carbon dioxide
C) pyruvate
D) oxygen
E) acetyl-CoA

Question 33

If three molecules of glucose went through glycolysis and eventually into the citric acid cycle, how many times did the preparatory reaction occur?

A) One
B) Two
C) Four
D) Six
E) Twelve

Question 34

Your friend has been on a diet and loses 15 pounds of fat. After studying cellular respiration, you explain to her that the fat was converted to __________.

A) ATP, carbon dioxide, and water
B) protein
C) amino acids and then eliminated from the body
D) urine and eliminated from the body
E) ATP, oxygen, and water

Question 35

What happened to the hamburger you had for lunch?

A) All of the carbohydrates were converted to ATP, while the fats and proteins were used to make molecules for the cell.
B) Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins were converted to ATP or used to make new molecules for the cell.
C) Carbohydrates and fats were converted to ATP, while only proteins were used to make new molecules for the cell.
D) All of the fats and proteins were converted to ATP, while only the carbohydrates were used to make new molecules for the cell.
E) All of the proteins were converted to ATP, while both the fats and carbohydrates were used to make new molecules for the cell.

Question 36

During hibernation the rate of cellular respiration in a mammal is typically less than half the rate measured when the mammal is not hibernating. This slowed cellular respiration is probably accompanied by which of the following?

A) Reduced body temperature only
B) Reduced pulse rate and reduced body temperature
C) Reduced pulse rate and increased body temperature
D) Increased body temperature only
E) Increased pulse rate only

Question 37

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

A) Cytoplasm
B) Mitochondrion
C) Matrix of mitochondrion
D) Cristae of mitochondrion
E) Nucleus

Question 38

Cellular respiration can be described as the conversion of the energy __________.

A) stored in food to energy stored in ATP
B) stored in ATP to energy used to do work
C) of sunlight to energy stored in inorganic compounds
D) stored in ATP to energy stored in food
E) stored in leaves to energy in food

Question 39

What two stages of cellular respiration produce the carbon dioxide you exhale?

A) Preparatory reaction and citric acid cycle
B) Preparatory reaction and electron transport chain
C) Citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
D) Glycolysis and preparatory reaction
E) Glycolysis and citric acid cycle

Question 40

As electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, the energy released is used immediately to __________.

A) form ATP
B) concentrate H ⁺ in the intermembrane space
C) move phosphate groups to ATP synthase
D) release CO ₂ to the matrix
E) concentrate H ⁺ in the cytoplasm of the cell

Question 41

A family took their newborn to the doctor. They were worried something was wrong because the baby seemed to be in constant pain. After medical tests revealed the baby had large amounts of lactic acid accumulating in his muscle cells, doctors diagnosed the child with a rare disease in which mitochondria are missing from skeletal muscle cells. How might the lack of mitochondria explain the large amounts of lactic acid in the baby's muscle cells?

A) Without mitochondria, the muscle cells are going through fermentation to produce energy. This leads to an accumulation of lactic acid.
B) Without mitochondria, the muscle cells use fats and proteins rather than carbohydrates to generate energy. The breakdown products from the fat and proteins leads to an accumulation of lactic acid.
C) Because of the lack of mitochondria, the muscle cells require extremely high levels of oxygen to function. This additional oxygen requires lactic acid to produce energy.
D) Without the mitochondria, the muscle cells cannot split glucose into pyruvate. As the glucose accumulates in the cell it is converted into lactic acid.
E) In the absence of mitochondria, the muscle cells spend too much in the citric acid cycle. This results in a buildup of NADH and FADH ₂, which break down into lactic acid if they are unable to proceed to the electron transport chain.

Question 42

If you were able to stop the process of cellular respiration after the completion of the electron transport chain but prior to chemiosmosis, what would you find is true about the pH in the mitochondria?

A) It is lowest in the intermembrane space.
B) It is highest in the intermembrane space.
C) It is lowest in the mitochondrial matrix.
D) There is no difference in pH.
E) It is highest in the mitochondrial matrix.

Question 43

How many total ATP are produced during glycolysis?

A) 4
B) 2
C) 38
D) 36
E) 14

Question 44

Which of the following reactions builds sugars rather than breaks them down?

A) Calvin cycle
B) Glycolysis
C) Citric acid cycle
D) Electron transport chain
E) Preparatory reaction

Question 45

The functioning of an electron transport chain is analogous to __________.

A) playing tennis
B) a rock falling from a cliff
C) a person jumping from the top to the bottom of a flight of stairs in one jump
D) a person descending a flight of stairs one step at a time
E) a person jumping rope

Question 46

By-products of cellular respiration include __________.

A) FADH ₂ and NADH
B) NADH and ATP
C) oxygen and heat
D) carbon dioxide and water
E) carbon dioxide and oxygen

Question 47

The enzyme that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA requires vitamin B ₁, also called thiamine. Vitamin B ₁ has to be obtained through the diet. At what phase would cellular respiration come to a halt without B ₁?

A) Glycolysis
B) Preparatory reaction
C) Citric acid cycle
D) Electron transport chain
E) Carbon fixation

Question 48

How many ATP are produced from the 10 NADH that enter the electron transport chain?

A) 30
B) 38
C) 4
D) 2
E) 36

Question 49

Fermentation occurs if __________.

A) glucose is not present
B) excess ATP is present
C) oxygen is not present
D) carbon dioxide is present
E) carbon dioxide is not present

Question 50

In cellular respiration, the majority of ATP are produced during __________.

A) fermentation
B) the electron transport chain
C) the citric acid cycle
D) the preparatory stage
E) the Calvin cycle

Question 51

Yeast is used to make bread rise by producing ________ during fermentation.

A) lactic acid
B) heat
C) O ₂ gas
D) glucose
E) CO ₂ gas

Question 52

The products of fermentation depend on the type of organism carrying out the process. What do yeast produce during fermentation?

A) Lactic acid
B) Lactic acid and ethyl alcohol
C) Ethyl alcohol and CO ₂
D) Lactic acid and CO ₂
E) Ethyl alcohol and oxygen

Question 53

What would happen if NAD+ were not available for cellular respiration?

A) There would be a small reduction in the number of ATP formed.
B) There would be a great reduction in the number of ATP formed.
C) There would be no effect on the number of ATP formed.
D) Cellular respiration would stop completely.
E) There would be an increase in the number of ATP produced.

Question 54

In animals, lactate forms from fermentation. Lactate __________.

A) can be used to produce additional ATP
B) is toxic and causes muscle fatigue
C) is stored in the muscle for future energy use
D) is converted into carbon dioxide and is released in the bloodstream
E) is transported to the liver where it is reconverted to pyruvate

Question 55

Which process is used to make bread rise?

A) Lactic acid fermentation
B) Glycolysis
C) Alcohol fermentation
D) The citric acid cycle
E) Cellular respiration

Question 56

Which of the following describes what will happen if there is a lack of oxygen during cellular respiration?

A) Cellular respiration will shift towards anaerobic respiration
B) The number of ATP produced will increase
C) Carbon dioxide will start to diffuse into the cell
D) Nothing will change since oxygen is not required for cellular respiration
E) There will be a lack of RUBP produced during the Calvin cycle

Question 57

A new organism is discovered to have an enzyme that requires no ATP to split glucose into pyruvate. In addition, the enzyme cannot function if oxygen is present. Based on this information, what is this organism's net production of ATP from one molecule of glucose?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 38
D) 40
E) 42

Question 58

You have decided to try to make your own wine by adding yeast to a sweet grape juice. After allowing plenty of time for the yeast to grow, you find that although the sugar levels in the juice are decreased, there is no alcohol in the mixture. What could have been the reason fermentation did not occur?

A) More sugar needs to be added. Yeast need a lot of energy before it produces alcohol.
B) Less sugar is needed in the juice. High sugar concentration causes cellular respiration to occur rather than fermentation.
C) Yeast cannot ferment grapes, only bacteria can.
D) The mixture needs less oxygen. Yeast only produces alcohol in the absence of oxygen.
E) The mixture needs more carbon dioxide. Yeast produce alcohol more quickly in the presence of CO ₂.

Question 59

Where do the electrons come from that are used in the electron transport chain?

A) ATP
B) NADH
C) FADH ₂
D) ADP
E) NADH and FADH ₂