Deck 11: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

One of the problems in defining sexual orientation is that many people identify as homosexuals but very few of these people actually engage in homosexual behaviour.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Evolutionary psychologists assume that positive emotions are adaptively significant because they serve to narrow our attention to relevant stimuli.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

A drive is an inherited characteristic that is automatically generated in response to certain stimuli.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

A drop-rise pattern in the level of glucose in our bodies appears to trigger hunger.

Question 5

An approach-approach conflict occurs when a person experiences conflict when deciding between two attractive alternatives.

Question 6

A friend of yours who is in a bad mood calls you a jerk, which in turn evokes an emotional response of anger in you. In terms of the four basic components of emotion, the phrase uttered by your friend that served to trigger your anger would be considered an instrumental behaviour.

Question 7

Performance anxiety was discussed as one of the psychological factors that can inhibit sexual functioning.

Question 8

Though scientists first thought that the lateral hypothalamus (LH) was a "hunger on" centre, they now believe that the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is responsible for this particular function.

Question 9

The concepts of emotion and motivation are closely associated and similar in that both involve states of arousal and both can trigger patterns of action.

Question 10

According to Hull's drive theory, drives are generated by physiological disruptions of homeostasis.

Question 11

Repeated "yo-yo dieting" makes it increasingly more difficult for a person to lose weight.

Question 12

According to objectification theory, society has a detrimental impact on women by teaching them to view their bodies as things or commodities.

Question 13

CCK (cholecystokinin) is released into the bloodstream and travels to the brain where it stimulates receptors that initiate hunger.

Question 14

According to William Masters and Virginia Johnson's four-stage sexual response cycle, the plateau phase comes before the excitement stage.

Question 15

Extrinsic motivation involves performing an activity for its own sake because you find it enjoyable or engaging.

Question 16

In self-determination theory, the psychological need of relatedness is in direct opposition to the need of relatedness and a person needs to find a balance between the two.

Question 17

In approach-avoidance conflicts, the tendency to avoid the goal increases in strength faster than the tendency to approach the goal does.

Question 18

Mastery-avoidance goals reflect a fear of not performing up to one's own standards.

Question 19

The case of the Pima Indians of Arizona was presented to illustrate how genetic and environmental factors can interact to produce obesity.

Question 20

According to evolutionary psychologists, the key to understanding motives, like affiliation for example, is their adaptive significance.

Question 21

Animals and humans who do not have access to sensory feedback from their internal organs still experience emotions that are as intense as other people, a finding that provides support for the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.

Question 22

Research indicates that people in different cultures show a high level of agreement concerning the emotions being expressed in facial photographs.

Question 23

According to modern evolutionary theory, humans are social creatures because social behaviour

A)is instinctual
B)satisfies our need for growth
C)is intrinsically motivating
D)presumably produces survival advantages

Question 24

Joseph LeDoux demonstrated that the thalamus sends separate sensory signals to the hippocampus and that this neural wiring makes it possible for the body to respond emotionally to particular stimuli before the cortex has had time to fully interpret them.

Question 25

Experts are usually able to correctly identify people who are known to be innocent using the results from lie detector tests, but they are less accurate when it comes to correctly identifying people known to be guilty.

Question 26

According to the text, some cognitive appraisals can be very automatic and primitive such that we have little awareness that they have even occurred.

Question 27

In general, tasks that are more complex have a higher optimal level of arousal than tasks that are easier.

Question 28

An important clue about the definition of the term "motivation" is revealed if we look at its derivation. The root of the word "motivation" in Latin is

A)to move
B)to pursue
C)to achieve
D)to inspire

Question 29

The neurotransmitter dopamine is thought to play an important role in the emotion of anger.

Question 30

According to the expectancy x value theory of motivation, the worth that an individual places on a goal is often called the

A)motivation value
B)effort value
C)incentive value
D)reinforcement value

Question 31

An approach to motivation that proposes that motivated behaviour stems from a person's beliefs that particular behaviours will lead to a goal and from the worth that a person places on that goal is called ________________ theory.

A)drive
B)expectancy * value
C)intrinsic motivation
D)social exchange

Question 32

The general processes that affect the direction, persistence, and strength of goal-directed behaviour are referred to as ________________.

A)incentive
B)motivation
C)instinct
D)drive

Question 33

Hull's drive theory assumes that there is a significant causal relation between which of the following constructs?

A)Drives and homeostasis
B)Drives and instincts
C)Instincts and homeostasis
D)Drives and needs

Question 34

The body's tendency to maintain an internal state of physiological balance is referred to as the concept of ___________.

A)internal consistency
B)equilibrium
C)stasis
D)homeostasis

Question 35

Emotions are always responses to our perceptions of the eliciting stimulus.

Question 36

An inherited characteristic that produces a particular response when an organism is exposed to a particular stimulus and is common to all members of a species is called a(n)

A)motive
B)drive
C)instinct
D)incentive

Question 37

When discussing the origins of altruistic behaviour evident in many individuals across many circumstances, Dr. Kim asserts that even though it doesn't necessarily benefit the individual, there must have been some kind of adaptive significance produced by this kind of behaviour or it would not be present today. Based on this information, Dr. Kim would most likely identify with which of the following approaches to motivation?

A)Humanistic theory
B)Evolutionary psychology
C)Social learning theory
D)Incentive theory

Question 38

Modern evolutionary theorists explain and understand motivation with reference to the concept of ____________.

A)adaptive significance
B)instincts
C)expectancies
D)growth needs

Question 39

The fight-or-flight response of the body in response to physical threats is produced by the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 40

According to Hull's drive theory of motivation, various drives are produced

A)by specific instincts that are common to both humans and animals
B)when our growth needs are not being met
C)when there is a physiological disruption of homeostasis
D)when we value a goal and expect that certain behaviours will lead to its accomplishment

Question 41

Which of the following statements regarding the set point concept is most accurate?

A)The vast majority of researchers assert that the set point concept is invalid and holds false for the body weight of all persons.
B)The set point notion is only a myth and has not been empirically substantiated by research.
C)Some researchers feel it is a valid concept, while others argue that though it is difficult, it is possible to "settle in" to a new weight.
D)Researchers agree unanimously that there is no such thing as a set point and research continues to determine whether people can "settle in" to a new weight.

Question 42

When hungry animals are injected with this peptide, they will stop feeding or reduce the size of their meals. This peptide is called

A)androgen
B)glucose
C)cholecystokinin (CCK)
D)estrogen

Question 43

If you enjoy an activity for its own sake then the activity is said to be high in

A)goal-related motivation
B)external motivation
C)intrinsic motivation
D)extrinsic motivation

Question 44

An important role in the signalling and initiating of hunger is the temporary rise and fall of _________.

A)estrogen
B)leptin
C)glucose
D)cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 45

Sara and Frank are competing for the same new job. They both very much want the job and believe that it would substantially help their careers. Frank isn't sure that he has the job or interview skills needed to get the job and as a result, he puts a little less effort into his resume and job interview. Sara, on the other hand, believes that she has good interview skills and thinks that she has the talent to get the job. As a result, she prepares at bit harder for this position. The expectancy x value theory of motivation, would most likely explain this difference in motivation as being due to

A)their different expectancies regarding their goal-related behaviours
B)their different growth needs
C)the different values they placed on the job
D)their different internal drives

Question 46

Researchers have observed that both humans and animals experience a temporary rise and fall of the nutrient glucose

A)immediately after binge eating
B)just prior to experiencing hunger
C)just after snacking
D)when the stomach is full

Question 47

Tim is just learning to play the piano and, somewhat surprisingly, he already enjoys playing it even though he isn't very good. Tim's parents would like to see him develop his skills so they decide to pay Tim $10.00 at the end of each week if he has satisfactorily practiced all his lessons. Motivation theorists familiar with the overjustification hypothesis would argue that the rewards being offered by Tim's parents may decrease Tim's interest in piano by _______________ motivation.

A)enhancing his instinctual
B)undermining his growth
C)enhancing his growth
D)undermining his intrinsic

Question 48

According to Maslow's need hierarchy, people must first satisfy their need for security and safety before they can turn their attention to their next deficiency need of __________.

A)food
B)knowledge and understanding
C)affiliation and love
D)spirituality

Question 49

Some researchers assume that there is a fixed internal physiological standard around which a person's body weight is regulated called a _________.

A)critical point
B)metabolically ideal weight
C)homeostatic weight
D)set point

Question 50

Your body's individual rate of energy or calorie consumption is referred to as its

A)homeostasis.
B)fat cell ratio.
C)metabolism.
D)digestive efficiency.

Question 51

Maslow proposed that if a lower-level need is no longer satisfied, we focus on meeting that need as we are experiencing ______________.

A)intrinsic motivation
B)deficiency needs
C)need regression
D)growth needs

Question 52

Maslow held the assumption that people are motivated to achieve their potentials by a range of needs, from basic biological needs for safety and nutrition to spiritual growth needs. Maslow proposed the concept of

A)progressive instincts
B)a need hierarchy
C)a motivation range
D)overjustification

Question 53

Your intestines respond to the ingestion of food by releasing this peptide, which travels to the brain and stimulates the receptors sites of brain regions that decrease eating. This peptide is called

A)glucose
B)leptin
C)estrogen
D)cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 54

Some motivational researchers make an important distinction between types of motivation, extrinsic motivation involves performing an activity to obtain an external reward or prize, as opposed to engaging in an activity for its own sake because it is enjoyable or engaging, which is ________________ motivation.

A)self-actualization
B)intrinsic
C)drive
D)expectancy

Question 55

Which of the following are assumed to serve as satiety signals, telling the brain that the stomach is full?

A)Stomach and intestinal distention
B)Stomach contractions
C)Increasing concentration levels of glucose
D)Decreasing concentration levels of glucose

Question 56

Energy expended in your body is used to maintain your basal metabolism which involves the continuous work of resting cells in your body. The amount of this energy is approximately ___________ percent.

A)66
B)50
C)25
D)85

Question 57

One of the criticisms of Abraham Maslow's need hierarchy is that people may still pursue their need for love and affiliation, even when presumably lower needs, such as the need for ____________, have not yet been satisfied or met.

A)security
B)esteem and the respect of others
C)knowledge and understanding
D)self-actualization

Question 58

If the glucose levels of a person are experimentally manipulated such that they first rise and then drop, the person will most likely

A)decrease their metabolism
B)experience hunger
C)binge or overeat
D)experience satiety

Question 59

A motivation theorist who believes in the expectancy x value theory of motivation would most likely say that two people can respond differently to the same incentive because

A)they have different drives
B)they have different unconscious motives
C)they have different deficiency needs
D)they evaluate the worth of the incentive differently

Question 60

If the nerves from the stomach to the brain are severed in animals, they

A)experience neither hunger nor satiety
B)still experience hunger but not satiety
C)still experience satiety but not hunger
D)still experience both hunger and satiety

Question 61

Initial research suggested that the lateral hypothalamus (LH) was a "hunger on" centre in the brain, but more recent research has revealed that neurons in a different centre play an important role in triggering and reducing hunger. This centre is called

A)ascending reticular formation (ARF)
B)ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
C)paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
D)cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 62

The perspective that claims that some cultures teach women to view their bodies as objects, which in turn can lead to self-imposed eating restrictions or even eating disorders is known as

A)objectification theory
B)expectancy * value theory
C)drive theory
D)management by objectives theory

Question 63

Which of the following was specifically mentioned as a cultural factor that can influence eating behaviours?

A)The taste of food
B)The presentation of the food served
C)The time of day that food is served
D)The smell of food

Question 64

Rats with mutations to the ob gene become obese because

A)their fat cells produce too much leptin
B)their fat cells do not produce leptin
C)the receptors in their brains are insensitive to leptin
D)the receptors in their brains are overly sensitive to leptin

Question 65

Research on Playboy magazine centrefolds and Miss America contestants between the 1950s and 1990s has revealed a trend for an "ideal" body shape for women that is ______________.

A)thin and unrealistic
B)thin and realistic
C)large and unrealistic
D)large and realistic

Question 66

Initial research found that when the ventromedial hypothalamus(VMH) of rats was electrically stimulated, the rats

A)became gluttons and their body weights frequently doubled or tripled
B)refused to eat, often to the point of starvation
C)experienced the normal signals of satiety
D)began eating normally after a period of gluttony

Question 67

Scientists learned about how leptin regulates food intake and weight by studying

A)genetically obese mice
B)people with anorexia
C)animals that have had their stomachs removed
D)people with bulimia

Question 68

Research conducted by Fallon and Rozin (1985) demonstrated that college women overestimated how thin they should be to conform to men's preferences, and that men _____________ how bulky they should be to conform to women's preferences.

A)underestimated
B)could not estimate
C)accurately estimated
D)overestimated

Question 69

Fat cells in the body actively regulate the processes of food intake and weight regulation by secreting a hormone to decrease appetite. This hormone is called

A)glucose
B)estrogen
C)androgen
D)leptin

Question 70

When the hormone leptin is released into the blood, an animal will most likely experience

A)stomach contractions
B)a temporary rise and drop in the level of glucose
C)a decrease in appetite
D)an increase in appetite

Question 71

Hunger researchers initially assumed that a certain region of the brain region is responsible for initiating hunger and eating because when it was electrically stimulated, animals would begin to eat. This brain region was called the

A)ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
B)ascending reticular formation (ARF)
C)paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
D)lateral hypothalamus (LH)

Question 72

Researchers have determined that meals tend to last longer, and people tend to eat more food when they eat _____________.

A)with other people
B)a greater variety of foods
C)the same thing repeatedly
D)alone

Question 73

According to the text, the most obvious environmental factor that influences eating is the

A)number of people with whom we are eating
B)availability of food
C)taste of food
D)variety of food

Question 74

From animal research findings, it appears that when leptin reaches the hypothalamus it inhibits the activity of neurons that release _____________, thereby reducing appetite.

A)insulin
B)neuropeptide
C)androgen
D)glucose

Question 75

Research with animals and human experience both suggest that we eat more when we eat from what is called a cafeteria diet. This increase is thought to occur because in this type of eating setting, we tend to eat

A)alone
B)with other people
C)quickly
D)a greater variety of foods

Question 76

We can learn to associate the smell and sight of food with its taste and, thus, these stimuli can serve to trigger a hunger response. This is best explained through the constructs of ______________ theory.

A)operant conditioning
B)modeling
C)avoidance conditioning
D)classical conditioning

Question 77

Modern research on the physiological mechanisms responsible for hunger have revealed that

A)as a function of hunger regulation, the lateral hypothalamus (LH) is the "hunger on" centre and the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is the "hunger off" centre
B)while involved in hunger regulation, the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) are not actually "hunger on" and "hunger off" centres
C)as a function of hunger regulation, the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is the location of both the "hunger on" and "hunger off" centres
D)as a function of hunger regulation, the lateral hypothalamus (LH) is the location of both the "hunger on" and "hunger off" centres

Question 78

According to Fredrickson and Roberts' objectification theory, American culture specifically teaches women

A)how to become obsessive perfectionists
B)to use food and harmful eating habits to regulate negative emotions
C)to view their bodies as things or commodities, much as external observers would
D)that they have to control their weight and food intake in order to feel safe

Question 79

In general, people who are heavier tend to have lower self-esteem. Research has indicated that

A)this relationship is equally strong in men and women
B)this relationship is stronger for men than it is for women
C)this relationship is stronger for women than it is for men
D)this relationship only holds true for women

Question 80

A man receives a small dose of the peptide CCK (cholecystokinin). The results from previous studies that have utilized this procedure suggest that he will

A)shortly experience hunger pangs
B)report feeling full after eating a smaller than normal meal
C)be unable to respond to hunger or satiety signals sent from his stomach
D)experience a strong desire to binge or overeat