Deck 8: Memory

Question 1

Expert chess players possess schemas that allow them to recall more randomly placed chess pieces than novices do.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The neural network approach to memory assumes that nodes in a network are physical in nature and do not contain individual units of information.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

George Sperling attempted to assess the duration of echoic memory by briefly presenting an image of a 3 * 4 array of letters.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Anterograde amnesia is said to occur when memory is lost for events that occurred prior to the occurrence of amnesia.

Question 5

Schemas can help us to organize and interpret information in a particular way.

Question 6

A recall test is generally considered to be easier than a recognition test.

Question 7

Episodic and semantic memory are two subcategories of procedural memory.

Question 8

The iconic store and the echoic store are subsystems of short-term memory.

Question 9

According to Alan Baddeley, the central executive is a control process that is part of long-term memory.

Question 10

When information to be memorized is organized into a hierarchy, this capitalizes on the fact that memory is enhanced by associations between concepts.

Question 11

Maintenance rehearsal is more effective than elaborative rehearsal for transferring information to long-term memory storage.

Question 12

Retroactive interference occurs when newly acquired information interferes with our ability to recall information that was learned at an earlier time.

Question 13

"Priming" refers to the activation of one concept by another and is associated with the concept of "spreading activation".

Question 14

The recency effect appears to be due to the early transfer of information into long-term memory.

Question 15

Elaborative rehearsal is more effective than maintenance rehearsal for transferring information into long-term memory.

Question 16

Research has revealed that flashbulb memories are not as accurate as people usually think they are.

Question 17

The results of Hermann Ebbinghaus's research on forgetting revealed that forgetting tended to occur rapidly at first and then slowed down noticeably thereafter.

Question 18

Semantic encoding is considered to involve "deeper" processing than phonological encoding does.

Question 19

The phenomenon of state-dependent memory can be understood by applying the principle of encoding specificity to external stimuli and cues.

Question 20

Another name for short-term memory is working memory.

Question 21

There is clear evidence that someone could actually repress a memory for many, many years.

Question 22

Incoming visual or auditory information that is stored just long enough to be recognized is stored in:

A)procedural memory
B)short-term memory
C)declarative memory
D)sensory memory

Question 23

With regard to human memory, the assumed process whereby incoming information is translated into a neural code that your brain can understand is called

A)retrieval
B)encoding
C)storage
D)priming

Question 24

If you are using a computer, the keystrokes you type are translated into an electrical code that the computer can understand. This process is most similar to which of the following human memory constructs?

A)Retrieving
B)Storing
C)Schema-building
D)Encoding

Question 25

Studies of learning and memory mechanisms in such animals as marine mollusks and insects have not led to better understandings of the mechanisms important for learning and memory in mammals because mammals are much more sophisticated in terms of memory and learning than are lesser evolved animals.

Question 26

Research by Gail Goodman and her colleagues (1994) examining the effect of misleading questions on children's memories for a single painful hospital procedure revealed that the memories of both younger and older children were not influenced by these questions.

Question 27

The cognitive revolution and the invention of computers both contributed to the metaphor of human memory as a(n)

A)filing cabinet
B)library system
C)information-processing system
D)audio tape recorder

Question 28

The memory process in which information is retained over time is referred to as

A)storage
B)retrieval
C)encoding
D)priming

Question 29

You want to work on an essay that you have saved on the hard drive of your computer. You search through the hierarchically organized folders on your computer until you find and open the document you want. It appears on the screen of your monitor. Relative to the information-processing system metaphor of human memory, this example is most similar to

A)storage
B)sensory memory
C)retrieval
D)encodin

Question 30

A researcher who damages particular parts of an animal's brain and then observes the impact of this damage on memory and learning is involved in what is considered to be a non-human animal lesion experiment.

Question 31

Men and women are equally accurate in their eyewitness identifications of possible perpetrators, but women are more confident in the identifications they have made.

Question 32

The iconic store and echoic store are subsystems that are important parts of

A)the retrieval process
B)sensory memory
C)the storage process
D)long-term memory

Question 33

The component of memory that retains incoming information just long enough for it to be recognized is known as

A)working memory
B)long-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)episodic memory

Question 34

George Sperling briefly presented people with arrays of 12 letters (3 rows of 4 letters each) and asked them to immediately recall what they had seen. Under these conditions, people typically recalled

A)8 to 10 letters
B)1 to 2 letters
C)3 to 5 letters
D)11 to 12 letters

Question 35

Both remembering and forgetting are adaptive processes for human beings.

Question 36

George Sperling attempted to assess the duration of iconic memory by

A)briefly flashing a display of letters and immediately asking how many letters people could recall
B)asking people to recall different sets of numbers that were simultaneously presented to both ears
C)investigating the accuracy of flashbulb memories
D)measuring how long it took people to add three two-digit numbers in their head and provide the correct sum

Question 37

According to the three-stage model of memory, when playing a memory game in which a child is shown a tray of toys for a second and is then asked to recall as many of the toys as he can remember, the child is relying on his ___________.

A)sensory memory
B)remote access memory
C)declarative memory
D)long-term memory

Question 38

Sir Frederick Bartlett's research on people's memories of a Native American story called "The War of the Ghosts" demonstrated how schemas can cause people to alter key aspects of the story so that it would make sense to them.

Question 39

Research on the duration of iconic memory suggests that it is

A)about 2 seconds long
B)5 to 9 seconds long
C)indefinite in length
D)a fraction of a second long

Question 40

The cerebellum plays a critical role in the encoding of long-term declarative memories.

Question 41

This component of working memory allows us to temporarily store and manipulate images. This component is the _____________.

A)iconic
B)executive
C)"phonological loop"
D)visual-spatial

Question 42

Modern cognitive scientists refer to short-term memory as "working" memory because they believe that it functions similar to a(n)

A)keyboard on a personal computer
B)office of a busy librarian
C)tiny loading platform
D)holding station for information

Question 43

Consider the following two lists of words: List 1) man, mad, cap, can, map. List 2) big, huge, broad, long, tall. When presented with these two lists, research indicates that people usually have more difficulty accurately remembering List 1, which suggests that an important role in short-term memory is played by ____________ encoding.

A)semantic
B)visual
C)episodic
D)phonological

Question 44

The serial position effect refers to how

A)people tend to remember words presented at the beginning and end of a list better than words presented in the middle
B)elaborative rehearsal is more effective than maintenance rehearsal for storing information in long-term memory
C)information tends to be remembered better if it is processed more deeply
D)people tend to retrieve an image from long-term memory and incorporate it into a current visualization position

Question 45

Individual items to be recalled are grouped into larger units of meaning in a memory process called

A)grouping
B)chunking
C)elaborating
D)encoding

Question 46

When you mentally repeat the number of houses you are looking as you drive around a neighbourhood, you are using the __________ component of Baddeley's working memory model.

A)episodic buffer
B)central executive control
C)visual-spatial working memory
D)auditory working memory

Question 47

Auditory memory, visual-spatial memory, and a control process called the central executive are all components of

A)sensory memory
B)working memory
C)semantic memory
D)long-term memory

Question 48

The tendency of people to remember words at the beginning and end of a list better than words presented in the middle of the list is called the _____________________.

A)primacy effect
B)serial position effect
C)state-dependent memory
D)recency effect

Question 49

Many modern cognitive memory researchers believe that short-term memory is a system that actively and simultaneously processes different kinds of information and supports other cognitive functions, such as problem solving. Based on this belief, these cognitive memory researchers refer to short-term memory as

A)procedural memory
B)echoic memory
C)working memory
D)semantic memory

Question 50

Prior to transferring information to long-term memory, both elaborative and maintenance rehearsal keep information active in __________ memory.

A)short-term
B)sensory
C)long-term
D)visual

Question 51

Approximately, 5 to 9 meaningful pieces of information is the capacity of _____________ memory.

A)short-term
B)episodic
C)procedural
D)sensory

Question 52

With regard to the serial position effect, the primacy effect refers to the superior recall of words presented at/in the ___________ of the list.

A)beginning and end
B)end
C)middle
D)beginning

Question 53

Assume you have been asked to imagine a skier skiing quickly down a mountain. Your visual-spatial working memory would be responsible for storing and temporarily manipulating this image, while allocating the proper amount of attention to this task and allowing you to retrieve an image of a skier from your long-term memory and incorporate it into your current visualization would be a(n) _________________ process.

A)auditory working memory
B)long-term memory
C)central executive
D)phonological loop

Question 54

Another name for short-term memory is

A)procedural memory
B)working memory
C)declarative memory
D)iconic memory

Question 55

The superior recall of words presented at the end of a list is referred to as the ____________ effect.

A)primacy
B)rehearsal
C)recency
D)serial position

Question 56

Consider the following two lists of words: List 1) man, mad, cap, can, map. List 2) big, huge, broad, long, tall. When presented with these two lists, research indicates that people usually have more difficulty accurately remembering List 1. Baddeley would argue that the reason List 2 is easier is because the list information would be stored in which component of working memory?

A)Auditory working memory
B)Echoic memory
C)Central executive
D)Visual spatial sketchpad

Question 57

As you are reading this question, you most likely are not storing images of the way the letters and words look. Instead, you are probably using phonological encoding by saying the words to yourself silently and then you think about their meaning and utilize ____________ encoding.

A)visual
B)motor
C)semantic
D)episodic

Question 58

The original three-stage model of memory assumed that short-term memory was similar to a loading platform, but modern theorists have argued that the human memory system is analogous to a __________.

A)holding station
B)busy library office
C)computer keyboard
D)computer hard drive

Question 59

If you were to perform a mental computation such as adding the numbers 26 and 41 in your head, it is assumed that you would be doing this in your

A)episodic memory
B)long-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)short-term memory

Question 60

According to psychologist Alan Baddeley, working memory is divided into which of the following four components?

A)Sensory, short-term, levels of processing, and long-term memory
B)Episodic, procedural, implicit, and semantic memory
C)Auditory, visual-spatial, episodic buffer, and central executive working memory
D)Encoding, storage, organization, and retrieval

Question 61

With respect to memory recall, the recency effect occurs because the words at the end of the list

A)are rehearsed more and are more likely to be stored in long-term memory
B)are not bumped out of working memory by additional information
C)receive more maintenance rehearsal than words in the middle and beginning of the list
D)are more deeply processed than words in the middle and beginning of the list

Question 62

Sheryl is able to rehearse her lines in the school play while riding her bicycle to school in the morning. Both of these tasks require processing, but in the case of learning her lines, the processing is

A)state-dependent
B)serial
C)automatic
D)effortful

Question 63

If I present you with the word "BOOK" and ask you if this word contains all lowercase letters, answering this question involves the use of ___________ encoding.

A)structural
B)phonological
C)episodic
D)semantic

Question 64

Research has found that the primacy effect disappears if

A)recall is delayed for 5 to 10 seconds
B)recall is delayed for 15 to 30 seconds and participants are given a more demanding task
C)the words are presented more quickly, thus preventing participants from rehearsing the early words
D)the participants are specifically told to use maintenance rehearsal while the list is being read

Question 65

Automatic processing refers to incidental information that gets stored in memory, while the encoding of memories that are intentionally initiated and occur through conscious attention is called ___________.

A)elaborative rehearsal
B)maintenance rehearsal
C)deep processing
D)effortful processing

Question 66

You pass some one on the street and he looks familiar to you. You don't remember the person's name, but you can recall that you met him at a New Year's Eve party last year at a friend's house and you can even recall what he was wearing. These types of memories are best described as examples of

A)effortful processing
B)procedural memory
C)automatic processing
D)maintenance rehearsal

Question 67

According to the three-stage model of memory, we remember the words presented at the beginning of a list better because

A)we can quickly rehearse them and transfer them to long-term memory
B)we use procedural memory to encode them instead of elaborative rehearsal
C)these words tend to be visually encoded instead of phonetically encoded
D)these words are not "bumped out" of short-term memory by new information

Question 68

Making a grocery list and taking notes for a class involve encoding that is initiated intentionally and requires conscious attention. These are both examples of ____________.

A)effortful processing
B)automatic processing
C)maintenance rehearsal
D)state-dependent memory

Question 69

According to Craik and colleagues at the University of Toronto, semantic encoding is a deeper level of processing than phonemic encoding, which itself is a deeper level of processing than is _______________ encoding.

A)procedural
B)episodic
C)structural
D)deep processing

Question 70

According to the depth of processing model, semantic encoding involves the deepest processing because it requires us to attend to the __________ the information being encoded.

A)phonological sound of
B)physical form of
C)the many details associated with
D)meaning of

Question 71

Craik and Lockhart proposed the notion that the more deeply we process information, the better it will be remembered. This is the __________ concept.

A)automatic processing
B)maintenance rehearsal
C)levels of processing
D)prospective memory

Question 72

Intentional processing that requires conscious attention is best defined as

A)sensory processing
B)effortful processing
C)implicit memory
D)automatic processing

Question 73

According to the three-stage model of memory, the primacy effect is due to the transfer of words into long-term memory, and the ______________ is due to short-term memory.

A)rehearsal effect
B)recency effect
C)serial position effect
D)misinformation effect

Question 74

Words at the end of a list are typically remembered better than words presented in the middle. This is known as the recency effect and it presumably happens because the last few words on the list remain in __________ memory.

A)sensory memory
B)long-term
C)episodic
D)short-term

Question 75

If I were to ask you whether the word "FORCE" rhymed with the word "COURSE," to make this distinction you would have to use a method of processing that is considered to be less deep than semantic encoding called __________ encoding.

A)structural
B)procedural
C)episodic
D)phonological

Question 76

While the primacy effect is thought to be due to the early transfer of information to long-term memory, this effect appears to be due to information remaining in short-term memory. This is called the __________ effect.

A)rehearsal
B)serial position
C)final position
D)recency

Question 77

If we desired to eliminate the recency effect, we could

A)present the words on the list more quickly and then delay the recall test by 15 to 30 seconds
B)delay the recall test by 15 to 30 seconds
C)delay the recall test by 15 to 30 seconds and prevent rehearsal with a distracter task
D)present the words on the list more slowly

Question 78

Assume you are presented with a list of 15 random words. Immediately after the list has been presented, you are asked to recall as many of the words as you can. Research has shown that you will tend to

A)remember words presented in the middle best
B)remember words presented at the beginning and end better than words presented in the middle
C)remember words presented at the end much better than words presented in the middle or at the beginning
D)remember words presented in the beginning much better than words presented in the middle or at the end

Question 79

Which of the following statements regarding the concept of depth of processing is true?

A)Structural encoding involves deeper processing than semantic processing.
B)Phonological encoding involves deeper processing than structural encoding.
C)Phonological encoding involves deeper processing than semantic processing.
D)Structural processing involves deeper processing than phonological processing.

Question 80

Yesterday Jen's dad sent her to the grocery store for a few last minute items for dinner. Jen repeated the list to herself as she walked to the store. Although she did not remember a few of the items yesterday, she did remember the first several and last several on her dad's list. Today she can't remember the last few items on the list but she continues to recall the first several items. Most likely these items that were the first items her father listed

A)are the most important items on the list
B)remain in her short term memory due to rehearsal
C)will be forgotten by the end of the day
D)are stored now in Jen's long-term memory due to rehearsal