Deck 17: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Question 1

One of the key assumptions of social skills training is that the skills deficits of a particular individual may be reflective of disordered relationships in the family system.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Acceptance and commitment therapy includes the process of mindfulness as a vehicle for change.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Systematic desensitization differs from exposure therapy in that systematic desensitization is based on the principle of extinction while exposure therapy is based on the principle of counterconditioning.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

One of the primary functions of free association in psychoanalysis is to gain access to unconscious material.

Question 5

Systematic desensitization attempts to treat anxiety disorders by teaching clients a response that is considered to be incompatible with anxiety.

Question 6

When a therapy client responds to a therapist as if she was a significant person from the client's past, psychoanalytic theorists technically refer to this as resistance.

Question 7

Hans Eysenck analyzed data collected from health insurance companies and concluded that it provided clear empirical support for the validity of psychotherapy.

Question 8

Carl Rogers's concept of unconditional positive regard specifically refers to the ability of the therapist to be able to view the world through the client's eyes.

Question 9

The cognitive therapy approach of Aaron Beck is currently considered to be the non-pharmacological treatment of choice for depression.

Question 10

When considering the use of token economies, therapists almost always ask whether other, less painful approaches are available and whether the negative behaviour involved poses a serious risk to either the individual or society.

Question 11

In brief psychodynamic therapies, the therapist is typically more focused and active than in traditional psychoanalysis.

Question 12

With a few small exceptions, meta-analysis conducted on the efficacy of various psychological treatments have revealed that most therapies are equally effective.

Question 13

All mental-health professionals must graduate from psychology graduate school program with either a master's degree or a Ph.D.

Question 14

Punishment is never used as a therapeutic technique.

Question 15

In Albert Ellis's "ABCD" model, the "B" stands for the client's maladaptive behaviours.

Question 16

Exposure therapy is based almost entirely on the principles of operant conditioning.

Question 17

Carl Rogers and Fritz Perls were similar in that both are considered to be humanistic theorists who believed that people have an inherent tendency towards self-healing.

Question 18

According to the text, the two elements that are combined in the treatment of behaviour disorders are a helping relationship and some kind of technique or intervention.

Question 19

Being knowledgeable about a client's culture and/or ethnicity while at the same time not inappropriately stereotyping a client are both important aspects of being a culturally competent therapist.

Question 20

Although more expensive and time-consuming, long-term classical psychoanalysis still tends to produce better therapeutic outcomes than briefer psychodynamic therapies do.

Question 21

Bob has been feeling rather down and depressed the past few months and is considering talking to someone about his problems. Which of the following professionals is Bob more likely to consult with first?

A)A family physician
B)A psychologist
C)A psychiatrist
D)A psychiatric social worker

Question 22

Antidepressant drugs work by decreasing the activity of certain neurotransmitters.

Question 23

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) can be useful in treating severe depression, but has also been found to relieve anxiety disorders.

Question 24

The techniques of free association and dream analysis are similar in that both are used to

A)access unconscious material
B)identify maladaptive thinking
C)identify important antecedents and consequences
D)increase feelings of unconditional positive regard

Question 25

Two key therapeutic elements in the treatment of behaviour disorders are not only the therapy techniques but also the _________________.

A)client's openness
B)therapeutic relationship
C)problem severity
D)client's motivation

Question 26

Helping people achieve greater insight, which is an awareness of the underlying dynamics of their problems, is the primary therapeutic goal of __________.

A)humanistic therapy
B)cognitive therapy
C)behaviour modification
D)psychoanalysis

Question 27

Which of the following mental-health professionals receives his or her training in medical school?

A)A clinical psychologist
B)A psychiatrist
C)A psychiatric social worker
D)A marriage and family counsellor

Question 28

Two treatment elements that are combined in the management of all psychological disorders are

A)medications and psychological techniques
B)transference and countertransference
C)the therapeutic relationship and psychological techniques
D)interpretation and insight

Question 29

A therapist asks her client to begin sharing the various thoughts and feelings that are currently in her awareness. This continues for several minutes, with the client commenting on the changing process of what is appearing in her conscious mind. This therapist is using the therapeutic technique known as

A)analyzing the transference
B)free association
C)random reporting
D)insight

Question 30

Tardive dyskinesia is a negative side effect associated with the use of antipsychotic drugs.

Question 31

Though psychological treatments and medications are often thought of as the main curative elements in psychotherapy, often positive changes are produced as a function of the power of ______________.

A)insight
B)countertransference
C)behaviour modification
D)the therapeutic relationship

Question 32

According to psychoanalytic theory, which of the following is "the royal road to the unconscious"?

A)Transference
B)Free association
C)Fixations
D)Dreams

Question 33

Susan has an anxiety disorder and has sought help from a therapist, Dr. Jones. Dr. Jones believes that Susan's anxiety is related to her unconscious fear of her unmet sexual impulses and that in order for Susan to get over her anxiety problem, she needs to have greater awareness of this unconscious dynamics. Dr. Jones appears to be trying to produce positive changes by fostering more insight and is most likely associated with the ______________ approach to therapy.

A)cognitive
B)interpersonal
C)psychoanalytic
D)humanistic

Question 34

Most anti-anxiety drugs achieve their effects by slowing the synaptic activity in the nervous system. One way of doing this is by increasing the activity of the neurotransmitter gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Question 35

Kelly's therapist listens to her talk about the problems she is having this school year but continues to ask about events and emotions Kelly experienced as a child and hasn't thought about in ages. Her therapist believes she will change the unconscious factors that are creating her inability to deal with her current maladaptive behaviours by helping Kelly achieve ___________.

A)insight
B)self-actualization
C)counterconditioning
D)positive transference

Question 36

Psychoanalysts study the dreams of their patients because it is assumed that dreams

A)contain the essential elements of the transference
B)represent the patients' first attempts at resistance in therapy
C)express unconscious wishes and fantasies that are typically repressed during the day
D)represent the patients' unconscious attempts to successfully solve their problems

Question 37

Which of the following mental-health professionals are medical doctors specializing in psychotherapy and biomedical treatments?

A)Clinical psychologists
B)Family counsellors
C)Psychiatrists
D)Counselling psychologists

Question 38

Faith in the therapist and the opportunity to practise new behaviours are both thought to be important client factors that are associated with psychotherapy outcomes.

Question 39

The goal of psychoanalysis is to

A)help clients understand their resistance to the therapeutic process
B)analyze and resolve the client's transference reactions
C)change the client's negative transference to positive transference
D)help clients achieve insight

Question 40

One of the disorders that is thought to respond well to the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is severe depression.

Question 41

During the course of therapy, a client develops strong emotional feelings for his therapist. He thinks about her often and though he is unwilling to admit it, he has become quite dependent on and attracted to her. Though he is only just becoming aware of this, he has noticed that his therapist in many ways reminds him of his mother. This example best demonstrates the psychoanalytic concept of

A)insight
B)free association
C)transference
D)resistance

Question 42

A therapist who takes a humanistic approach to psychotherapy would most likely have the goal of creating a therapeutic environment that

A)discovers unconscious impulses
B)challenges irrational thoughts
C)reinforces desired behaviours
D)allows for self-exploration

Question 43

Which of the following therapeutic approaches is considered to be a brief therapy based primarily on the principles of psychoanalysis?

A)Rational-emotive therapy
B)Client-centred therapy
C)Interpersonal therapy
D)Cognitive therapy

Question 44

According to the humanistic theorist Carl Rogers, the "active ingredient" in therapy is ________ for which he identified three important and interrelated therapist attributes.

A)the client's personality
B)the therapist's personality
C)the client's own self-exploration
D)the therapeutic relationship

Question 45

In psychoanalytic theory, it is assumed that while the person may consciously want help, there may be an unconscious motivation not to change. The defensive patterns that disrupt therapy and function to maintain the present condition are called

A)transference
B)resistance
C)repression
D)insight

Question 46

Though they are usually considered to be quite different, the psychoanalytic and the humanistic approaches to psychotherapy are similar in that

A)they both assume that childhood events play an important role in psychological disorders
B)they both have similar conceptualizations of humans and human nature
C)they both rely heavily on the use of dreams and interpretations
D)the humanistic perspective is essentially an extension of basic psychoanalytic principles

Question 47

After several months of psychoanalytic therapy, a psychoanalyst makes the comment to his client: "It seems as if you're responding to me as if I was your father and you believe that you have significantly disappointed me." This statement is best considered as an example of

A)an interpretation
B)an explanation
C)a free association
D)resistance

Question 48

John has made little progress during his last few months in therapy, but just last week, his therapist thought that he was close to gaining some important awareness about his unconscious patterns. John's therapist is eager for their next session, but when John's appointment time comes, John does not show up and phones later to apologize, saying that he accidentally forgot about it. Psychoanalytic theorists would most likely interpret John's behaviour as an example of

A)free association
B)repression
C)negative transference
D)resistance

Question 49

Which of the following is considered to be the primary or chief therapeutic technique used by psychoanalysts to help clients gain awareness of important material?

A)Dream analysis
B)Transference
C)Free association
D)Interpretation

Question 50

The assumption that psychological disorders are produced by the blockage of natural tendencies toward personal growth is most consistent with the

A)psychodynamic approach
B)humanistic approach
C)behavioural approach
D)cognitive approach

Question 51

When a therapy client responds to his therapist as if the therapist was an important figure from his past, ____________ is said to occur.

A)transference
B)resistance
C)wish fulfillment
D)insight

Question 52

All of the following are differences between traditional psychoanalysis and brief psychodynamic therapies except

A)most brief psychodynamic therapies do not make use of insight or interpretation
B)most brief psychodynamic therapies replace free association with talking
C)most brief psychodynamic therapies focus on current life problems rather than the reconstruction of personality
D)the therapists conducting brief psychodynamic therapies are usually more active

Question 53

In psychoanalytic theory, any statement made by the therapist that is intended to help the client gain insight into their behaviour or dynamics is called

A)an explanation
B)an interpretation
C)a clarification
D)an explication

Question 54

In contrast to a psychoanalytic therapy session, the perspective that focuses on the present and future instead of the past is the ____________________ perspective.

A)biological
B)trait
C)humanistic
D)behavioural

Question 55

Cathy has been seeing a therapist for a month. The therapy sessions focus on showing Cathy that she can control her actions and how she should take responsibility for her behaviour. Most likely, her therapist is coming from a ________________ perspective.

A)behavioural
B)psychodynamic
C)humanistic
D)trait

Question 56

Studies showing that most of the therapeutic improvement of clients occurs by the 10^th session of psychodynamic therapy were presented to make the argument that

A)traditional long-term psychoanalysis yields significantly better patient outcomes than brief psychodynamic therapy does
B)there is little empirical evidence supporting the psychodynamic concept of resistance
C)interpretations do not appear to be necessary for psychodynamic therapy to be effective
D)brief psychodynamic therapy is a viable and effective alternative to traditional psychoanalysis

Question 57

While listening to his client talk about her favourite memories from childhood, Dr. Peabody begins to notice that whenever his patient's thoughts approach her sister, she quickly changes the topic and talks about something else. When Dr. Peabody begins probing her memories and thoughts about her sister, his client starts missing therapy appointments often cancelling without notice. This defensive manoeuvre is known as ______________.

A)free association
B)resistance
C)transference
D)modelling

Question 58

To increase the insight of their clients, psychoanalysts use the primary therapeutic technique of ____________.

A)resistance
B)transference
C)interpretation
D)free association

Question 59

Which of the following was mentioned as a difference between traditional and brief psychodynamic therapy?

A)Brief psychodynamic therapy pays significantly less attention to the importance of insight than traditional psychoanalysis does.
B)Brief psychodynamic therapy tends to focus on current life problems while traditional psychoanalysis attempts to rebuild the client's personality.
C)Brief psychodynamic therapy relies more heavily on free association than traditional psychoanalysis does.
D)In brief psychodynamic therapy, the therapist is considerably less active than in traditional psychoanalysis.

Question 60

Her stepfather abused Samantha emotionally and physically. Now, as a young adult, she is working with a therapist to resolve some of her low self-esteem and relationship issues. Over the course of therapy, Samantha begins to feel great anger toward her male therapist, telling him how much she resents his control over her. She almost quits therapy because she begins to feel that he is too controlling and makes her feel so insignificant. Her therapist is able to show Samantha that she is acting irrationally and has experienced a ___________________ of her feelings to her therapist.

A)resistance
B)free association
C)positive transference
D)negative transference

Question 61

Which of the following therapeutic approaches is considered to be a humanistic approach to therapy?

A)Free association therapy
B)Gestalt therapy
C)Rational-emotive therapy
D)Cognitive therapy

Question 62

The identification and replacement of irrational thoughts and the ABCD model of emotional disturbance are most closely associated with which of the following people?

A)Aaron Beck
B)Carl Rogers
C)Albert Ellis
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 63

Carl is involved in a therapy group in which he is frequently asked to role-play various people and even inanimate objects in order to gain more access to feelings from which he has been cut-off. The therapist facilitating the group is rather imaginative when suggesting activities for the group and has been known to be challenging every now and then. Carl's therapy group is most likely based on the principles of

A)person-centered therapy
B)interpersonal therapy
C)cognitive therapy
D)Gestalt therapy

Question 64

Nadine wants to ask Ramon out on a date but is afraid he will say "no." According to Ellis's theory, Nadine is not really afraid of Ramon saying "no," but rather ____________________.

A)she has an irrational belief that she is worthless and will never get a date
B)she has a fear of going out alone
C)that she will feel foolish
D)she is reminded of past boys, those that have turned her down

Question 65

A therapist takes a moment to paraphrase what he has just heard his client say in a way that accurately captures the feelings the client was experiencing. In client-centred therapy, this would be considered an example of reflecting, and this technique is often used to foster the important therapist characteristic of ____________.

A)interpretation
B)genuineness
C)unconditional positive regard
D)empathy

Question 66

A therapist feels frustrated because her client has recently missed three of her last five appointments. If the therapist were to express these negative feelings to her client, this would best demonstrate Carl Rogers's important therapist characteristic of

A)genuineness
B)unconditional positive regard
C)sympathy
D)empathy

Question 67

The rational-emotive therapy is concerned with _____________.

A)irrational thoughts
B)negative thoughts
C)negative feelings
D)irrational feelings

Question 68

Mary has been working with a therapist because she has felt very confused and unsure about herself for the past few years. Mary's therapist tends to be very nondirective and devotes a great deal of the session to allowing Mary to explore her identity, wants, and dreams for the future. The therapist rarely gives direct advice and instead is primarily interested in helping Mary clarify her own ideas and feelings. Mary's therapist is most likely associated with the ____________ perspective of psychotherapy.

A)cognitive
B)behavioural
C)humanistic
D)psychoanalytic

Question 69

Josh is visiting a friend when he accidentally breaks a valuable plate. He begins to berate himself for his clumsiness and stupidity, and almost instantaneously he starts to feel embarrassed and upset. According to Ellis's ABCD model of emotion, the breaking of the plate would represent the

A)"A"
B)"B"
C)"C"
D)"D"

Question 70

The decrease in popularity of Gestalt therapy may have been due to

A)the fact that Fritz Perls was not interested in testing his ideas through research
B)the strong psychoanalytic influence on his approach to therapy
C)the personal conflict that he had with the more popular Carl Rogers
D)extensive research that found the techniques of Gestalt therapy are ineffective

Question 71

Jerry is working with a therapist to get over his depression. The therapist points out how most of his depressive feelings appear to be produced by thoughts such as, "because my boss doesn't like me, I will never get promoted!" The therapist helps Jerry to identify when this previously automatic thought is present and suggests that he come up with some way of challenging this conclusion. Jerry most likely has a therapist who is using

A)cognitive therapy
B)client-centred therapy
C)interpersonal therapy
D)rational-emotive therapy

Question 72

Carl Rogers and Fritz Perls were similar in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A)Their therapies are both considered to be humanistic in nature
B)They both asserted that self-exploration is important for growth and health
C)They both agreed in the importance of validating their therapies through research
D)They both assumed the existence of a self-actualizing tendency

Question 73

A humanistic therapist's refusal to offer advice or guidance to his or her client is best representative of the client-centred therapist attribute of

A)genuineness
B)resistance
C)unconditional positive regard
D)empathy

Question 74

All of the following were mentioned by Carl Rogers as important and essential therapist characteristics EXCEPT

A)empathy
B)congruence
C)unconditional positive regard
D)genuineness

Question 75

When Josh brings home a report card with a failing grade in French, he is very sad. According to rational-emotive therapy, the failing grade is the _______________ of the sadness.

A)activating event
B)outcome
C)consequence
D)disputing factor

Question 76

The Gestalt therapy approach of Fritz Perls is largely based on

A)social learning principles that describe how people can learn from modelling and behavioural observations
B)perceptual principles that describe how different stimuli are perceived
C)classical conditioning principles that describe how associations between stimuli are learned
D)operant conditioning principles that describe how associations between behaviours and consequences are learned

Question 77

According to Carl Rogers, the most important curative agent in psychotherapy is

A)the development of insight
B)increased awareness of negative thoughts
C)the relationship between client and therapist
D)self-actualization

Question 78

This therapy is often conducted in a group format, it sometimes incorporates role-playing, and it can be rather confrontational. This is _____________ therapy.

A)psychodynamic
B)rational-emotive
C)Gestalt
D)cognitive behavioural

Question 79

Cognitive therapy is currently considered to be the psychological treatment of choice for which of the following disorders?

A)Generalized anxiety disorder
B)Depression
C)Schizophrenia
D)Somatic symptom disorder

Question 80

In Albert Ellis's ABCD model of emotional disturbance, the "A" stands for the

A)antecedent
B)activating event
C)automatic thoughts
D)aversive situation