Deck 15: Middle Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development

Question 1

Anxiety disorders are increasing in frequency among middle-aged adults.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Much of the difference in mortality rates from cancer during middle adulthood can be attributed to lack of early detection and treatment.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

In 2013, Cancer Care Ontario recommended women have mammograms to screen for breast cancer beginning at age 40,

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The climacteric involves the steady decline in the reproductive capability of women.

Question 5

The lenses in the eyes of middle-aged adults become stiffer and harder to focus on near objects.

Question 6

More than 90% of indigenous women age 40 years and older have had a mammogram.

Question 7

The health of people aged 40 to 65 in Canada is better than ever.

Question 8

Both hair loss and skin elasticity increase during middle adulthood.

Question 9

Menopause signals an end to women's sexual desires.

Question 10

Cancer is caused by hereditary and environmental factors.

Question 11

Two out of three cancer deaths in Canada are the result of two factors people can control: smoking and diet.

Question 12

Crystallized intelligence tends to boost during adulthood, while fluid intelligence tends to decrease.

Question 13

Creativity peaks during early adulthood.

Question 14

The resting metabolic rate-also called the basal metabolic rate (BMR)-declines during middle adulthood.

Question 15

African Canadians have twice the average death rate from prostate cancer compared with people of other ethnic/racial groups.

Question 16

Cancer is a chronic, noncommunicable disease characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells.

Question 17

Bones in the spine, hip, thigh (femur), and forearm lose the most density as people age.

Question 18

All factors that lead to heart disease are within the control of the individual.

Question 19

Heart disease and cancer are often preventable in middle adulthood.

Question 20

Mental health care costs are higher than costs for cancers and infectious diseases.

Question 21

Hormonal therapy and radiation treatment have few or no negative side effects when used to treat cancer patients.

Question 22

No two people age in the same way or at the same rate, which is known as interindividual variability.

Question 23

In men, the decline in the production of male sex hormones and fertility is more gradual than the decline women experience in the production of female sex hormones and fertility.

Question 24

Age-related changes to vision begin to happen in the mid-30s.

Question 25

Plasticity refers to people's intellectual abilities being able to be modified under certain conditions at almost any time in life.

Question 26

About one man in two and one woman in three in Canada will eventually develop cancer if they live long enough.

Question 27

Reaction time is one aspect of perceptual speed.

Question 28

Both men and women experience menopause.

Question 29

As people age, they tend to have less patience with others and a lowered ability to motivate those who work for them.

Question 30

A plummet in estrogen may lead to unpleasant perimenopausal sensations, such as night sweats, hot flashes, and hot flushes.

Question 31

Stress suppresses the immune system.

Question 32

Some minority members avoid health care screenings because they believe the health care system to be racist.

Question 33

Few men over age 50 can father children.

Question 34

Middle-aged people typically need to eat less to maintain their weight than when they were younger.

Question 35

Beginning at age 20, we lose nearly 1.5 kg of lean-body mass with each decade.

Question 36

Perimenopause takes 15 years to be completed.

Question 37

Heart disease is one of the top causes of death in middle adulthood.

Question 38

Working memory and long-term memory both improve during middle adulthood.

Question 39

Schaie's research, which began in 1956, has shown that younger adults are smarter than older adults.

Question 40

During middle adulthood, changes in metabolism, muscle mass, strength, bone density, aerobic capacity, blood-sugar tolerance, and ability to regulate body temperature can be moderated and sometimes reversed through exercise and diet.

Question 41

Homicide and suicide are the leading causes of death in middle adulthood.

Question 42

The cardiovascular system becomes more efficient during middle adulthood.

Question 43

Heart disease most commonly results from arteriosclerosis or hardening of the arteries.

Question 44

During middle adulthood, lack of sexual desire is more common among women than men.

Question 45

Few middle-aged adults experience sexual dysfunctions.

Question 46

Long-term estrogen deficiency has been linked to osteoporosis.

Question 47

Mature learners are no different from younger learners.

Question 48

The stress of chronic hostility and anger is related to higher cholesterol levels and a greater risk of heart disease.

Question 49

Exercise and good diet may stave off erectile dysfunction for some middle-aged men.

Question 50

Leukocytes are foreign bodies that cause inflammation.

Question 51

Hormone replacement therapy has been controversial, with some women benefitting from it and others being harmed by it.

Question 52

Lung tissue stiffens with age, diminishing capacity to expand, such that breathing capacity may decline by half between early and late adulthood.

Question 53

All middle-aged adults experience the same level of cognitive changes.

Question 54

Reaction time-the amount of time it takes to respond to a stimulus-increases with age, mainly because of sensory changes.

Question 55

Canada saw a population increase of 21%, as the result of postwar babies.

Question 56

During middle adulthood, rote rehearsal and elaboration rehearsal become easier for people to use.

Question 57

The biggest sexual dysfunction for middle-aged men is premature ejaculation.

Question 58

The most common sexual problems among middle-aged women are lack of sexual desire and difficulty becoming sexually aroused.

Question 59

People in middle adulthood are more vulnerable to a variety of illnesses, but they also become less prone to irresponsible behaviour that may result in injury or death.

Question 60

All cancerous cells form metastases, which are breakaway cells that travel through the bloodstream.

Question 61

Your doctor has just informed you that you have heart disease. You ask, "What does that mean? How did I get it?" Which of the following would she most likely reply?

A) Heart disease rarely strikes without giving noticeable symptoms.
B) Heart disease is not preventable.
C) Heart disease includes arteriosclerosis.
D) Heart disease involves a buildup of leukocytes, which decreases your circulation.

Question 62

Which statement is a reasonable expectation that a middle-aged adult can have about their cognitive development?

A) They will experience a decline in all areas of cognitive functioning.
B) They will find that they are less able to problem solve than in the past.
C) They will continue to develop and change in a variety of ways.
D) They will experience a decline but will be able to hide this from others.

Question 63

Most middle-aged adults are unenthusiastic about having sex.

Question 64

It is most common for the body mass index (BMI) to decrease during middle adulthood.

Question 65

Which of the following is most directly linked to cancer risk?

A) sedentary lifestyle
B) working too many hours
C) being overweight
D) eating red meat

Question 66

The incidence of cancer increases significantly with age.

Question 67

What is Viagra?

A) a medication for treating sexual dysfunctions in men
B) a medication for treating colon cancer in women
C) a medication for treating cardiovascular disease that contributes to premature ejaculations
D) an immunological disorder experienced mostly by middle-aged men

Question 68

Which statement best characterizes cancer?

A) It is usually benign if caught early.
B) Cancer types are evenly distributed across gender and racial groups.
C) It may be caused by internal or external agents.
D) Benign tumours spread through the lymphatic system.

Question 69

Which of the following occurs during middle adulthood?

A) Aerobic capacity increases.
B) Interindividual variability is the rule.
C) Sensory functioning declines rapidly.
D) Metabolism levels increase significantly.

Question 70

You have been diagnosed with cancer and your doctor informs you of a treatment plan that will involve chemotherapy. Which of the following would your doctor likely state?

A) The use of hormones will also be used to stop tumour growth.
B) The use of high-dose X-rays will kill the tumours prior to the chemotherapy.
C) Chemotherapy is less effective than other treatments for cancer.
D) Chemotherapy often leads to negative side effects, such as hair loss and nausea.

Question 71

What is the relationship between diet and cancer?

A) Diets that are high in fibre, fruits, and vegetables help reduce cancer risk.
B) Diet is rarely related to cancer.
C) Diet has no effect on risk of cancer.
D) Diet overwhelmingly accounts for 90% of all cancers in Western cultures.

Question 72

Which statement best describes the effect of stress?

A) It has no impact on the immune system.
B) It affects everyone the same way.
C) It leaves people more vulnerable to illness.
D) It activates the body's natural supply of antigens.

Question 73

Which statement best characterizes the treatment for cancer?

A) It includes radiation and chemotherapy.
B) It typically has no negative side effects.
C) It targets unhealthy tissue and has no impact on healthy tissue.
D) It is more dangerous than the cancers themselves.

Question 74

Which of the following is accurate about arteriosclerosis?

A) It is more common in men than women.
B) It is a build-up of fatty deposits.
C) It is a treatment used to address heart disease.
D) It is also known as hardening of the arteries.

Question 75

Which statement best characterizes crystallized intelligence?

A) It decreases with age.
B) It is unrelated to behaviour.
C) It is controlled by neurological factors.
D) It usually increases during middle adulthood.

Question 76

What type of memory typically declines during middle adulthood?

A) procedural memory
B) all types of memory
C) working memory
D) long-term memory

Question 77

Which type of intelligence is defined as a cluster of knowledge and skills that depend on accumulated information and experience, awareness of social conventions, and the capacity to make good decisions and judgments?

A) fluid intelligence
B) verbal intelligence
C) crystallized intelligence
D) street smart intelligence

Question 78

Body tissues lose their sensitivity to glucose as we age.

Question 79

Which statement best describes muscle strength during middle adulthood?

A) It is at the same level as it has been since early adulthood.
B) It changes gradually.
C) It declines and cannot be compensated for by exercise.
D) Most people become stronger than they were in early adulthood.

Question 80

What cognitive decline is typically experienced in middle adulthood?

A) a decline in working memory
B) a decline in long-term memory
C) a decline in inductive reasoning
D) a decline in special processing