Deck 7: Cognition: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Question 1

_____ is language that relies on implications and inferences rather than direct statements.

A) Linguistic relativity
B) Indirect language
C) Syntax
D) Figurative language

Answer 1

Indirect language

Question 2

Our basic concepts fall within broader _____ concepts and also contain more specific _____ concepts.

A) superordinate; subordinate
B) relationship-based; feature-based
C) subordinate; superordinate
D) goal-based; relationship-based

Answer 2

superordinate; subordinate

Question 3

Which statement about stereotype threat is TRUE?

A) Stereotype threat occurs only when the prejudgment is actually accurate.
B) Stereotypes are common misconceptions and have no real impact on test scores.
C) Research has continued to demonstrate how real stereotype threat is.
D) It has an effect on racial minorities but not on other demographic groups.

Answer 3

Research has continued to demonstrate how real stereotype threat is.

Question 4

An example supporting the notion of specific intelligences is a(n):

A) third-grader who scores quite low on an IQ test.
B) eighth-grader who performs poorly across all her school subjects.
C) fifth-grader who scores rather high on an IQ test.
D) seventh-grader who performs poorly in reading but excels in math.

Question 5

_____ is defined as predicting how you will feel about the outcomes of your decisions.

A) Convergent thinking
B) Problem framing
C) Affective forecasting
D) Perceptual reasoning

Question 6

Two-month old Juan Pablo begins vocalizing, "ba-ba-ba-ba." This is an example of _____ babbling.

A) reduplicated
B) variegated
C) formalist
D) parentese

Question 7

Which way of speaking is NOT commonly known as "baby talk"?

A) motherese
B) infant-directed speech
C) babbling
D) parentese

Question 8

Toby is a cheese connoisseur. Compared to her friends who do not share the same level of expertise in cheese, "medium-hard cheese" would likely be a _____ concept for Toby that contains the _____ concept of "Gruyère."

A) subordinate; superordinate
B) superordinate; basic
C) basic; subordinate
D) superordinate; subordinate

Question 9

Mei Li and Ling Lu are identical twins raised apart. Statistically speaking, their intelligence levels would be LESS correlated than:

A) Hunter and Jessica who are non-identical twins raised together.
B) Drew and Emily who are nontwin siblings raised together.
C) Donovan and Darius who are identical twins raised together.
D) James and Joel who are nontwin siblings raised apart.

Question 10

A school psychologist administers an intelligence test to fifth-graders at all elementary schools across the state. Statistically speaking, which would be the LEAST likely result?

A) Ninety-five percent of the children score within one standard deviation from the mean.
B) The average IQ score among the children is around 100.
C) Most of the children score within 15 points of average IQ.
D) A very small percentage of children score above 130.

Question 11

An intellectual disability is defined as a mental disorder:

A) in which achievement in reading, writing, or math is significantly below age expectations.
B) where one's spatial ability and perceptual reasoning are significantly impaired.
C) characterized by extreme emotional distress and inability to interact with others.
D) based on significantly below-average intelligence and impaired daily functioning.

Question 12

Which concept is NOT one of the major contextual factors that often causes us to stray from reason when solving problems?

A) heuristics
B) mental set
C) confirmation bias
D) framing

Question 13

Which statement about the development of a child's language abilities is TRUE?

A) The meaning of the first words spoken by babies around the world are very different.
B) The first words spoken by babies around the world are typically verbs.
C) Babies in more collectivist cultures produce more family-related words.
D) Babies in more individualistic cultures produce more adjectives.

Question 14

Myra is using parentese to speak with her newborn baby. Myra is most likely:

A) using single words as full sentences to express her feelings.
B) speaking in a sing-songy, high-pitched way with elongated vowel sounds.
C) using a series of single isolated sounds similar to delicate grunting.
D) vocalizing a wide variety of meaningless nonword sounds.

Question 15

Which statement about intelligence is TRUE?

A) Psychologists unanimously agree that intelligence is a singular ability that applies across all tasks and situations.
B) There is unanimous agreement among psychologists that intelligence is made up of many different abilities.
C) There is no major difference between psychologists who believe in general versus specific intelligences.
D) There is ongoing debate about whether intelligence is a single overall ability or many separate abilities.

Question 16

The social-pragmatic theory of language development suggests that:

A) children are born with the ability to acquire and use language.
B) a child's use of language develops from a desire to interact with others.
C) a child's linguistic ability is influenced by both nature and nurture.
D) children learn language through the process of hearing others speak.

Question 17

Douglas spent a long time in school to get a law degree because he felt that being a lawyer would keep him happy and satisfied for the rest of his life. When he graduated and landed his first job at a firm, Douglas was extremely excited and felt fulfilled. A few years later, however, Douglas found that he was no longer excited about his job and considered going back to school for a business degree. Dylan's initial thought that he'd be happy forever after achieving success in law is an example of:

A) the affect heuristic.
B) functional fixedness.
C) the durability bias.
D) confirmation bias.

Question 18

Which statement BEST exemplifies a goal-based concept?

A) Cars, unicycles, boats, and rocket ships are all forms of transportation.
B) Kale, spinach, arugula, and Swiss chard are all leafy green vegetables.
C) Red oak, sugar maple, blue spruce, and black walnut are all trees.
D) Clouds, lightening, rain, and gray skies are seen during a storm.

Question 19

Which statement about the influence of nature versus nurture on intelligence is FALSE?

A) Compared to a young child's intelligence, an adult's intelligence is much more likely to follow predictions based on genetic inheritance.
B) There are numerous environmental variables, such as the schools you attend, how you were raised, and the food you eat, that can affect your intelligence.
C) Pairs of siblings raised together have intelligence levels that are more highly correlated than the same type of sibling pairs raised apart.
D) Identical twins share all of their genes, and when raised together there is a 1.00 correlation between these siblings' intelligence levels.

Question 20

A(n) _____ is an assessment technique used by psychologists to numerically measure the level of learning a person has attained.

A) educational evaluation
B) intelligence test
C) hierarchical challenge
D) achievement test

Question 21

The most basic components of grammar are called:

A) semantics.
B) morphemes.
C) dialects.
D) phonemes.

Question 22

Arianna receives a package in the mail and is delighted to find that her mother sent her a copy of the family cookbook. The fact that Arianna immediately recognized the cookbook as something containing recipes she could use to cook familiar meals demonstrates that Arianna understands the ____ of a cookbook.

A) cognition
B) syntax
C) heuristic
D) concept

Question 23

An example of Type 1 thinking is:

A) enrolling in a course because it fulfills a requirement.
B) signing up for a course because it sounds interesting.
C) taking a course because it is the next logical course to take.
D) retaking a course because you need to improve your GPA.

Question 24

Which statement about the Wechsler Intelligence Tests is FALSE?

A) It was originally designed for adults only.
B) It is a widely used and well-respected set of intelligence tests.
C) It is a single test for clients across the lifespan ages 2 to 85.
D) Each test includes about a dozen subtests that are grouped into four or five categories.

Question 25

_____ is about using cognition to find a way to achieve a goal, whereas _____ is about using cognition to choose between available options.

A) Decision making; problem solving
B) Problem solving; decision making
C) Thinking; framing
D) Framing; thinking

Question 26

Which statement would NOT be made by a nativist theory proponent?

A) Learning language is about nurture just as much as it is about nature.
B) Language acquisition and development is an inborn ability.
C) Every person is born with a language acquisition device.
D) Humans have an innate disposition to use their linguistic abilities.

Question 27

Which statement about problem solving and decision making is FALSE?

A) Problem solving is closely related to decision making.
B) Problem solving involves generating possible solutions.
C) People are entirely algorithmic as problem solvers.
D) Decision making is less urgent than problem solving.

Question 28

_____-based concepts are held together by the same purpose, whereas _____-based concepts are held together by similar characteristics.

A) Goal; feature
B) Relationship; goal
C) Feature; goal
D) Relationship; feature

Question 29

Lana is an eighth-grader who has been diagnosed with a specific learning disorder. It is likely that Lana will:

A) have a decreased likelihood of being diagnosed with other disorders such as ADHD, depression, and anxiety.
B) be given access to supplemental educational resources and accommodations intended to help maximize her achievement.
C) recover on her own without requiring any special accommodations from her school.
D) continue to suffer long-term hardship regardless of whether or not she has access to special educational resources and accommodations.

Question 30

_____ refers to the rules by which words are put together in a certain order to make statements that are understandable to others.

A) Phonology
B) Syntax
C) Morphology
D) Semantics

Question 31

The hierarchical model of intelligence suggests that:

A) there are numerous specific intelligences, each of which are considered a part of a single general intelligence.
B) there is only a single factor g of general mental ability that applies across all tasks and situations.
C) the ability to sense and manage emotions in oneself and others is critical in facilitating thinking.
D) there is a need to acknowledge more real-world kinds of intelligence such as practical intelligence.

Question 32

An algorithm is BEST exemplified by which action?

A) accompanying your boyfriend to his favorite national park
B) choosing what kind of outfit to wear to an interview
C) using a computer search engine to book the cheapest flight
D) asking your mom for advice on which graduate program to attend

Question 33

_____ develops mostly from around age 9 through the teenage years, whereas _____ develops well into adulthood.

A) Linguistic relativity; figurative language
B) Figurative language; indirect language
C) Semantics; syntax
D) Grammar; dialect

Question 34

_____ is best defined as the ability or abilities to gain knowledge and learn from experience.

A) Intelligence
B) Processing speed
C) Giftedness
D) Validity

Question 35

The _____ theory of language suggests that children learn language through the process of hearing others speak it.

A) social-pragmatic
B) social-cognitive
C) formalist
D) nativist

Question 36

A research study compared speakers of German and Spanish, two languages where most nouns are considered either feminine or masculine. When asked to describe the word "bridge" (which is feminine in German and masculine in Spanish), Germans tended to describe bridges with adjectives like beautiful, elegant, and fragile, whereas Spanish speakers tended to describe bridges as strong, sturdy, and dangerous. These results provide evidence in support of:

A) general intelligence.
B) linguistic relativity.
C) emotional intelligence.
D) affective forecasting.

Question 37

Moira ate only half of her hamburger and would like to take the rest of it home. Her waiter informs her, though, that the restaurant is currently out of take-away boxes. Moira is frustrated that she can't take her leftovers home, but then she comes up with the idea to wrap her burger in some notebook paper she has in her backpack and put the burger in her pencil case. Moira has demonstrated an ability to overcome:

A) divergent thinking.
B) functional fixedness.
C) framing.
D) durability bias.

Question 38

Nathan is taking an intelligence test at school and is surprised to find that there are no words involved. Even the instructions are given with hand gestures, and he had to respond by pointing to answers or arranging items in particular ways. It is likely that Nathan is taking:

A) the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test.
B) the UNIT, which is a culture-fair intelligence test.
C) a version of the Wechsler Intelligence Tests.
D) the Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity.

Question 39

Bruce and Billy are brothers who spent their whole lives farming the land. At college, they struggled in the classroom and found it difficult to pass their biology, botany, and agriculture courses. But when it came to farming, they had a special knack at understanding the weather, appreciating the soil, and growing bountiful crops. According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Bruce and Billy would MOST likely be described as having high _____ intelligence.

A) spatial
B) existential
C) general
D) naturalistic

Question 40

A heuristic is:

A) an educated guess by which to solve a problem.
B) a particular way of presenting a problem.
C) a formula-like way of solving a problem.
D) the best example within a concept.

Question 41

Starting in the earliest days of a baby's life, a parent will speak to the baby with _____, to which the baby will soon respond with _____.

A) parentese; babbling
B) babbling; infant-directed speech
C) motherese; baby talk
D) baby talk; infant-directed speech

Question 42

A prototype is BEST defined as:

A) an educated guess based on easily accessible information.
B) the most typical or best example within a concept.
C) a formula-like method of problem solving.
D) a mental representation of a category of similar things.

Question 43

_____ is NOT one of the four major levels of grammar.

A) Morphology
B) Syntax
C) Phonology
D) Dialect

Question 44

Prior to Remy's trip to Cleveland, his uncle tells him about this amazing barbecue restaurant there and raves about the food and live music. Remy looks it up once he gets to Cleveland, and he finds that there are a number of negative reviews about it. Nevertheless, he focuses on the few positive reviews he comes across, convinces himself they are probably more valid than the negative ones, and decides to go to the restaurant after all. Remy has likely been influenced by:

A) framing.
B) confirmation bias.
C) the representativeness heuristic.
D) the availability heuristic.

Question 45

A specific learning disorder is defined as a mental disorder:

A) characterized by significantly impaired day-to-day functioning.
B) based on significantly below-average intelligence.
C) in which achievement in reading, writing, or math is significantly below age expectations.
D) where one's perceptual reasoning and processing speed is significantly impaired.

Question 46

A group's particular version of a language with its own unique characteristics such as the way sentences are structured, the expressions that are used, and word choice is called:

A) grammar.
B) semantics.
C) syntax.
D) dialect.

Question 47

What do culture-fair intelligence tests seek to achieve?

A) introduce a positive self-fulfilling prophecy among minority groups
B) eliminate the impact associated with stereotype threat
C) reduce or remove any cultural factors that may lead to test bias
D) increase the reliability of traditional intelligence tests

Question 48

As a typical 11-year-old, Ronald is likely at the stage of language development where he is mastering the challenges of:

A) indirect language.
B) extralinguistic information.
C) figurative language.
D) social pragmatism.

Question 49

Which statement about concepts is FALSE? Concepts:

A) facilitate thinking and communication.
B) pertain to categories of things but not actions.
C) are the most basic building blocks of thinking.
D) allow us to apply our prior knowledge to something new.

Question 50

Jessica travels to a sports game to see her friend Michael compete. While at the game, one of Michael's teammates, Dawsey, catches Jessica's eye. After the game, Jessica approaches Dawsey, engages him in conversation, and mentions how hungry she is. Dawsey is attracted to Jessica, but is inexperienced in romance, doesn't think she is interested in him, and completely misses the opportunity to ask her out on a date. This missed connection is due to Dawsey not picking up on Jessica's use of:

A) figurative language.
B) perceptual reasoning.
C) linguistic relativity.
D) indirect language.

Question 51

Which is the BEST example of crystallized intelligence being used?

A) answering trivia questions
B) learning to ride a bicycle
C) solving a new problem
D) remembering to set your alarm

Question 52

Framing is defined as:

A) a mental representation of a category of similar actions, things, or people.
B) the notion that every person possesses two separate types of thinking, one automatic and the other deliberate.
C) a tendency to prefer information that confirms what you thought to be true in the first place.
D) the particular way a question or problem is presented, which can influence how you respond to it.

Question 53

According to Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences approach:

A) there are distinct intelligences that are separate and should not be viewed as subsumed under overall intelligence.
B) there is a single general intelligence that contains 10 broad abilities with over 70 more narrow abilities.
C) overall intelligence (g) contains some broad specific intelligences (big s) that contain much more specific intelligences (little s).
D) emotional intelligence is a distinct intelligence that is critical to managing emotions and facilitating thinking.

Question 54

A _____ is the most typical or best example within a concept.

A) prototype
B) heuristic
C) dialect
D) morpheme

Question 55

Overestimation of the expected length of the feeling produced by the outcome of a decision is called the:

A) durability bias.
B) affect heuristic.
C) confirmation bias.
D) anchoring heuristic.

Question 56

Which statement about emotional intelligence is TRUE?

A) It is a relatively recent development in psychology, but is receiving lots of attention.
B) Research suggests it is correlated with personal relationships but not job performance.
C) Advocates of emotional intelligence now recognize that it is an overrated factor.
D) It is one of the more traditional types of intelligence proposed by researchers.

Question 57

Which statement is NOT an example of affective forecasting?

A) Winning the lottery would make me incredibly happy.
B) My chances of hitting the lottery jackpot are 1 in 13,983,816.
C) I'm not going to buy a lottery ticket because I'll feel bad if I don't win.
D) The lottery jackpot is at a record high, so I would regret it if I didn't play.

Question 58

Which statement about the influence of nature versus nurture on intelligence is TRUE?

A) Environmental variables have no effect on intelligence levels between identical twins.
B) Genes and environment interact in complex ways across a person's life span.
C) Twin studies show that environment plays a much greater role than genetics.
D) Regardless of age, a person's intelligence will match that of his or her parents.

Question 59

Which statement about the link between creativity and culture is TRUE?

A) People who speak multiple languages tend to think more convergently than people who speak only one language.
B) People from Eastern cultures tend to think more divergently than people from Western cultures.
C) Individualism facilitates both the development as well as the implementation of creative ideas.
D) People who experience multiple cultures tend to be higher in creativity than people without diverse cultural experiences.

Question 60

Dr. Beese is a cognitive psychologist. The research question they would MOST likely focus on would be how the _____ declines with age.

A) ability to understand and process information
B) ability to taste sweet and foods
C) diversity of social opportunities
D) motivation to engage in movement

Question 61

Haruto is from Japan and Filip is from Poland. According to research on the influence of culture on concept formation, it is MOST likely that Filip would tend to take a more _____ approach to organizing items into concepts than Haruto would.

A) feature-based
B) collectivist
C) goal-based
D) relationship-based

Question 62

Trevor is a 16-year-old boy who grew up in a poor neighborhood, living with his single mom who worked three part-time jobs and still barely managed to pay the bills. On an intelligence test, Trevor struggles with understanding many of the words that he is asked to use in a sentence. Afterward, he asks his English teacher about some of these words, and it turns out they relate to types of food, vacations, and luxury items he had never heard of. It is MOST likely that _____ played a role in Trevor's poor performance on this test.

A) durability bias
B) stereotype threat
C) low test reliability
D) test bias

Question 63

_____ is about deriving meaning from words and sentences, whereas _____ is about putting together words in a certain order to make phrases and sentences.

A) Morphology; syntax
B) Phonology; semantics
C) Semantics; syntax
D) Morphology; phonology

Question 64

A student takes an intelligence test and scores approximately two standard deviations below the mean. Which score would be MOST representative of this student's IQ?

A) 53
B) 72
C) 100
D) 124

Question 65

When asked what a plastic gallon jug could be used for, what would a convergent thinker MOST likely reply?

A) storing milk or juice in the refrigerator
B) filling it with water and then lifting it for exercise
C) cutting off the top and using the base as a flower pot
D) filling it with liquid and then using it as a doorstop

Question 66

According to the social-pragmatic theory of language development, which method of reading picture books to a young child would LEAST likely improve that child's use of language?

A) frequently interrupting the reading to discuss the storyline with the child
B) reading picture books in a way that was specifically designed to get kids talking
C) asking a lot of open-ended questions about the picture book while reading it
D) reading the picture books at home in a rather typical way on a regular basis

Question 67

Academic intelligence is to book smarts as _____ intelligence is to street smarts.

A) abstract
B) naturalistic
C) practical
D) existential

Question 68

Your _____ is the limit you place on your approach to problem solving based on what has previously worked for you.

A) confirmation bias
B) heuristic
C) algorithm
D) mental set

Question 69

_____ is your ability to communicate with others using words, motions, or symbols combined and arranged according to rules.

A) Language
B) Creativity
C) Grammar
D) Cognition

Question 70

_____ is about using logic to arrive at the single best solution, whereas _____ is about coming up with many different possible solutions.

A) Anchoring; framing
B) Convergent thinking; divergent thinking
C) Confirming; forecasting
D) Type 1 thinking; Type 2 thinking

Question 71

Language is BEST defined as:

A) your ability to communicate with others using words or other symbols combined and arranged according to rules.
B) your capacity to come up with original ideas or approaches to a problem.
C) what your brain does with information, including understanding, organizing, analyzing, and communicating it.
D) your ability to gain knowledge and learn from experience.

Question 72

The intelligence quotient (IQ) is:

A) a number indicating the percentage of a person's intelligence that is inherited.
B) a graph showing a population's test scores divided into subgroups.
C) a single number used to represent a person's overall intelligence.
D) an assessment technique used by psychologists to numerically measure intelligence.

Question 73

The BEST example of a subordinate concept for the basic concept of a "train" is a(n):

A) motorcycle.
B) vehicle.
C) steam locomotive.
D) airplane.

Question 74

An example supporting the notion of general intelligence is a(n):

A) eighth-grader who is excelling in certain classes but struggling terribly in others.
B) second-grader who scores quite low on an IQ test but demonstrates high math ability.
C) seventh-grader who shows a strong positive correlation among all her various mental abilities.
D) fourth-grader who performs poorly in math but excels in reading and writing.

Question 75

_____ are based entirely on reason and logic, whereas _____ are based on mental shortcuts that are sometimes logically flawed.

A) Heuristics; algorithms
B) Mental sets; heuristics
C) Algorithms; heuristics
D) Heuristics; mental sets

Question 76

Which statement about the hierarchical model of intelligence is FALSE?

A) Spearman and Thurstone continued to disagree and saw g and s as distinct notions.
B) It suggests that there are numerous specific intelligences that are part of a single general intelligence.
C) Many experts following Spearman and Thurstone have offered different versions of the model.
D) Some versions of it suggest that there are multiple levels of specific abilities.

Question 77

Alexandra is thinking about taking the bus or driving her own car downtown. Kenneth is thinking about what to do with his car that has broken down. Alexandra is engaging in ____, and Kenneth is engaging in _____.

A) problem solving; decision making
B) decision making; problem solving
C) problem solving; problem solving
D) decision making; decision making

Question 78

An example of a phoneme is:

A) the sound made by the two-letter combination "pl" as in the word "plate."
B) the prefix "un" meaning not, as in the word "unhappy."
C) the pronunciation of the word "table" in English versus in Spanish.
D) how the words "soda" and "pop" can both refer to a kind of beverage.

Question 79

The tendency to prefer information that supports what you thought or believed in the first place is called:

A) confirmation bias.
B) the availability heuristic.
C) framing.
D) the representativeness heuristic.

Question 80

Sandra was born deaf to hearing parents. Before she and her parents learned American Sign Language, Sandra communicated with her parents in a type of sign language that she created. This BEST provides supporting evidence for which theory of language development?

A) social-pragmatic
B) nonnativist
C) formalist
D) nativist