Deck 10: Middle Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

Popular children tend to be attractive, mature for their age, and successful in sports or academics.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Research on the children of lesbian or transsexual parents has shown their gender preferences for toys, clothing, and friends to be comparable to the gender preferences of children of heterosexual parents.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Boys are more likely than girls to treat friends as confidants.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Conduct disorder typically does not emerge until adolescence.

Question 5

The best way to treat school phobia is to let the child stay home.

Question 6

Depression in children sometimes has a genetic component.

Question 7

A majority of children experience bullying during their school years.

Question 8

Children with rejecting and neglecting parents are more likely to have low self-esteem than those with restrictive and involved parents.

Question 9

Children in middle childhood respond best to teaching that is direct, such as lecturing.

Question 10

After a parental divorce, most children have a 50/50 living relationship between their mothers and fathers.

Question 11

The most effective teachers ask questions, give personalized feedback, and provide opportunities for drill and practice.

Question 12

Teachers' expectations are rarely related to children's actual school performance.

Question 13

Children of working mothers usually show serious adjustment problems.

Question 14

In middle childhood, peers are rated as a child's best source of emotional support.

Question 15

Depression is rare in children younger than 12 years of age.

Question 16

Girls are most dominant in classroom conversations.

Question 17

Teachers may have lowered expectations of children from low-income families and children who are members of minority groups.

Question 18

Depression in middle childhood occurs equally among boys and girls.

Question 19

Self-esteem declines in middle childhood as children compare themselves to other children.

Question 20

Having an internal attribution style is associated with depression in children.

Question 21

Parents monitor the behaviour of children during middle childhood more than the behaviour of younger children.

Question 22

Children tend to pick friends who are like themselves in personality and behaviour.

Question 23

Aggressive children tend to be more popular than nonaggressive children.

Question 24

Contributors to conduct disorders may include genetics, antisocial family members, deviant peers, inconsistent discipline, parental insensitivity to the child's behaviour, physical punishment, and family stress.

Question 25

Bystanders may not intervene to stop bullies because they are afraid of making the situation worse.

Question 26

Physical punishment is the most effective treatment for children with conduct disorders.

Question 27

Children whose mothers work have much higher levels of social conduct problems and academic problems.

Question 28

During middle childhood, boys tend to develop closer friendships than girls.

Question 29

Separation anxiety in children older than age 10 is a sign of mental illness.

Question 30

Sexism has been eradicated from today's schools.

Question 31

Separation anxiety disorder frequently occurs alongside social anxiety.

Question 32

Research on successful schools indicates that the style of instructing used by the teacher has little influence on the school's outcome.

Question 33

Nine-year-old children tend to describe themselves in terms of their physical characteristics.

Question 34

Children of gay and lesbian parents have more adjustment problems than children of heterosexual parents.

Question 35

Divorce often affects children's self-esteem and behaviour.

Question 36

Selman argued that children develop perspective taking through three stages.

Question 37

Ten- to 12-year-olds evaluate their parents more harshly than they did in early childhood.

Question 38

Regardless of how parents get along, it is better to stay together for the sake of the children than to get divorced.

Question 39

Perspective-taking skills are important for children's peer relationships during middle adulthood.

Question 40

Industry vs. inferiority is the stage of Erikson's theory that occurs during middle childhood.

Question 41

Household income is a significant determinant of health for children.

Question 42

During middle childhood, children depend less on external rewards and increasingly regulate their own behaviour.

Question 43

How does the more developed cognitive ability of 12-year-olds impact their evaluation of their parents?

A) They have a better understanding of the motivations of their parents than in the past.
B) They rate their parents more favourably than they did in younger years.
C) They evaluate their parents more critically than before.
D) They are more interested in the perspectives of their parents than in the past..

Question 44

Maternal employment is causally linked to childhood delinquency.

Question 45

Social cognition refers to perception of the social world.

Question 46

Self-esteem tends to increase during middle childhood as children become more realistic in their appraisal of their abilities.

Question 47

According to the research cited in the textbook, what is the relationship between maternal employment and delinquent behaviour?

A) The effects appear to be related to parental supervision.
B) The effects appear to be offset by authoritarian parenting in the home.
C) Working mothers seem to have more delinquent sons than delinquent daughters.
D) The more a mother works, the greater the degree of delinquent behaviour exhibited by her children.

Question 48

According to social cognitive theory, what distinguishes children and their need for reinforcements and punishments during middle childhood?

A) They learn better through reinforcements than punishments.
B) They require as much punishment and reinforcement as younger children.
C) They self-regulate more and require fewer punishments or reinforcements.
D) They require more punishments and fewer rewards to change their behaviour.

Question 49

Children who are having conflict with their parents rarely benefit from having friends.

Question 50

Children are often financially affected by their parents' divorce.

Question 51

What did Sadker and Sadker observe with regards to the behaviour of boys and girls in the classroom?

A) Boys were more likely to dominate discussions and girls were more likely to be reminded to raise their hands for a turn.
B) Girls were found to be more dominant in discussions and boys were left silenced in most subject areas.
C) Boys and girls displayed remarkably similar classroom behaviours with regards to calling out answers versus raising their hands.
D) Boys were more likely to achieve higher grades even though girls were more likely to study longer.

Question 52

Schools affect only children's academic performance.

Question 53

Increasing levels of egocentrism characterize middle childhood thinking, according to Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory.

Question 54

Social acceptance by peers is unrelated to self-esteem in middle childhood.

Question 55

Which of the following children is most likely to have been rejected by his peers?

A) a child who is more mature than his peers
B) a child who is learning to conform
C) a child who displays aggressive behaviour
D) a child who is academically superior to his peers

Question 56

Depression and low self-esteem are unrelated problems in childhood.

Question 57

In middle childhood, children begin to describe themselves using abstract, internal traits.

Question 58

Parents and teachers have an equal and strong impact on self-esteem.

Question 59

Children during middle childhood usually have the same number of same-sex and opposite-sex friends.

Question 60

Which of the following children is likely to adjust best following the divorce of their parents?

A) the child who is given gifts
B) the child who is part of the divorce decision-making process
C) the child whose mother is accepting and consistent
D) the child who is permitted to float freely between parental homes

Question 61

What childhood quality is most likely to decrease during the middle childhood years?

A) egocentrism
B) ethnocentrism
C) perspective taking
D) the need for identity

Question 62

Richard Green (1978) studied children reared by lesbians or transsexuals. What sexual orientation tended to be the norm for the children he studied?

A) a bisexual orientation
B) a transsexual orientation
C) a homosexual orientation
D) a heterosexual orientation

Question 63

What parenting style is most likely to lead to children having low self-esteem?

A) authoritarian parenting
B) authoritative parenting
C) permissive-neglecting parenting
D) rejecting-indulgent parenting

Question 64

How many stages of friendship did Selman describe?

A) 3
B) 5
C) 10
D) 12

Question 65

Which of the following is a characteristic of depression in childhood?

A) It is rare.
B) It is typically caused by genetic problems.
C) It is linked to larger family sizes.
D) It is associated with sleep and appetite problems.

Question 66

Jared is 6 years old. He is experiencing nausea and vomiting each morning before school. What is Jared most likely to have?

A) separation anxiety disorder
B) typical nervousness for a 6-year-old starting Grade 1
C) an ulcer due to marital conflict within the family
D) a reaction to traumatic events taking place at school

Question 67

Which statement is a feature of parental involvement during middle childhood?

A) Children and parents spend less time together.
B) The focus on chores becomes central to their relationship.
C) Children reject parental involvement completely.
D) Parents provide more feedback to their children.

Question 68

What is the nature of most conflicts among middle childhood friends?

A) minor and generally resolved positively
B) unpredictable and long lasting
C) significant and long lasting
D) minor but rarely resolved

Question 69

Which term is used to describe situations where grandparents become the primary caregivers to their grandchildren?

A) skip-generation
B) sandwich-generation
C) boomer-generation
D) extended-generation

Question 70

At what point in a marriage is divorce most common?

A) 5 years after marriage
B) 9 years after marriage
C) 14.5 years after marriage
D) 23.5 years after marriage

Question 71

Which statement best represents the findings of research studies on teachers and sexism in the classroom?

A) Teachers praise and criticize girls more than boys.
B) Teachers call on girls more and ask them more questions.
C) Teachers accept calling out in class more from boys than from girls.
D) Teachers remind boys more than girls that they should raise their hands before speaking.

Question 72

Research on gay and lesbian parents has typically fallen into two categories. One category is children's general adjustment. What is the other category?

A) children's peer relationships
B) children's school adjustment
C) children's attachment to the parents
D) children's likelihood of being gay or lesbian

Question 73

Which two groups have the strongest influence over a child's self-esteem in middle childhood?

A) teachers and friends
B) parents and classmates
C) classmates and friends
D) parents and teachers

Question 74

Which statement best reflects the "Pygmalion effect"?

A) A careful student is a good student.
B) Ability, not method, makes the student.
C) Lazy is as lazy does.
D) You get what you look for.

Question 75

Carol's daughter is diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder. How would an expert explain this disorder to Carol?

A) It is the same as school phobia.
B) It is a milder form of separation anxiety.
C) It affects approximately 25% of children and young adolescents.
D) It can interfere with activities when it is persistent and excessive.

Question 76

What is the effect of schools on children in middle childhood?

A) Schools' socialization influence is generally negative.
B) Schools foster competition, which is always negative.
C) Schools tend to overrule the authority of parents.
D) Schools exert a lot of authority over a child's life.

Question 77

Mark shows a physiological "alarm reaction" to his parents' marital conflict. What is most likely occurring to Mark?

A) His heart rate and blood pressure are increasing.
B) His self-esteem is decreasing rapidly.
C) His endocrine system is slowing down.
D) He anticipates a violence action to unfold.

Question 78

Which of the following would a child psychologist most likely state about depression in childhood?

A) It is easy to recognize.
B) It is more common among girls than among boys.
C) It is more common among children from lower socioeconomic classes.
D) It may be masked by behaviours such as conduct disorder and physical complaints.

Question 79

Which of the following is a focus of parent-child interactions during middle childhood?

A) extended-family related matters
B) vacations
C) increased parental feedback
D) peer activities

Question 80

Which child is most likely to have perspective-taking skills?

A) a child who is more skilled at peer relations
B) a child who has a less solidified sense of self
C) an only-born child
D) a child who has a more consolidated personality