Deck 4: Consciousness

Question 1

Sophia has been experiencing significant difficulty falling asleep. Sophia usually wakes up and does not feel rested. Sophia's doctor asks Sophia about her sleeping habits, medical issues, and work stresses. Sophia understands that the doctor is asking about these factors as contributing to the development of:

A) sleep apnea.
B) sleepwalking.
C) insomnia.
D) narcolepsy.

Answer 1

insomnia.

Question 2

Which statement is FALSE regarding smartphone use as it relates to sleep?

A) A majority of people use smartphones within an hour of going to bed.
B) Most teens use a smartphone as they try to fall asleep.
C) About half of people check their smartphones during the night.
D) Smartphone usage at night typically does not affect a person's sleep.

Answer 2

Smartphone usage at night typically does not affect a person's sleep.

Question 3

Kennedy just took a substance. After taking it, Kennedy's perceptions altered. Kennedy began to see unusual shapes and colors and sounds were distorted. Kennedy also became convinced she could speak to animals and spent several hours "communicating" with her roommate's cat. What substance could cause the effects Kennedy experienced?

A) codeine
B) LSD
C) Vyvanse
D) methamphetamines

Answer 3

LSD

Question 4

Drugs that _____ bodily function are classified as depressants.

A) maintain
B) speed
C) slow
D) both speed and slow

Question 5

Maria is very interested in dreaming. She wants to learn how to control her dreams while she is dreaming. Maria wants to learn about:

A) imagery rehearsal.
B) activation-synthesis.
C) hypnosis.
D) lucid dreaming.

Question 6

Adam recently began therapy for addiction to alcohol. Since beginning therapy a month ago, Adam stopped drinking alcohol altogether. After he stopped drinking, Adam has had many withdrawal symptoms including nausea and headaches. Adam also has been craving alcohol and frequently wants to begin drinking again. In therapy, Adam has learned that his withdrawal symptoms are due to his dependence on alcohol. Adam knows that his nausea and headaches are examples of his _____ dependence on alcohol.

A) neurological
B) psychoactive
C) psychological
D) physical

Question 7

An example of stimulus control that may be used to improve sleep is:

A) using the bed only for sleep.
B) taking medication at bedtime.
C) exercising before bedtime.
D) meditating before bedtime.

Question 8

Alma asked her professor when an assignment was due. Her professor jokingly told Alma, "At the end of two circadian rhythm cycles." Alma knew that her professor meant the assignment was due in _____ hours.

A) 12
B) 24
C) 36
D) 48

Question 9

Research suggests that a person _____ will benefit MOST from hypnosis.

A) who smokes
B) with depression
C) who overeats
D) with a phobia

Question 10

Brief, sudden awakenings in which a person feels frightened and confused are:

A) nightmares.
B) sleep terrors.
C) sleep apnea.
D) narcolepsy.

Question 11

A person who takes or uses _____ will most likely feel a pleasant, relaxed feeling. Sometimes when using this substance, a person may experience unusual sensations. However, the person also runs the risk of negative outcomes such as memory loss, impaired motor skills, and lung cancer.

A) marijuana
B) MDMA
C) LSD
D) heroin

Question 12

Which of these people would typically be the LEAST difficult to hypnotize? A person who:

A) believes that hypnosis will work.
B) is skeptical but willing to try hypnosis.
C) has family members susceptible to hypnosis.
D) is against undergoing hypnosis.

Question 13

The amount of alcohol in one beer is equivalent to the amount of alcohol in:

A) 10 oz. of wine.
B) 3 oz. of liquor.
C) 5 oz. of wine.
D) 1 oz. of liquor.

Question 14

The _____ theory states that dreams consist of random images, content that has no meaning, or are stories to be enjoyed for what they're worth and then forgotten.

A) message
B) nonsense
C) generative
D) soul travel

Question 15

Psychoactive drugs can _____ the receptors of neurotransmitters in the receiving neuron.

A) activate
B) assist
C) reinforce
D) alter

Question 16

Jason is working with a therapist to stop smoking. Jason's therapist is using hypnosis to help Jason with this issue. During Jason's hypnosis, his therapist recited a script instructing Jessie to unwind and calm himself almost to the point of sleep. The therapist also asked Jessie to focus his eyes on a pencil the therapist was holding. What is this stage of hypnosis called?

A) induction
B) suggestion
C) initiation
D) submission

Question 17

Some sleep experts believe that people can control their dreams while dreaming through training and practice. What is this called?

A) imagery rehearsal
B) lucid dreaming
C) activation-synthesis
D) hypnosis

Question 18

In the past, Maggie was skeptical about hypnosis. Maggie believed that a "hypnotized" person was not really hypnotized. She believed that people who underwent hypnosis were only behaving in the way they thought a hypnotized person would behave. Maggie supports the _____ theory of hypnosis.

A) activation-synthesis
B) generative
C) social-cognitive
D) imagery rehearsal

Question 19

If a person discontinues the use of a drug he had used habitually, they may experience stressful and uncomfortable symptoms. These symptoms are called:

A) tolerance.
B) withdrawal.
C) dependence.
D) addiction.

Question 20

The _____ of neurotransmitters in the synapse can be affected by psychoactive drugs.

A) uptake
B) reuptake
C) synthesis
D) construction

Question 21

Logan has been practicing a type of meditation for many years. When she first began learning the practice of meditation, she found it difficult to achieve the goal of emptying her mind of all thoughts. Achieving this goal allowed Logan to work on the second stage of meditation, which is:

A) experiencing the sensations of life as they arrive.
B) achieving a hypnotic state.
C) bringing the mind's awareness to one's feelings.
D) engaging one's awareness with reality.

Question 22

Which statement about thirdhand smoke is TRUE?

A) Thirdhand smoke remains only a short time after the smoke itself is gone.
B) Far fewer people recognize the dangers of secondhand smoke than thirdhand smoke.
C) Evidence about thirdhand smoke has been long established.
D) Thirdhand smoke is linked to higher levels of nicotine in those exposed to it.

Question 23

Victoria needs to work through the night to finish a project for class. Victoria is concerned she will be too sleepy so she drinks energy drinks throughout the night to keep her alert and awake. The energy drinks are psychoactive drugs because they affect:

A) mental functioning.
B) behavioral ability.
C) physical attributes.
D) psychological symptoms.

Question 24

People who stop using a drug they had been using habitually can experience symptoms such as fatigue and trouble sleeping. What is this called?

A) withdrawal
B) addiction
C) psychological dependence
D) physical dependence

Question 25

Your friend tells you that the first time they came to your house, they felt like they had been there before. Your friend MOST likely experienced:

A) lucid dreaming.
B) hallucinations.
C) jamais vu.
D) déjà vu.

Question 26

_____ is a sleep disorder caused by interruptions of breathing that cause repeated wakefulness.

A) Sleep apnea
B) Narcolepsy
C) Somnambulism
D) Lucid dreaming

Question 27

Last night, Al had a dream. Al's friend William believes Al's dream was meaningful and contained important information that needed to be heard. Al disagreed. Al believes that his dream was a prediction of his future. William's belief about dreams supports the _____ theory and Al's belief about dreams supports the _____ theory.

A) visitation; generative
B) generative; visitation
C) message; generative
D) message; visitation

Question 28

Kendall did not sleep at all last night. Today, Kendall notices that it is harder for her to come up with points and ideas in class, although usually she usually does very well during class discussions. Kendall's sleep deprivation is likely causing Kendall to experience _____ in class.

A) cognitive rigidity
B) narcolepsy
C) decreased motivation
D) sleep apnea

Question 29

When a person wakes from slow-wave sleep, he is likely to experience the following condition for a short time:

A) REM paralysis.
B) paradoxical sleep.
C) sleep inertia.
D) REM rebound.

Question 30

A person who believes that dreams contain important information either from others or from ourselves supports the _____ theory of dreams.

A) nonsense
B) message
C) soul travel
D) generative

Question 31

REM sleep is the stage of sleep in which _____ is/are MOST likely occur.

A) sleep terrors
B) sleepwalking
C) vivid dreams
D) sleep inertia

Question 32

Nightmares occur during _____ sleep, whereas sleep terrors occur during _____ sleep.

A) stage 1; stage 2
B) stage 2; stage 1
C) non-REM; REM
D) REM; non-REM

Question 33

Which statement about hypnosis is FALSE?

A) Research strongly supports the use of hypnosis to treat many types of problems.
B) Hypnosis can be used to enhance performance in sports.
C) The best evidence for hypnosis is in the treatment of pain and smoking.
D) Hypnosis has been used to treat depression disorders such as phobias and depression.

Question 34

_____ is a person's awareness of themselves and their surroundings.

A) Consciousness
B) Mindfulness
C) Meditation
D) Déjà vu

Question 35

Josefa feels relaxed and pleasant. Josefa would describe this feeling as a "buzz." Josefa is also starting to show a decline in her coordination, reasoning, and speech skills. What type of psychoactive drug has Josefa likely used?

A) depressants
B) stimulants
C) opiates
D) hallucinogens

Question 36

Drugs that speed up bodily functions, enhance energy, and overcome fatigue are classified as:

A) opiates.
B) stimulants.
C) depressants.
D) hallucinogens.

Question 37

The need for a particular drug in order to function properly is called _____ and is a major contributor to ____, which is the problematic and persistent use of a drug regardless of the consequences.

A) addiction; dependence
B) dependence; addiction
C) withdrawal; dependence
D) dependence; withdrawal

Question 38

Unlike some other animals, human beings sleep with both eyes closed. Some animals sleep with one eye open to keep a look out for predators. This type of sleep is called _____ sleep.

A) monophasic
B) polyphasic
C) unihemispheric
D) bihemispheric

Question 39

Dr. Wilson is a psychologist working with patients enrolled in a new treatment program at the local hospital. The treatment program is for patients who have used alcohol habitually. Dr. Wilson's area of focus will be on the stressful and uncomfortable symptoms patients experience caused by discontinuing their alcohol use. Dr. Wilson's focus is on:

A) tolerance.
B) withdrawal.
C) dependence.
D) addiction.

Question 40

Peyton pulled a muscle in her back. Peyton took a substance and, after taking it, she felt an intense rush of pleasure. She also became very relaxed and drowsy and her back no longer hurt. What substance could potentially cause these effects?

A) oxycodone
B) MDMA
C) liquor
D) benzodiazepines

Question 41

Typically, teenagers who get a sufficient amount of sleep _____ than those who do not.

A) use marijuana more frequently
B) attend school less frequently
C) engage in sexual intercourse more frequently
D) use alcohol less frequently

Question 42

The leading cause of preventable death in the United States is associated with which substance?

A) alcohol
B) oxycodone
C) nicotine
D) heroin

Question 43

Heroin, morphine, and codeine are types of:

A) depressants.
B) stimulants.
C) opiates.
D) hallucinogens.

Question 44

Scarlett learned about several sleep theories in their psychology class. Scarlett agrees most with the theory that states that the purpose of sleep is to allow the body to recharge and strengthen itself. The theory Scarlett agrees most with is the _____ theory of sleep.

A) circadian rhythm
B) energy conservation
C) generative
D) restorative

Question 45

What type of drug relieves pain and enhances pleasure?

A) opiates
B) stimulants
C) depressants
D) hallucinogens

Question 46

Sydney went to bed and fell asleep. Sydney's friend called and woke her up. When the phone rang, Sydney was in the stage of sleep in which her body temperature had dropped and her heart rate had slowed. When her friend called, Sydney was not difficult to wake, but she did not wake immediately. Sydney is MOST likely in stage _____ of sleep.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 47

A person who believes that dreams not only predict the future but also determine it supports the _____ theory of dreams.

A) nonsense
B) message
C) soul travel
D) generative

Question 48

Psychoactive drugs can _____ the receptors of neurotransmitters in the receiving neuron.

A) assist
B) block
C) reinforce
D) alter

Question 49

Research suggests that adverse effects from caffeine typically emerge when daily caffeine intake is above _____ mg per day.

A) 200
B) 300
C) 400
D) 500

Question 50

If a child grows up in the United States, they are most likely to have a _____ sleeping pattern.

A) solitary
B) biphasic
C) slow-wave
D) restricted

Question 51

_____ is the awareness of one's moment-to-moment experiences fully, deliberately, and without distraction. This awareness is integrated with _____, which is designed to increase focused attention with the ultimate purpose of improving one's mental state.

A) Meditation; mindfulness
B) Mindfulness; hypnosis
C) Hypnosis; mindfulness
D) Mindfulness; meditation

Question 52

A person who takes or uses _____ will most likely feel more energized and less fatigued than before. However, the person also runs the risk of negative side effects such as insomnia, headaches, and irregular heartbeat.

A) cocaine
B) alcohol
C) opiates
D) barbiturates

Question 53

An activity designed to focus attention with the ultimate purpose of improving one's mental state is:

A) hypnosis.
B) mindfulness.
C) meditation.
D) awareness.

Question 54

Jessica feels that hypnosis is valid. Jessica does not believe that a hypnotized person is not really hypnotized or that a hypnotized person is only behaving how that person thinks a hypnotized person would behave. Jessica would therefore not support the _____ theory of hypnosis.

A) activation-synthesis
B) generative
C) social-cognitive
D) imagery rehearsal

Question 55

A person who wants to develop good sleep hygiene practices should:

A) get up at 7:00 A.M. and go to sleep at 10:00 P.M. every day.
B) go to sleep shortly after having dinner.
C) watch TV in bed to unwind before sleeping.
D) exercise in the evening.

Question 56

A person who was awakened in the midst of having a dream would MOST likely have been in which stage of sleep?

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 4
D) REM

Question 57

James recently began therapy for addiction to alcohol. Since beginning therapy a month ago, James stopped drinking alcohol altogether. After he stopped drinking, James has had many withdrawal symptoms including nausea and headaches. James also has been craving alcohol and frequently wants to begin drinking again. In therapy, James has learned that his withdrawal symptoms are due to his dependence on alcohol. James knows that his craving and desire to drink alcohol are examples of his _____ dependence.

A) neurological
B) psychoactive
C) psychological
D) physical

Question 58

Which statement is true about sex and sleep? Typically, women _____ than men.

A) have less slow-wave sleep
B) sleep for shorter periods of time
C) spend more time in REM sleep
D) experience more sleep problems

Question 59

A person undergoing hypnosis has been told to calm themselves to a point that approaches sleep. This person is in the _____ stage of hypnotism.

A) induction
B) initiation
C) submission
D) suggestion

Question 60

Kameron has been practicing a type of meditation for many years. When he first began learning this approach, he found it difficult to achieve one of the primary goals of meditation, which is _____. Kameron's mind remained busy and active. Eventually, Kameron learned how to achieve this goal, which allowed him to work on the other aspects of his meditation practice.

A) detaching one's awareness from reality
B) focusing on one's thoughts
C) achieving a hypnotic state
D) emptying one's mind of all thought

Question 61

Dr. Hastings is a psychologist working with patients enrolled in a new treatment program at the local hospital. The treatment program is for patients who have used alcohol for quite some time. Dr. Hastings's area of focus will be on the need for alcohol the patients have in order to function normally. Dr. Hastings's focus is on:

A) tolerance.
B) withdrawal.
C) dependence.
D) addiction.

Question 62

If a person wanted to schedule a time to work when they would be most alert, which time period should be chosen?

A) just after waking
B) around noon
C) the mid-afternoon
D) late evening

Question 63

Michael recently participated in a study that examined the circadian rhythm. For the study, Michael spent 2 weeks in a building designed so that participants would have no cues as to the time of day. At the end of the study, Michael's circadian rhythm would MOST likely be how long?

A) 20.2
B) 22.2
C) 24.2
D) 26.2

Question 64

The ultimate purpose of mediation is to allow a person to:

A) focus attention and improve her mental state.
B) detach their awareness from reality.
C) gain awareness of their moment-to-moment experiences.
D) learn how to allow the soul to travel outside the body.

Question 65

_____ is the failure to get enough sleep, regardless of the reason.

A) Insomnia
B) Somnambulism
C) Sleep deprivation
D) Solitary sleeping

Question 66

Blood alcohol concentration is affected by each of these factors EXCEPT for:

A) rate of alcohol consumption.
B) size of the person.
C) type of alcohol consumed.
D) quality of alcohol consumed.

Question 67

_____ is a mental state in which a person intentionally focuses awareness on his moment-to-moment experiences. In this state, a person will also intentionally avoid focusing awareness on both the past and future.

A) Hypnosis
B) Detachment
C) Meditation
D) Mindfulness

Question 68

The disorder characterized by immediate and unexpected shifts from wakefulness to REM sleep is:

A) sleep apnea.
B) sleepwalking.
C) insomnia.
D) narcolepsy.

Question 69

_____ theory holds that dreams are interesting stories but hold no special meaning.

A) Nonsense
B) Generative
C) Soul travel
D) Message

Question 70

A recent meta-analysis found what percentage of college students misuse or abuse stimulant medications?

A) 5%
B) 12%
C) 17%
D) 21%

Question 71

Psychoactive drugs are substances that affect:

A) mental functioning.
B) innate behavioral characteristics.
C) physical attributes.
D) psychological symptoms.

Question 72

Opiates and opioids are pain-relieving drugs that activate the same receptors in the brain as endorphins. The difference between the two is that opiates are _____ and opioids are _____.

A) illegally made; legally made
B) legally made; illegally made
C) plant-based; synthetic
D) synthetic; plant-based

Question 73

A person who uses drugs and continues to do so regardless of the problems and negative consequences that occur due to the drug use is demonstrating:

A) tolerance.
B) withdrawal.
C) dependence.
D) addiction.

Question 74

A person who experiences impaired coordination, reasoning, and reaction time has likely used what type of psychoactive drug?

A) depressants
B) stimulants
C) opiates
D) hallucinogens

Question 75

Nathan wants to study abroad in Spain during his senior year. Nathan is learning about Spanish culture to prepare himself before he goes. He has learned that in Spain, taking a siesta, or afternoon nap, is common. Nathan is looking forward to trying out the tradition of the siesta, although at home in the United States he only sleeps at night. Nathan's native pattern of sleep, only sleeping at night, is called _____ sleep.

A) slow-wave
B) solitary
C) monophasic
D) biphasic

Question 76

Before the beginning of the school year, the staff of a newly built high school had to make many decisions about how to structure the school day in the most effective way for students. One important aspect of this task was deciding the best times to begin and end the school day. Research suggests that high school-aged students benefit more from _____ start times than from _____ start times.

A) early; late
B) late; early
C) midday; midmorning
D) midmorning; midday

Question 77

Which statement is true about psychoactive drugs? Psychoactive drugs can be:

A) prescribed only by a physician.
B) purchased only over the counter.
C) only obtained illegally.
D) obtained either legally or illegally.

Question 78

People who stop using a drug they had been using habitually can experience a strong desire and perceived need for the drug. What is this called?

A) withdrawal
B) addiction
C) psychological dependence
D) physical dependence

Question 79

Drugs that slow bodily function are classified as:

A) antagonists.
B) stimulants.
C) depressants.
D) hallucinogens.

Question 80

A person who wants to _____ is MOST likely to misuse stimulant medication.

A) reduce symptoms of physical dependence
B) reduce symptoms of psychological dependence
C) control appetite and lose weight quickly
D) stay awake and alert when completing academic work