Deck 8: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

The _____ theory of emotion states that you experience emotion depending on the label you assign to your bodily reaction to a situation.

A) cognitive appraisal
B) Schachter-Singer
C) Cannon-Bard
D) James-Lange

Answer 1

Schachter-Singer

Question 2

Emiliano is driving to work when the car immediately in front of him comes to a sudden stop, causing Emiliano to slam on his brakes and swerve in order to avoid a major collision. According to the James-Lange theory, Emiliano would:

A) first notice his heart racing, palms sweating, and muscles tensing up, which would then trigger his feeling of fear.
B) experience fear simply because he interprets the situation as potentially causing great harm and damage to all persons involved.
C) simultaneously experience the changes in heart rate, perspiration, and muscular tension in his body, as well as the conscious experience of fear in his mind.
D) experience a feeling of fear only after labeling his physical reactions of increased heart rate, perspiration, and muscular tension as being due to fear.

Answer 2

first notice his heart racing, palms sweating, and muscles tensing up, which would then trigger his feeling of fear.

Question 3

The James-Lange theory states that you experience emotion:

A) by simultaneously becoming aware of bodily changes and feelings.
B) by first noticing bodily changes and then interpreting them as particular feelings.
C) as a product of two factors, your bodily reaction and your label for it.
D) as a result of your thoughts about a specific stimulus or event.

Answer 3

by first noticing bodily changes and then interpreting them as particular feelings.

Question 4

The Schachter-Singer theory states that you experience emotion:

A) by simultaneously becoming aware of bodily changes and feelings.
B) by first noticing bodily changes and then interpreting them as particular feelings.
C) as a product of two factors, your bodily reaction and your label for it.
D) as a result of your thoughts about a specific stimulus or event.

Question 5

A body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 and 24.9 is considered:

A) underweight.
B) normal/healthy weight.
C) overweight.
D) obesity.

Question 6

A person who does something because he enjoys what it brings or delivers as an outcome is an example of:

A) homeostasis.
B) intrinsic motivation.
C) self-determination.
D) extrinsic motivation.

Question 7

Statistically, based on research findings, who is MOST likely to experience the greatest risk of death from heart disease?

A) Randy, who often expresses hostility and tension in his social media posts
B) Ethan, whose weight has greatly fluctuated over the years
C) Alfie, who tends to use positive and optimistic words when posting on social media
D) Gio, who regularly writes letters of gratitude to friends and family

Question 8

An example of the drive reduction theory is someone eating:

A) for pleasure.
B) to try new foods.
C) as a way to connect socially.
D) to reduce hunger.

Question 9

Which statement about motivation and emotion is FALSE?

A) Both motivation and emotion are critical to survival.
B) The purpose of emotion is to motivate you into action.
C) Emotion and motivation are separate and unrelated concepts.
D) Both words come from the same root, which means to move.

Question 10

Performing a behavior with complete immersion and enjoyment is known as:

A) regulatory fit.
B) flow.
C) extrinsic motivation.
D) a settling point.

Question 11

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, security and stability in daily life represent _____ needs.

A) belongingness and love
B) esteem
C) safety
D) self-actualization

Question 12

The _____ theory of emotion states that your brain can influence your emotions by monitoring expressions such as smiles, frowns, squints, raised eyebrows, and more.

A) Schachter-Singer
B) cognitive appraisal
C) facial feedback
D) Cannon-Bard

Question 13

A body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher is considered:

A) underweight.
B) normal/healthy weight.
C) overweight.
D) obesity.

Question 14

When experiencing emotion, the _____ theory states that bodily reactions come first, whereas the _____ theory states that the physical and mental parts happen at the same time.

A) facial feedback; cognitive appraisal
B) Schachter-Singer; James-Lange
C) James-Lange; Cannon-Bard
D) Cannon-Bard; Schachter-Singer

Question 15

The Yerkes-Dodson law is the finding that:

A) people are mostly motivated by instinct and unmet biological drives.
B) humans have the desire to perform behaviors to obtain external rewards.
C) your best performance occurs when you are moderately aroused.
D) the strongest and healthiest motivations are those that come from within yourself.

Question 16

Which statement about the consequences of being overweight or obese is FALSE?

A) Obesity-related illnesses account for more than 10% of medical spending in the United States.
B) Disapproving attitudes toward overweight and obese people are not particularly harmful.
C) People who are overweight or obese suffer from high rates of mental health problems.
D) Research suggests there is a link between obesity and dementia later in life.

Question 17

Which statement about intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is FALSE?

A) Behavior on an intrinsically motivated task is likely to increase with extrinsic motivation.
B) Intrinsic motivation is linked to higher self-esteem and well-being.
C) Extrinsic motivation often undermines intrinsic motivation.
D) Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation produce different patterns of behavior.

Question 18

A body mass index (BMI) below 18.5 is considered:

A) underweight.
B) normal/healthy weight.
C) overweight.
D) obesity.

Question 19

An example of extrinsic motivation is:

A) Anastasia, who pet-sits because she is an animal lover.
B) Julius, who volunteers in a community garden because he likes plants.
C) Mbeke, who serves as a tour guide because it pays really well.
D) Kayla, who goes hiking because she enjoys the outdoors.

Question 20

Which statement is NOT supported by research findings on stress and eating?

A) Among people experiencing stress, an increase in eating is more common than a decrease.
B) When experiencing moderate stress levels, both men and women tend to eat less.
C) If stress levels are high, women tend to eat more while men tend to eat less.
D) Dieters are more likely to overeat when stressed than nondieters.

Question 21

Based on research, which person is MOST likely to suffer from increased risk of physical health problems and mental disorders, and be stigmatized as lazy and less qualified in the workplace?

A) Judy, who is underweight
B) Patti, who is of normal/healthy weight
C) Millie, who is obese
D) Nikki, who used to be overweight but is now underweight

Question 22

Flow is BEST defined as:

A) performing a behavior with total absorption and enjoyment.
B) a period of religious or mystical transformation.
C) a unique connection between you and the universe.
D) feeling positive about yourself and your abilities.

Question 23

According to the facial feedback theory, facial expressions _____ emotions.

A) result from
B) cause
C) occur simultaneously with
D) respond to

Question 24

_____ is a number calculated from a person's height and weight that indicates body fat and overall fitness level.

A) Set point
B) Body mass index
C) Flow index
D) Body metabolic rate

Question 25

Research indicates that among the five emotion regulation strategies, _____ does not work well and may actually worsen a situation, whereas _____ tends to be the most effective overall.

A) response modulation; cognitive change
B) situation modification; situation selection
C) cognitive change; attentional deployment
D) attentional deployment; response modulation

Question 26

Drive reduction theory suggests that you are motivated mostly by a need to:

A) obtain an optimal level of arousal.
B) fulfill basic instincts.
C) maintain homeostasis.
D) achieve regulatory fit.

Question 27

Brit goes to her doctor's office for an annual physical exam. The nurses begin by calculating Brit's body mass index (BMI). In order to do so, they will need to measure Brit's:

A) heart rate and height.
B) weight and heart rate.
C) height and weight.
D) blood pressure and height.

Question 28

Which pair of individuals would have the lowest BMI correlation?

A) parent and offspring
B) nontwin siblings
C) nonidentical twins
D) identical twins

Question 29

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, feeling positive about yourself and having a good sense of self-worth represent _____ needs.

A) esteem
B) safety
C) self-actualization
D) belongingness and love

Question 30

Burak is talking about a time when he was in a moment of self-actualization and experienced a peak experience. During this peak experience, it is MOST likely that he:

A) had to continually refocus his attention.
B) lost track of time and space.
C) was extrinsically motivated.
D) felt overwhelmed by the activity.

Question 31

The _____ theory of emotion states that you experience emotion by simultaneously becoming aware of bodily changes and feelings.

A) cognitive appraisal
B) Schachter-Singer
C) Cannon-Bard
D) James-Lange

Question 32

Brett feels quite annoyed whenever she is around her mother-in-law. After years of simply putting up with her mother-in-law's constant criticisms, Brett now regularly screens her phone calls and simply declines invitations from her. Which emotion regulation strategy is Brett adopting?

A) attentional deployment
B) situation modification
C) cognitive change
D) situation selection

Question 33

Statistically, which subgroup(s) tend(s) to be more motivated by goals that focus on relationships rather than on the self?

A) older people from individualistic cultures
B) younger people from individualistic cultures
C) both women and people from collectivist cultures
D) both men and people from collectivist cultures

Question 34

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, which basketball player would MOST likely have the best shooting ratio during game time?

A) Joe, who is underaroused but confident in his skills
B) Smith, who is overly aroused and feeling extremely pumped up
C) Jordy, who is moderately aroused and wants to put forth effort
D) Michael, who starts off underaroused but gets overly aroused when the fans get rowdy

Question 35

_____ is a hormone that signals feelings of fullness, whereas _____ is a hormone that signals feelings of hunger.

A) Ghrelin; leptin
B) Adrenaline; ghrelin
C) Leptin; adrenaline
D) Leptin; ghrelin

Question 36

Gabriella is concerned about her weight and thinks she needs to go on a diet. Her friends tell her that if she lost any weight she would be too thin. Gabriella decides to consult her doctor and finds that her BMI is 17. It turns out that she falls into the category of:

A) underweight.
B) normal/healthy weight.
C) overweight.
D) obesity.

Question 37

Arousal is BEST defined as a:

A) biologically innate motivation.
B) general excitement or attentiveness.
C) steadiness in your bodily state.
D) desire that stimulates and steers behavior.

Question 38

Even though we live in a time of food abundance, the _____ suggests that we have inherited genes from our ancestors that promote an eating strategy designed to overeat and build up fat whenever possible in order to safeguard against famine.

A) thrifty gene hypothesis
B) regulatory focus theory
C) hierarchy of needs
D) Cannon-Bard theory

Question 39

Zoe had always been very athletic and health conscious throughout high school. She is about to enter college and is extremely worried about the "freshman 15" to the point where she is starting to lose sleep over it. Having become familiar with the research on weight gain during college, what advice do you give to Zoe?

A) Beware! People talk about the "freshman 15" for a reason. It is inevitable.
B) Stop worrying! It all depends on genetics, so worrying about it won't make a difference.
C) It's not as bad as it sounds! On average, people gain only 10 pounds as freshmen.
D) Don't worry! The "freshman 15" is not inevitable and depends on many factors.

Question 40

The key difference between the cognitive appraisal theory and other theories of emotion is that it:

A) focuses on facial expressions.
B) deemphasizes physical reactions.
C) introduced the idea of cognitive labeling.
D) downplays one's interpretation of events.

Question 41

Which factor is NOT positively correlated with BMIs?

A) poverty levels
B) price of healthy food
C) access to nutritious food
D) concentration of fast food restaurants

Question 42

The Health at Every Size movement:

A) asserts that BMI sufficiently summarizes a person's health status.
B) is very well supported and has received little to no criticism.
C) views health as defined by healthy behaviors even if they don't result in thinness.
D) has produced mostly negative outcomes related to body image and self-esteem.

Question 43

When traveling overseas, a person motivated by prevention would MOST likely say:

A) "This will be such a great learning experience for everyone."
B) "I've always wanted to experience another culture."
C) "Let's be vigilant and make sure our passports don't get stolen."
D) "I can't wait to check out famous landmarks and taste the local cuisines."

Question 44

According to Maslow's theory, social bonds and connections with other people represent _____ needs.

A) self-transcendence
B) esteem
C) safety
D) belongingness and love

Question 45

Which antismoking message would be MOST effective with people who are prevention-oriented?

A) Enjoy a healthier lifestyle without cigarettes.
B) No smoke, no tar, better breath, whiter teeth.
C) Add years to your life with smoke-free lungs.
D) Smoking will make you ugly.

Question 46

Which statement about arousal and arousal theory is FALSE?

A) Arousal theory states that people are motivated to obtain an optimal level of arousal.
B) For any task, there is a measurable level of optimal arousal that is the same across all people.
C) Arousal theory accounts for the role of curiosity in motivating people's behavior.
D) Compared to low or high levels of arousal, moderate levels are linked to higher levels of performance.

Question 47

Which statement about the consequences of overweight or obese is TRUE?

A) People who are overweight or obese are at greater risk for a long list of medical problems.
B) There is no relationship between obesity and mental health problems.
C) Medical costs tend to be higher among people of healthy weight than people who are overweight or obese.
D) Research has found that people in the United States have generally positive attitudes toward people who are overweight.

Question 48

A person with a BMI of 29 would be considered _____, whereas a person with a BMI of 33 would be considered _____.

A) underweight; normal/healthy weight
B) normal/healthy weight; overweight
C) overweight; obese
D) obese; overweight

Question 49

According to Abraham Maslow, _____ needs involve connections with other people, whereas _____ needs involve connections with the larger universe and all beings in it.

A) self-actualization; self-transcendence
B) belongingness and love; self-transcendence
C) safety; peak experience
D) self-transcendence; belongingness and love

Question 50

Consistent with the regulatory focus theory, which person would be MOST likely to buy a lottery ticket?

A) Giselle, who is prevention-oriented
B) Sarah, who is promotion-oriented
C) Kadie, who is autonomously motivated
D) Martine, who is in a high state of arousal

Question 51

After a long day at work and having skipped lunch, Oliver goes to an all-you-can-eat buffet with his coworkers. Feeling ravenous, Oliver immediately fills up multiple plates of food and begins to eat rapidly. Part way into the second plate, however, he begins to feel full. What BEST explains Oliver's sudden decrease in appetite?

A) Leptin was released and received by his brain.
B) His brain released large amounts of ghrelin.
C) The food contained high amounts of ghrelin.
D) He must have ingested a moderate amount of leptin.

Question 52

What did Paul Ekman find in his classic studies conducted in the early 1970s?

A) People from collectivist versus individualistic cultures show different emotions.
B) There are six basic human emotions that are expressed by people around the world.
C) The basic emotions that people show depend greatly on both their age and culture.
D) Babies brought up in different cultures differ in their capacity for emotional expressions.

Question 53

The _____ theory of emotion states that you experience emotion depending on how you interpret any given event, stimulus, or circumstance.

A) cognitive appraisal
B) Schachter-Singer
C) Cannon-Bard
D) James-Lange

Question 54

Sal is 5 feet 9 inches tall and weighs 223 pounds. His BMI is 34, which puts him in the _____ category.

A) underweight
B) normal/healthy weight
C) overweight
D) obese

Question 55

Which statement about emotion and gender is TRUE?

A) Compared to men, women tend to pick up on others' emotions more accurately.
B) Men tend to express their emotions more freely than do women.
C) Feelings tend to be of greater intensity and longer duration in men than in women.
D) There is very little difference between men and women in their emotional experiences.

Question 56

The thrifty gene hypothesis explains why we, as humans, have a natural tendency to:

A) ration our food portion sizes.
B) stock up on calories.
C) limit our exercise levels.
D) monitor the calories we consume.

Question 57

The Cannon-Bard theory states that you experience emotion:

A) by simultaneously becoming aware of bodily changes and feelings.
B) by first noticing bodily changes and then interpreting them as particular feelings.
C) as a product of two factors, your bodily reaction and your label for it.
D) as a result of your thoughts about a specific stimulus or event.

Question 58

Linda tends to be heavily motivated by prevention, whereas Hank tends to be extremely motivated by promotion. Consistent with research findings about regulatory focus theory, you might expect that:

A) Linda will be vulnerable to anxiety disorders, while Hank will be vulnerable to depression.
B) Hank will be vulnerable to anxiety disorders, while Linda will be vulnerable to depression.
C) Linda and Hank are both equally vulnerable to anxiety disorders and depression because they fall on extreme ends of the motivation spectrum.
D) Linda and Hank balance each other on the motivation spectrum, and so long as they are together neither will be vulnerable to anxiety or depression.

Question 59

_____ theory states that when you are motivated to do something, the desire to do it well rather than the desire to simply do it produces better outcomes.

A) Achievement goal
B) Drive reduction
C) Arousal
D) Regulatory focus

Question 60

Keisha and Tomeika are both excellent students and are achieving high grades in their calculus class. Keisha is motivated by performance goals, whereas Tomeika is motivated by mastery goals. Which statement is MOST likely to be true?

A) Tomeika will learn calculus through rote memorization of formulas.
B) Keisha will develop a deeper understanding of calculus than Tomeika.
C) Tomeika will understand calculus more deeply than Keisha.
D) Over time, Keisha will have higher self-esteem than Tomeika.

Question 61

Billy and his grandfather decide to join a local fishermen's club that goes fishing every weekend. Consistent with research findings on motivation and age, which statement is MOST likely to be true?

A) Billy is motivated by the possible outcome of catching lots of fish, whereas his grandfather is more interested in the process of fishing itself and the fun of fishing.
B) Billy is motivated by the process of fishing itself and the fun of it, whereas his grandfather is more interested in the possible outcome of catching lots of fish.
C) Billy is more likely than his grandfather to persist and continue trying in the event they don't catch any fish.
D) Billy is more likely than his grandfather to work together and help others to catch fish.

Question 62

The facial feedback theory states that you experience emotion:

A) that can be caused by your brain's monitoring of expressions such as a smile or a frown.
B) as a product of two factors, your bodily reaction and your label for it.
C) as a result of your interpretation of the specific stimulus or event that caused it.
D) by simultaneously becoming aware of bodily changes and feelings.

Question 63

A body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 29.9 is considered:

A) underweight.
B) normal/healthy weight.
C) overweight.
D) obesity.

Question 64

Statistically, who is MOST likely to experience the greatest degree of positive emotions?

A) Barnaby, who is 23 years old
B) Augustine, who is 37 years old
C) Harvey, who is 68 years old
D) Eli, who is 93 years old and very near death

Question 65

According to Abraham Maslow, a person whose home has recently been destroyed by a hurricane would MOST likely be driven primarily by _____ needs.

A) safety
B) self-transcendence
C) esteem
D) self-actualization

Question 66

Which body mass index (BMI) would be considered normal/healthy weight?

A) 15
B) 20
C) 25
D) 30

Question 67

The cognitive appraisal theory states that you experience emotion:

A) by simultaneously becoming aware of bodily changes and feelings.
B) by first noticing bodily changes and then interpreting them as particular feelings.
C) as a product of two factors, your bodily reaction and your label for it.
D) as a result of your interpretation of the specific stimulus or event that caused it.

Question 68

Based on research findings, we can safely conclude that emoticons:

A) have the same meaning in diverse cultures when used in texts and e-mails.
B) should be used carefully when communicating cross-culturally.
C) should never be used in surveys, rating systems, and questionnaires.
D) are interpreted in the same universal way across cultures.

Question 69

Elijah lives in an area with very few stores and restaurants that offer healthy food options. Even though Elijah can afford healthy food, he has trouble accessing it. Elijah lives in what is BEST described as a(n):

A) affluent area.
B) fast food zone.
C) food desert.
D) built environment.

Question 70

What is a major difference between the two earlier theories of emotion (James-Lange and Cannon-Bard) and the two that came next historically (Schachter-Singer and cognitive appraisal)?

A) The latter focused on how thinking influences the experience of emotion.
B) The former deemphasized the role of physical reactions in the experience of emotion.
C) The latter described emotions as happening automatically.
D) The former emphasized the role of thought processes in determining feeling.

Question 71

Yuko is Japanese and Elizabeth is American. Statistically, Yuko is more likely than Elizabeth to:

A) experience negative consequences from suppression.
B) express embarrassment when she is successful at a task.
C) attribute her happiness to personal achievements.
D) set a life goal of maximizing her happiness.

Question 72

_____ theory states that unmet biological urges and needs cause unpleasant sensations that motivate you to meet those needs.

A) Drive reduction
B) Instinct
C) Self-determination
D) Arousal

Question 73

Which statement about arousal and arousal theory is TRUE?

A) People tend to perform best at extreme levels of arousal.
B) Like drive reduction theory, it does not account for the motivating role of curiosity.
C) The focus is on achieving a steadiness or balance in your biological state.
D) The optimal level of arousal differs across people and situations.

Question 74

_____ is the desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward.

A) Intrinsic motivation
B) Homeostasis
C) Extrinsic motivation
D) Self-determination

Question 75

Metabolism is defined as:

A) a steadiness or balance in your bodily state.
B) the rate at which your body burns energy.
C) a motivation that is biologically innate.
D) a desire that stimulates and steers behavior.

Question 76

Homeostasis operates MOST like a:

A) volume dial on your car stereo system.
B) thermostat that regulates temperature in your house.
C) light switch on your bathroom wall.
D) charger for your cell phone.

Question 77

Which pair of individuals would have the highest BMI correlation?

A) parent and offspring
B) nontwin siblings
C) nonidentical twins
D) identical twins

Question 78

Homeostasis refers to a(n):

A) desire that stimulates and steers behavior.
B) steadiness or balance in your bodily state.
C) external object that you are motivated to acquire.
D) stimulus that causes emotion.

Question 79

Yoshi is from Japan, which values collectivism, whereas Richard is from the United States, which values individualism. Consistent with research findings on motivation and ethnicity, when Yoshi and Richard are presented with a challenging task and given periodic feedback that they are failing, what can we MOST likely expect as a result?

A) Yoshi will tend to persist much longer on the task than will Richard.
B) Richard will tend to persist much longer on the task than will Yoshi.
C) There will be no difference between Yoshi and Richard in their persistence on the task.
D) Richard will initially perform better on the task than Yoshi, but Yoshi will later outperform Richard.

Question 80

According to research related to achievement goal theory, people who see their own abilities as changeable tend to have more of a _____ mindset, whereas people who see their abilities as fixed tend to have more of a _____ mindset.

A) extrinsic; intrinsic
B) fixed; incremental
C) prevention; promotion
D) mastery; performance