Deck 2: Heredity Prenatal Development

Question 1

Parents and children have 25% overlap in genes.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

PKU is transmitted by a dominant gene.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

During the germinal period of development, the ovum is fertilized, cells divide, and the blastocyst is implanted in the uterine wall.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Type A blood is a recessive trait.

Question 5

Commonly used drugs such as aspirin rarely cause problems for fetuses.

Question 6

Diseases such as syphilis and HIV/AIDS are rarely harmful to the fetus or newborn infant.

Question 7

Down syndrome is associated with an extra chromosome on the 21st pair.

Question 8

Use of illicit drugs such as marijuana, heroin, and cocaine during pregnancy may cause offspring to have cognitive impairments later in life.

Question 9

The placenta protects the developing organism from all harmful substances.

Question 10

Monozygotic twins share more personality traits and physical traits than dizygotic twins.

Question 11

Artificial insemination involves implanting a viable embryo into the uterus of a woman.

Question 12

The ages of both parents have been found to impact the health of a baby.

Question 13

After mitosis, a cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Question 14

Rh incompatibility is primarily a problem after a first pregnancy.

Question 15

Sickle-cell anemia is more common among Caucasian North Americans than minority groups in the North America.

Question 16

Teratogens have the same effect on the developing organism throughout pregnancy.

Question 17

Since fetuses take what they need from the mothers, few babies are born malnourished.

Question 18

Vitamins cause no harm in developing fetuses.

Question 19

Diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, and peptic ulcers are caused by genetic factors alone.

Question 20

Hemophilia is a type of sex-linked genetic abnormality.

Question 21

Amniocentesis and CVS have no known risks to the unborn embryo.

Question 22

Genetic counselling is used only prior to a woman getting pregnant.

Question 23

Physicians may treat endometriosis through surgery or with hormones that temporarily prevent menstruation.

Question 24

Our phenotype is influenced by the environment.

Question 25

"Carriers" for traits have two recessive genes for those traits.

Question 26

Toxemia may cause maternal deaths.

Question 27

Rubella causes deafness, intellectual challenges, and heart problems.

Question 28

Sex chromosomes utilize meiosis to divide.

Question 29

During the fetal period of prenatal development, the fetus responds to light and sounds.

Question 30

A person who has a dominant trait for brown eyes and a recessive trait for blue eyes is most likely to be brown-eyed.

Question 31

DES was used to prevent miscarriage in the 1940s and 1950s but caused cervical and testicular cancer in some offspring.

Question 32

Monozygotic twins are conceived from separate egg cells.

Question 33

Infertility is always the woman's problem.

Question 34

Ultrasound uses harmless sound waves to examine the developing organism.

Question 35

Monozygotic twins reared apart share just as many similarities in temperament and personality as monozygotic twins reared together.

Question 36

Sexual differentiation of the embryo is determined by the presence of the X chromosome.

Question 37

Polygenic traits are transmitted by a single pair of genes.

Question 38

DNA takes the form of a double helix, or twisting ladder, is made up of base pairs, and determines how the organism will develop.

Question 39

Each cell in our body contains 26 chromosomes.

Question 40

Huntington disease is a fatal, progressive degenerative disorder and a recessive trait.

Question 41

Babies born to fathers who smoke cigarettes have higher rates of birth defects.

Question 42

Nearly one-third of all pregnancies result in miscarriage.

Question 43

Fetuses "take what they need" nutritionally from the mother and therefore mothers are free to eat what they want.

Question 44

Environmental hazards such as lead and radiation may cause irreparable, long-term harm both physically and cognitively.

Question 45

Low sperm count is the most common infertility problem in men.

Question 46

What is used to detect neural tube defects such as spina bifida?

A) an ultrasound
B) an Rh disease test
C) genetic counselling
D) an alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) assay

Question 47

How does an ultrasound work?

A) It allows the human ear to hear the fetus.
B) It yields a picture called a "cat-scan."
C) It bounces sound waves off the fetus.
D) It uses X-ray photography to take a picture of the unborn child.

Question 48

Which of the following is a characteristic of dominant alleles?

A) They cause traits in individuals when paired with recessive alleles.
B) They come from the father of the developing child.
C) They are determined during mitosis.
D) They are determined by the parents during the germinal period.

Question 49

Genes are the biochemical materials that regulate the development of traits.

Question 50

The typical sex chromosome pattern for females is XY.

Question 51

Teratogens include drugs, heavy metals, and disease-causing organisms.

Question 52

The major organ systems differentiate during the embryonic period of development.

Question 53

How many chromosomes are contained in a cell created during meiosis?

A) 23
B) 25
C) 43
D) 46

Question 54

Sperm are responsible for determining the gender of the offspring.

Question 55

During the ninth month of pregnancy, the fetus becomes more active, getting ready for the birth process.

Question 56

Thalidomide causes major limb deformities during pregnancy.

Question 57

It is currently impossible to select the sex of one's child.

Question 58

Women create viable ova throughout their lives, from their first period through menopause.

Question 59

The science of heredity is called "eugenics."

Question 60

Most people with Tay-Sachs disease die in their mid- to late-forties.

Question 61

Which statement best describes the effects of nutrition during pregnancy?

A) Maternal malnutrition has been linked to low birth weight and cardiovascular disease.
B) The effects of fetal malnutrition cannot be overcome after birth.
C) Pregnant women can eat and drink whatever they want because their fetuses are not affected by what their mothers consume.
D) Fetal overnutrition is more of a problem than fetal malnutrition.

Question 62

When are Canadians screened for phenylketonuria?

A) prior to birth
B) at birth
C) at the age of 6 months
D) upon entering kindergarten

Question 63

What would you tell a woman who is concerned about the risks of fetal testing?

A) No risk is associated with fetal testing.
B) Because of the risks, fetal testing should not be done.
C) The risk in fetal testing is to the mother, not the fetus.
D) Although fetal testing has some risk, it is sometimes considered necessary.

Question 64

Which of the following is an essential attribute of Down syndrome?

A) It is caused by a virus during pregnancy.
B) It is significantly more likely in boys than girls.
C) It is caused by a defect on the sex chromosomes.
D) It impacts cognitive and motor development but not one's potential for achievement.

Question 65

You are 9 weeks pregnant and are concerned your baby may have a genetic defect. What medical procedure will most likely be recommended?

A) fetoscopy
B) ultrasound
C) amniocentesis
D) chorionic villus sampling

Question 66

How many ova does a human female have at birth?

A) zero; ova develop during puberty
B) between 50,000 and 100,000 ova
C) approximately 400,000 ova
D) millions of ova

Question 67

According to the Huntington Society of Canada, when is Huntington disease (HD) typically diagnosed?

A) between 12 and 18 years of age
B) in middle adulthood
C) before age 40 in women and 50 in men
D) after the age of 60 years of age

Question 68

In Canada what percentage of infertility cases can be traced to the man?

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 69

You are scheduled to have an amniocentesis. What will occur during this medical process?

A) Fluid will be tested from the "sac" containing the fetus.
B) A biopsy will be taken from your spine.
C) Your sperm will be tested for genetic abnormalities.
D) Your eggs will be tested for genetic abnormalities.

Question 70

What is the general finding of studies on monozygotic twins reared in separate environments?

A) They are identical in genetics, behaviours, and preferences.
B) They are less alike, genetically, than dizygotic twins reared together.
C) They are no more alike in genetics, behaviours, and preferences than non-twin siblings.
D) They share the same degree of genetic similarity as monozygotic twins reared together.

Question 71

Maria and Eric are told they are "carriers" of a particular trait? What does that mean?

A) They bear co-dominant genes for a trait.
B) They bear two dominant genes for a trait.
C) They carry two recessive genes for a trait.
D) They carry one recessive and one dominant gene for a trait.

Question 72

Which woman has the highest likelihood of having a preterm birth?

A) Janisha, who is 16 years old
B) Jill, who is 20 years old
C) Tonya, who is 27 years old
D) Brenda, who is 38 years old

Question 73

What is the cause of cystic fibrosis?

A) a recessive gene
B) a dominant gene
C) incomplete mitosis
D) an abnormality in the 21st pair of chromosomes

Question 74

What is the diagnosis of an infant born with 47 chromosomes instead of 46?

A) phenylketonuria
B) sickle-cell anemia
C) Down syndrome
D) Tay-Sachs disease

Question 75

Which procedure poses the least risk to the fetus?

A) an ultrasound
B) an amniocentesis
C) an alpha-fetoprotein assay
D) chorionic villus sampling

Question 76

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of hemophilia?

A) It affects only females.
B) It is carried by the father's recessive gene.
C) It is carried on the X chromosome.
D) It is caused by damage to the 14th chromosomal pair.

Question 77

Next year you will be pursuing an education in the field of heredity. If someone asked you what exactly you will be studying, which word would you most likely use?

A) etiology
B) genetics
C) biology
D) eugenics

Question 78

You are a pregnant woman who has just consulted a genetic counsellor. You are concerned about Huntington disease and ask what progress is being made to address it. You are told that clinical trials into a "genetic miracle" are underway. What have trials revealed?

A) a preventive medication that can be taken by pregnant women
B) an injection to the spine that appears to stop the progress of the disease
C) a cocktail of medications to be taken by infants to prevent the disease
D) an injection to the amniotic sac to cure the disease in babies

Question 79

During which stage of prenatal development does the developing organism gain the most weight and length?

A) the fetal stage
B) the germinal stage
C) the embryonic stage
D) the diaphragmatic stage

Question 80

What method of cell reproduction allows for more genetic "variability"?

A) cloning
B) meiosis
C) mitosis
D) cross-fertilization