Deck 10: Intelligence

Question 1

In creating his child intelligence test, Alfred Binet made the assumption that mental abilities develop with age.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Intensive early childhood intervention programs that start in infancy and continues to age 5 lead to long term positive effects on children's outcome except for children whose mothers are mentally retarded.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Kimura found that homosexual men are less accurate than heterosexual men on a throw-to-target task even after sports history and hand strength were controlled.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Standardization can refer to creating consistent well-controlled testing environments or to the process of creating age-specific norms for a test.

Question 5

The measurement concept of validity refers to how well a test actually measures the construct it was intended to measure.

Question 6

The measurement concept of reliability refers to how well a test actually measures the construct it was intended to measure.

Question 7

In his triarchic theory of intelligence, Robert Sternberg asserted that additional factors such as musical talents, physical abilities, and interpersonal skills should be included in the definition of intelligence.

Question 8

Once factor analysis has been conducted and two clusters of test items have been identified, the researcher still needs to identify what those clusters were measuring.

Question 9

David Wechsler revised Binet's test for use in United States.

Question 10

Research has found that greater gains in intelligence are found if schools teach specific cognitive skills for particular subjects rather than teaching to general mental ability.

Question 11

In developing his tests of intelligence, Alfred Binet assumed that the rate at which mental competence is gained is characteristic of the person and is fairly constant over time.

Question 12

Well-controlled, standardized tests, such as the Wechsler scales, that use static testing as the method of administration are more accurate at making educational recommendations compared to tests using dynamic testing.

Question 13

Gardner's view of multiple intelligences includes the ability to perceive musical pitches and rhythms, the ability to control body movements, and personal understanding of others and ourselves.

Question 14

Intensive early childhood intervention programs can lead to long term positive effects on children's outcome regardless of socioeconomic status.

Question 15

Achievement tests are more focused on past learning while aptitude tests are more focused on the potential for future learning.

Question 16

Early training in music can lead to structural changes in primary auditory cortex as well as the motor cortex.

Question 17

One explanation for the Flynn effect is nutritional gains.

Question 18

Within the context of selecting students for college, an aptitude test would theoretically be used to assess how much someone has learned in high school.

Question 19

Profound retardation is frequently caused by hereditary factors.

Question 20

Only a small percentage of gifted children attain eminence in later life.

Question 21

The individual to adapt Binet's test for use in the United States was

A)Sir Francis Galton
B)Lewis Terman
C)Robert J.Sternberg
D)William Stern

Question 22

Using Stern's intelligence quotient, if Susie is 6 years old and has a mental age of the average 9-year-old, her IQ would be

A)150
B)130
C)100
D)90

Question 23

The rationale for Binet to develop his test was to

A)assess different theories of intelligence
B)explain developmental differences in cognitive functioning
C)assess children's general level of intelligence
D)assess school related abilities to determine which children might require special education

Question 24

The following two assumptions: mental abilities develop with age and the rate of developmental change is relatively constant for a given individual, were assumptions made by __________.

A)Sir Francis Galton
B)Lewis Terman
C)Alfred Binet
D)William Stern

Question 25

In contrast to when the test was first created, modern IQ tests provide a score that represents

A)a ratio of a person's chronological age to his or her mental age
B)a ratio of the person's mental age to his or her chronological age
C)a person's mental age relative to the scores of other people of that gender
D)a person's performance relative to the scores of other people his or her own age

Question 26

Individual differences in the ability to acquire knowledge, to think and reason effectively, and to deal adaptively with the environment is called

A)divergent thinking
B)intelligence
C)propositional thought
D)convergent thinking

Question 27

_______ is a statistical technique that reduces a large number of measures to a smaller number of clusters, with variables within clusters being highly related with one another, but variables across clusters being much less so.

A)Correlational analysis
B)Factor analysis
C)Cluster analysis
D)Confirmation analysis

Question 28

Unlike the older intelligence tests that used Stern's method for calculating the intelligence quotient, current intelligence tests provide an "IQ" score that

A)is one's mental age as determined by one's performance relative to the average performance of individuals across various age groups
B)is the ratio of one's mental age to one's chronological age multiplied by 100
C)is based on one's test score relative to the mean test scores of people at different age levels
D)is determined by one's performance relative to the test scores of people of one's own age

Question 29

This approach to the study of intelligence attempts to map the structure of intellect and to discover the kinds of mental competencies that underlie test performance.

A)Multiple intelligence
B)Cognitive
C)Psychometric
D)Biological

Question 30

The mental age of 6 means

A)a score of 6 on a standardized test
B)the average age of intelligence for a 6-year-old
C)the intelligence of any 6-year-old
D)a person who only uses 60% of their brain capacity

Question 31

Which of the following was one of the assumptions made by Alfred Binet in his research on intelligence?

A)The rate at which a person gains knowledge is an internal characteristic and remains relatively constant over time.
B)The rate at which a person gains knowledge is largely determined by the environment.
C)Chronological age is a better determinant of intelligence than is mental age.
D)The characteristics of highly intelligent and successful people are largely determined by heredity.

Question 32

Alfred Binet made which of the following assumptions when developing his intelligence measure?

A)The characteristics of successful people are largely determined by heredity.
B)The characteristics of successful people are largely determined by the environment.
C)Mental abilities develop with age and the variable rate of this development is determined by the environment.
D)Mental abilities develop with age and the rate of this development is constant.

Question 33

Which of the following formulas was originally used by William Stern to determine a person's intelligence quotient?

A)IQ = mental age/chronological age
B)IQ = mental age x chronological age
C)IQ = (mental age/chronological age) x 100
D)IQ = (mental age x chronological age)/100

Question 34

Factor analysis is

A)a critical analysis of the factors involved in a hypothetical construct
B)an analysis of the sources underlying a scientific argument
C)a method of logic to derive the factors used in an analytic argument
D)a statistical method that identifies the underlying sources of individual differences in performance on tests

Question 35

___________ was one of the individuals to lay the foundation for later research of intelligence. He thought that intelligence was a function of "efficiency of the nervous system" and therefore tried to measure intelligence with tests that, for example, assessed reaction and sensory acuity.

A)Binet
B)Sternberg
C)Gardner
D)Galton

Question 36

Margaret was so excited to share the great news with her friends! She had just taken the Wechsler Intelligence Test and scored a 100. Being a 'C' student, Margaret was thrilled to think that she had actually earned the perfect score of 100! Margaret's teacher informed her that

A)the Wechsler scale only measures verbal intelligence, so her score is only for one aspect of intelligence
B)her score is a quotient, and therefore an individual score that was not linked to actual intelligence
C)IQ test scores are often inflated and unreliable so she may not score a 100 again
D)her score is relative to others her age and a score of 100 is the average performance

Question 37

If a child has a mental age of 7 and a chronological age of 4, her IQ score would be

A)above average for her age
B)average for her age
C)below average for her age
D)unknown - there is not enough information to calculate her IQ score

Question 38

One of the reasons that William Stern's original formula for calculating IQ was abandoned was that

A)the ratio worked well for children but not for adults
B)the ratio worked well for adults but not for children
C)it failed to take a person's chronological age into account
D)it failed to take a person's mental age into account

Question 39

The person who first used the term "intelligence quotient" or IQ was

A)Alfred Binet
B)William Stern
C)Lewis Terman
D)Sir Francis Galton

Question 40

Jonathan is taking an intelligence test that measures both verbal and non-verbal abilities. Most likely the test he is doing was developed by

A)Sir Francis Galton
B)Lewis Terman
C)Robert J.Sternberg
D)David Wechsler

Question 41

In theory, aptitude tests depend less on prior learning and more accurately measure a person's ability to react to problems presented in a test, in contrast to ____________ tests.

A)achievement
B)mental competence
C)psychological
D)individualized

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT an outcome that research has found related to IQ scores?

A)Interpersonal performance
B)Longevity
C)Job performance
D)Academic performance

Question 43

Criterion-related validity refers to

A)the extent to which the test measures the characteristic that the test purports to measure
B)how well the test scores predict other behaviours that are assumed to be influenced by the characteristic measured by the test
C)the extent to which the test items adequately sample the domain that the test purports to measure
D)how well the test items all measure the same characteristic that the test purports to measure

Question 44

If scores on a test are not strongly associated with criterion measures such as high school or college academic performance, then this test has

A)low internal validity
B)low construct validity
C)low criterion-related validity
D)low content validity

Question 45

All of the following were mentioned as different types of reliability measurements EXCEPT

A)test-retest reliability
B)internal consistency
C)interjudge reliability
D)construct consistency

Question 46

Norms, which are test results derived from a large, representative sample of particular age segments of a desired population, were discussed in the text as playing an essential role in establishing

A)standardization
B)construct validity
C)internal consistency
D)predictive validity

Question 47

The concept of validity refers to how well a test measures what it is intended to measure. A specific type of validity that measures whether the items on a test measure all the knowledge or skills that are assumed to be part of the construct measured by a test is called _____________.

A)content validity
B)construct validity
C)internal validity
D)criterion related validity

Question 48

Even though they are good predictors of performance in similar situations, one of the arguments against this type of test is that it makes the assumption that everyone has had the same chance to learn the material being tested. This is a(n) _________________ test.

A)aptitude
B)internally consistent
C)achievement
D)psychological

Question 49

Tests that contain novel problems that measure a person's potential for future learning and performance are called ______________ tests.

A)psychological
B)aptitude
C)achievement
D)deductive reasoning

Question 50

All of the following were mentioned as different types of validity measurements EXCEPT

A)construct validity
B)internal validity
C)content validity
D)criterion-related validity

Question 51

Which of the following statements regarding the process of standardization is most accurate?

A)It involves determining how consistent a test is and whether it actually measures what it is supposed to measure.
B)It involves creating well-controlled testing conditions and determining the consistency of a test.
C)It involves judging if a test actually measures what it is supposed to and determination of norms.
D)It involves creating well-controlled testing conditions and determination of norms.

Question 52

A test that has good consistency has strong __________.

A)predictive validity
B)reliability
C)construct validity
D)content validity

Question 53

Janine takes a personality test she finds in the latest issue of "College Freshman" magazine. To her delight, she scores as kind, generous, and caring. When she takes the magazine over to her best friend's dorm and takes the test again along with several other first year students, she cannot understand why this time she scores high in the category of self-centered, vain, and competitive. The fact that Janine can get two very different high scores from the same test after retaking it shows a remarkable lack of _______.

A)internal consistency
B)construct validity
C)test-retest reliability
D)predictive validity

Question 54

Using IQ test scores to predict grades, intelligence researchers have obtained positive correlations of about 0.60 for high school students and correlations in the range of ___________ for university students.

A)0.30 to 0.40
B)0.65 to 0.75
C)0.05 to 0.15
D)0.30 to 0.50

Question 55

Jay and Jackie are opening a new business and need to hire several employees. They decide to give the prospective employees an intelligence test but can't decide what it is they want to measure. Jay thinks they should find out how much the prospective employees already know. But Jackie thinks that the person's ability to learn new things is more important for their new business. Based on their intentions to measure different aspects, Jay should use a(n) ___________ test and Jackie should use a(n) ____________ test.

A)aptitude; mental competence
B)mental competence; aptitude
C)achievement; aptitude
D)aptitude; achievement

Question 56

Suppose you take a psychological test and receive a score of 82 (out of a possible 100) on it. Imagine that you take the same test again two days later and this time you receive a score of 46. Other people who have taken the test twice have also had similar positive and negative changes in scores. These results mean that this test has

A)low internal consistency
B)high internal consistency
C)low test-retest reliability
D)high test-retest reliability

Question 57

Dr. Delaye has developed a new test for math ability but because the test relies heavily on word problems, the test is actually a better measure of comprehension. Because this test doesn't measure the concept that Dr. Delaye originally intended it to, we would say that this test has

A)poor test-retest reliability
B)poor internal validity
C)poor criterion-related validity
D)poor construct validity

Question 58

Which of the following statements regarding the predictive use of intelligence tests is true?

A)IQ tests are not significantly correlated with job performance.
B)IQ tests do a better job of predicting job performance than job experience.
C)IQ tests do a good job of predicting job performance but not as good as previous work experience.
D)IQ tests predict job performance equally well as previous work experience.

Question 59

Creating a well-controlled testing environment in which extraneous factors will not influence test scores is most relevant to establishing which of the following?

A)Content validity
B)Standardization
C)Construct validity
D)Internal consistency

Question 60

Dr. Johnson has developed a new psychological test and after conducting some pilot tests, she has determined that scores for different items on the test are all correlated with one another. Thus, we would say that her new test has strong or high

A)test-retest reliability
B)content validity
C)predictive validity
D)internal consistency

Question 61

With regard to fluid and crystallized intelligence, research has concluded that

A)both fluid and crystallized intelligence appear to decline with age
B)both fluid and crystallized intelligence increase or remain stable well into late adulthood
C)fluid intelligence improves or remains stable with age but crystallized intelligence appears to decline in late adulthood
D)crystallized intelligence improves or remains stable with age but fluid intelligence appears to decline in late adulthood

Question 62

Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence would be considered to be which type of theory?

A)Psychometric
B)Cognitive processes
C)Independent intelligences
D)Psychophysical

Question 63

Researchers who are affiliated with the cognitive processes approach to intelligence

A)argue that intelligence is determined by what intelligence tests measure
B)study the specific thought processes that underlie mental abilities
C)want to determine how many different kinds of mental abilities underlie test performance
D)are interested in studying the basic structure of the intellect

Question 64

Charles Spearman's g factor conception of intelligence and L.L. Thurstone's primary mental abilities conception of intelligence are similar in that

A)they both argued that a single general intelligence factor was most important to determine intelligence
B)they are both examples of the cognitive processes approach to intelligence
C)they were both based on the same correlations among mental tasks measured by IQ tests
D)they both argued that the various specific mental abilities were the most important to determine intelligence

Question 65

Which of the following was mentioned as initially giving rise to L.L. Thurstone's theory of primary mental abilities?

A)Thurstone was impressed by the high correlations among mental tasks measured on IQ tests.
B)Thurstone thought that the correlations among mental tasks measured on IQ tests were lower than would be expected.
C)Thurstone was surprised at the nearly perfect correlations among mental tasks measured on IQ tests.
D)Thurstone was surprised that there was almost no correlation among mental tasks measured on IQ tests.

Question 66

Many critics have asserted that three of Howard Gardner's types of intelligence are not really part of intelligence at all. These three types are

A)bodily-kinesthetic, visual-spatial, and personal
B)musical, visual-spatial, and bodily-kinesthetic
C)musical, bodily-kinesthetic, and personal
D)bodily-kinesthetic, personal, and visual-spatial

Question 67

Elizabeth is taking a psychology class because she wants to learn more about herself and who she truly is. According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Elizabeth will be relying on her _____________ intelligence to do this.

A)interpersonal
B)intrapersonal
C)introspective
D)intuitive

Question 68

According to the text, the argument that intelligence consists of a single general ability factor was first advanced by

A)Alfred Binet
B)Raymond Cattell
C)L.L.Thurstone
D)Charles Spearman

Question 69

A study of the structure of the intellect and determining such things as the number of mental abilities responsible for test performance is the focus of the ____________ approach to intelligence.

A)cognitive processes
B)psychosocial
C)psychometric
D)constructivist

Question 70

In Carroll's three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities, the top or third stratum of the model contains

A)a g factor
B)crystallized and fluid intelligence
C)processing speed
D)specific cognitive abilities

Question 71

Compared to other existing theories of intelligence, Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is most unique in that

A)he argues that additional abilities such as musical talents and interpersonal skills should also be considered part of intelligence
B)he believes that intelligence consists of several distinct abilities
C)he asserts that there are three different types of intelligence: linguistic, mathematical, and visual-spatial
D)he believes that a general g-factor was largely responsible for intelligence

Question 72

Which of the following examples of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences is measured by standard or more traditional intelligence tests?

A)Musical
B)Visual-spatial
C)Bodily-kinesthetic
D)Personal

Question 73

An exceptional hockey player like Sidney Crosby would, according to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, not only have high bodily kinesthetic intelligence but also likely have high ________ intelligence to be able to keep track of the other players on the ice, and predict and understand the movement of the puck.

A)logical-mathematical
B)visuospatial
C)intrapersonal
D)naturalistic

Question 74

Carroll's three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities is considered to be which type of theory?

A)Psychometric
B)Cognitive processes
C)Independent intelligences
D)Psychophysical

Question 75

Similar to an achievement test that measures facts and knowledge you have already learned, this is a measure of the ability to apply previously learned information to current problems. This measure is called

A)crystallized intelligence
B)fluid intelligence
C)the g-factor
D)deductive intelligence

Question 76

Carroll's three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities is an integrative model of intelligence that contains elements from which three theorists?

A)Sternberg, Gardner, Thurstone
B)Sternberg, Spearman, Terman
C)Gardner, Wechsler, Cattell-Horn
D)Spearman, Thurston, Cattell-Horn

Question 77

Which of the following is NOT one of Gardner's multiple intelligences?

A)Musical
B)Intrapersonal
C)Artistic
D)Naturalistic

Question 78

In Carroll's three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities, crystallized and fluid intelligence are considered part of the

A)Narrow Stratum I
B)Broad Stratum II
C)General Stratum III
D)Carroll's theory did not contain the constructs of crystallized and fluid intelligence

Question 79

Similar to an aptitude test that measures your ability to learn things in the future, a measure of the ability to deal with novel problems, reasoning abstractly, and thinking logically is called ________________ intelligence.

A)crystallized
B)fluid
C)psychometric
D)deductive

Question 80

The ability to apply previously learned knowledge to current problems, which involves retrieving both factual knowledge and problem-solving schemas from long term memory, is called

A)crystallized intelligence
B)fluid intelligence
C)psychometric intelligence
D)deductive intelligence