Deck 7: Early Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development

Question 1

Today, most developmentalists support an interactionist view of the relationship between language and cognition.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Fast-mapping allows children to find their way easily in new environments.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Preschoolers do not have an understanding of conservation of liquid or mass.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Autobiographical memory develops at age 4.

Question 5

Children's first questions are telegraphic and characterized by a rising pitch

Question 6

Vygotsky believed that inner speech is involved in the development of planning and self-regulation, and facilitates learning.

Question 7

An example of overregularization is a young child who tells a friend that she sitted in that chair yesterday.

Question 8

Skipping is a fine motor skill and develops later than all fine motor skills.

Question 9

Immunizations have been shown to cause more harm than good for children in Canada.

Question 10

Preschoolers can accurately predict and explain human action and emotion in terms of mental states.

Question 11

Encopresis happens more during the day than at night.

Question 12

Saying "the moon goes away during the day because it is afraid of the sun" is an example of animism.

Question 13

Automobile accidents are the leading cause of death in early childhood in Canada.

Question 14

The cerebellum is involved in muscle coordination.

Question 15

Most preschoolers do not engage in rehearsal until about 5 years of age.

Question 16

Pragmatics is more difficult when children are egocentric.

Question 17

Some children are clearly "left-brained" while others are clearly "right-brained."

Question 18

Children become more active as they get older.

Question 19

Sleep terrors usually occur during REM sleep.

Question 20

Preschoolers show better memory for toys they are interested in.

Question 21

Sprouting refers to the development of new memories.

Question 22

Brain efficiency is due, in large part, to myelination.

Question 23

Infants and young toddlers are less able to recover from brain damage than adults because their plasticity has not yet developed.

Question 24

Diarrhea is a significant cause of death in developing countries.

Question 25

How parents eat has an effect on how their children eat.

Question 26

At 2 years of age, the brain already has attained 75% of its adult weight.

Question 27

Four-year-olds think dreams are real because of artificialism.

Question 28

Scaffolding is a useful concept for understanding how to teach children.

Question 29

Children use increased pitch at the end of a group of words to ask a question during early stages of language development.

Question 30

Children find it easier to remember events that happen in a fixed, logical order.

Question 31

Children vary choice of words in pretend play depending on the status of the role being played.

Question 32

In "transductive reasoning," children reason by going from one specific isolated event to another.

Question 33

The speed of processing visual information reaches adult levels at age 5.

Question 34

Young children are able to use retrieval cues provided to them by adults to remember things.

Question 35

Without environmental pressures, we would all have a 50-50 chance of becoming left-handed.

Question 36

The left hemisphere of the brain processes logical information.

Question 37

Infants and preschoolers need less sleep than older children.

Question 38

Egocentrism is characterized by one-dimensional thinking.

Question 39

Nightmares and night terrors are essentially the same.

Question 40

Children who use "motherese" to talk with younger children are showing signs of pragmatics.

Question 41

Which of the following is increased in children who are regularly exposed to second-hand smoke?

A) visual problems
B) heart disease
C) SIDS
D) negative school performance

Question 42

Maggie is a typical 5-year-old whose brain in still growing. What percentage of its adult weight is her brain currently?

A) 25% of its adult weight
B) 60% of its adult weight
C) 75% of its adult weight
D) 90% of its adult weight

Question 43

The average 2-year-old in Canada will experience a major illness.

Question 44

When during the sleep cycle do nightmares most frequently occur?

A) restorative sleep
B) transitional sleep
C) deep sleep
D) REM sleep

Question 45

What distinguishes nightmares from sleep terrors?

A) Nightmares are more frightening.
B) Sleep terrors tend to occur during deeper sleep.
C) Nightmares are usually outgrown; sleep terrors are not.
D) Sleep terrors occur during REM sleep, nightmares do not.

Question 46

It is rare for children to have imaginary friends.

Question 47

Which illness kills nearly 2 million children under the age of 5 each year worldwide?

A) tetanus
B) mumps
C) diarrhea
D) whooping cough

Question 48

Children should be corrected when they overregularize as it is an indication of falling behind in language development.

Question 49

Children are unable to form scripts of commonly occurring events until age 5.

Question 50

Preschoolers spend less time in rough-and-tumble play than older children.

Question 51

How does vocabulary develop?

A) slowly until school starts
B) very quickly during preschool years
C) varies according to where the child lives
D) quick for proper nouns but slower for all other words

Question 52

How common are children's imaginary friends?

A) They are extremely rare.
B) They are more common in children who have few or no friends.
C) They are more common in later-born children.
D) They accompany as many as 65% of preschoolers.

Question 53

Growth rate increases significantly during the preschool years.

Question 54

Which of the following is an example of the appearance-reality distinction?

A) knowing that a teddy bear exists even if it is out of sight
B) thinking that a cartoon cat and an actual cat are the same
C) understanding the difference between a toy train and an actual train
D) understanding that breaking a cookie into two pieces does not increase its mass

Question 55

How do boys' height and weight gains compare with girls' height and weight gains during early childhood?

A) Girls become heavier and taller than boys.
B) Both boys and girls increase their amount of "baby fat."
C) The growth rate speeds up compared with the growth in infancy.
D) Both boys and girls become more slender and lose some baby fat.

Question 56

The grammar explosion is evident when children move from telegraphic speech to speech that includes filler words such as a, an, she, and him.

Question 57

Children have early cognitive biases or constraints that lead them to prefer certain meanings over others

Question 58

The majority of research results show that language comes before cognition.

Question 59

Children's drawings are always purposeful and have meaning.

Question 60

What do the experts theorize regarding being a "right-brained" or "left-brained" person?

A) There is no such thing as hemisphere specialization.
B) This specialization does not occur until adolescence.
C) Girls tend to be left-brained and boys tend to be right-brained.
D) Some specialization occurs, but not to the degree suggested in the media.

Question 61

You are assigned to set up a recreational camp for preschoolers. Because you have studied the activity level of preschoolers, how many hours per week of large-muscle activities do you organize for the campers?

A) 5 hours
B) 10 hours
C) 15 hours
D) 25 hours

Question 62

Brendan is 1 year old and has recently suffered a brain injury. What is a brain specialist most likely to tell Brendan's parents?

A) Brendan's brain will have greater plasticity once he reaches adolescence.
B) Other parts of Brendan's brain will not be able assume the functions lost due to injury.
C) Due to redundancy of neural connections, Brendan will not likely recover from the injury.
D) Because of Brendan's age, his brain may be able to compensate for injuries due to its plasticity.

Question 63

What term refers to a child who CANNOT take someone else's perspective?

A) unusual
B) egocentric
C) formal operational
D) concrete operational

Question 64

Which statement best describes what we know about handedness?

A) The origins of handedness have a genetic component, but handedness can be altered by environment.
B) A slightly higher percentage of math whizzes are right-handed.
C) Historically, being left-handed was a personal trait that was held in high regard.
D) Handedness is generally confirmed during the toddler years.

Question 65

Worldwide, millions of children die each year. What is one of the six leading causes of death for nearly two-thirds of these children?

A) influenza
B) heart disease
C) tetanus
D) unintentional injury

Question 66

Which of the following does conservation require?

A) the ability to narrow focus to one aspect of a problem
B) the ability to focus on two or more aspects of a situation at once
C) patience
D) an adequate attention span

Question 67

What is the current advice regarding what to do with a sleepwalker?

A) They should not be wakened because waking them could cause them harm.
B) They should be wakened because they are not really asleep.
C) They should be put back to bed for their own safety.
D) They should be avoided because they could become extremely violent.

Question 68

What does Health Canada recommend as the focus of a child's diet?

A) calorie intake; specifically, a diet of 1,500 calories per day
B) a diet low in fat and high and protein
C) a diet low in sugar, salt, and saturated fats
D) calorie intake; specifically, a diet of 2,500 calories per day

Question 69

Which term refers to an inability to control the bowels?

A) urinesis
B) enuresis
C) ontothesis
D) encopresis

Question 70

During a recent parent-teacher conference, Mr. Charles explained to the parents of 3-year-old Cameron that their son is going through a specific phase in his drawings. What does Cameron draw?

A) circles, squares, Xs, and triangles
B) scribbles in various locations on the page
C) recognizable objects such as houses and airplanes
D) a combination of people he knows and common shapes, such as circles and squares

Question 71

Which term refers to the failure to control the bladder once the "normal" age for bladder control has been achieved?

A) urinesis
B) enuresis
C) ontothesis
D) encopresis

Question 72

Which of the following is a characteristic of childhood illnesses?

A) Children in developing countries are more vulnerable.
B) They can be life-threatening.
C) They vary in frequency by racial and ethnic background.
D) They vary according to sleep and exercise routines.

Question 73

What is a cause of preoperational children failing to show conservation?

A) egocentrism
B) irreversibility
C) precausal thinking
D) transductive reasoning

Question 74

What is the meaning of "brain plasticity"?

A) Brain parts are flexible and can complete a variety of tasks.
B) Certain brain areas have very specific functions.
C) The brain can sometimes compensate for injuries.
D) Dendrites can form new connections.

Question 75

Zack enjoys drawing basic shapes and is good at it. How old is Zack likely to be?

A) 1 year
B) 18 months
C) 2 years
D) 3 years

Question 76

Suppose both of your parents are left-handed. What are your chances of being left-handed?

A) 50%
B) 80%
C) 92%
D) 100%

Question 77

What can be expected in terms of language development during a child's third year?

A) a grammar explosion leading to phrase combinations
B) tentative use of new words
C) an understanding of grammar rules used by adults
D) a plateau in language use

Question 78

What are gross motor skills?

A) skills gained by imitating others
B) skills involving large muscle groups
C) skills for very specific and precise movements
D) skills that cannot be acquired until late childhood or early adolescence

Question 79

Which of the following is required in order to engage in class inclusion?

A) conservation
B) centration
C) scaffolding
D) approximation

Question 80

What has had a significant impact in reducing the incidence of serious childhood illnesses?

A) better doctor to patient ratios
B) advances in over-the-counter medications
C) immunizations and antibiotics
D) better focus on diet and nutrition