Deck 7: Operantrespondent Interrelationships: the Biological Context of Conditioning

Question 1

In terms of operant conditioning of reflexive behavior, the experiment by Miller and Carmona (1967) showed:

A) That the increased flow of saliva was accompanied by the dogs being more alert
B) That salivation and heart rate were both susceptible to operant conditioning
C) Conclusive results for operant conditioning of salivation
D) All of these

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What is the basic finding for activity anorexia?

A) Both decreased food intake increases physical activity and physical activity decreases food intake
B) Physical activity decreases food intake
C) Decreased food intake increases physical activity
D) Increased food intake increases physical activity

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to Falk (1977), schedule-induced or adjunctive behavior occurs in situations that are generally positive for the organism but:

A) From which it is likely to escape
B) Lead to impulses to retaliate
C) Result in high levels of aggressive behavior
D) Toward which it shows avoidance

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Phenomena such as instinctive drift, sign tracking, and autoshaping have been analyzed as:

A) Behavior systems activated by the US and the physical properties of the CS
B) Both stimulus substitution where the CS substitutes for the US and behavior systems activated by the US and the physical properties of the CS
C) Stimulus substitution where the CS substitutes for the US
D) None of these

Question 5

What does the evidence suggest about the operant conditioning of reflexive behavior?

A) Reflexes can be conditioned by operant procedures in some circumstances
B) Reflexive behavior is hardly ever controlled by respondent procedures
C) Both reflexive behavior is hardly ever controlled by respondent procedures and reflexive behavior is generally controlled by operant procedures
D) Reflexive behavior is generally controlled by operant procedures

Question 6

When a CS compound (color and taste) is associated with illness, different species show avoidance to the two parts of the compound. This phenomenon is called:

A) Species set
B) Species readiness
C) Species activation
D) Species preparedness

Question 7

In taste aversion studies:

A) Novel tastes are less easily conditioned than familiar ones
B) Familiarity has no effect on taste aversion conditioning
C) Novel tastes are more easily conditioned than familiar ones
D) Novel tastes cannot be conditioned until they become familiar

Question 8

The procedure of ______ produces respondent behavior that can then be reinforced as operant behavior.

A) Shaping
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Autoshaping
D) Extinction

Question 9

When considering adjunctive behaviors, there is _____ in adjunctive behaviors when the time between reinforcement increases.

A) No change
B) An increase
C) A decrease
D) A decrease followed by an increase

Question 10

Principles of behavior like extinction, discrimination, and spontaneous recovery:

A) Generalize across species
B) Apply to all animals except for higher-processing primates
C) Only applies to higher-level animals that can comprehend consequences
D) Are dependent on the individual organism

Question 11

If a researcher is attempting to teach a pig to move discs to a designated location but is unable to because of the pig's rooting reflex (to push the disc into the dirt), ______ has occurred.

A) Reflexology
B) Instinctive drift
C) Primal contingency patterns
D) Operant learning

Question 12

In terms of operant contingencies and the intrusion of reflexive behavior:

A) Reflexive behavior is elicited by respondent procedures embedded in operant contingencies
B) Operant procedures elicit reflexive behavior directly by the contingencies of reinforcement
C) Respondent procedures cause species-characteristic responses
D) Both operant procedures elicit reflexive behavior directly by the contingencies of reinforcement and reflexive behavior is elicited by respondent procedures embedded in operant contingencies

Question 13

Choose the option that most accurately completes the sentence: Miller and Carmona's (1967) experiment on the increase and decrease of salivation in dogs:

A) Was confounded by the tone chosen to accompany the dogs in the increased salivation group
B) Was confounded by the unaccounted for level of hunger-eliciting respondent behavior that may have differed across groups
C) Was confounded by the occurrence of stimuli outside the experimental context that were similar to those used in the training context
D) Was confounded by the observation that dogs with increased saliva appeared alert and those that did not appeared drowsy

Question 14

Excessive drinking is technically called ____.

A) Polydipsia
B) Polyfluidity
C) Polydistation
D) Polyhydration

Question 15

What is the relationship between adjunctive behavior and level of deprivation?

A) The higher the level of deprivation, the greater the adjunctive behavior
B) Adjunctive behavior is related to each organism's predisposition to response as opposed to their level of deprivation
C) The lower the level of deprivation, the greater the adjunctive behavior
D) Adjunctive behavior is only exhibited during times of high deprivation

Question 16

In taste aversion studies that condition both quails and rats to being sick after drinking salty blue water, researchers have found that following recovery when the animals are given the option for either salty water or normal water colored blue:

A) The rats choose the normal blue water and the quails choose the salty water
B) The rats choose the salty water and the quails choose the blue water
C) The rats alternate between the two waters and the quails drink only the blue water
D) The quails alternate between the waters and the rats drinks only the salty water

Question 17

During the time between food reinforcers rats engage in:

A) Respondent behaviors
B) Interim and facultative behaviors
C) Anxious and expectant behaviors
D) Interim, facultative, and terminal behaviors

Question 18

Research conducted by Garcia and Koelling (1966) on taste aversion in rats using shocks and X-ray to induce gastrointestinal illness found that:

A) Both shocks and gastrointestinal illness produced the same degree of taste aversion
B) X-ray-induced intestinal illness produced taste aversion while shocks did not
C) Taste aversion conditioning was most effective when they were used simultaneously
D) Shocks produced taste aversion while gastrointestinal illness did not

Question 19

What did Lett and Grant (1996) suggest in terms of activity anorexia?

A) Both activity anorexia probably explains taste aversion conditioning and activity anorexia is the first stage in taste aversion conditioning
B) Activity anorexia is the first stage in taste aversion conditioning
C) Activity anorexia could involve taste aversion induced by physical activity
D) Activity anorexia probably explains taste aversion conditioning

Question 20

What did Brown and Jenkins (1968) conclude about autoshaping in their pigeons?

A) Following the key light with grain eventually caused the lighted key to elicit pecking
B) The look-peck coupling is species specific and results in pecks to the illuminated key
C) Eventually an operant chain develops, culminating in pecking
D) All of these

Question 21

A large body of research examines schedule-induced polydipsia as a form of adjunctive behavior. Which of the following sentences best describes the current state of this research?

A) Schedule-induced polydipsia occurs early in the interpellet interval due to delayed reinforcement
B) Schedule-induced polydipsia occurs as a form of response displacement
C) Schedule-induced polydipsia is a phylogenetic behavior that is controlled by ontogenetic contingencies in the experimental context
D) After years of research, there is no definitive test for the nature of schedule-induced polydipsia (adjunctive behavior)

Question 22

Which of the following brain regions shows increased levels of c-fos following lithium chloride (LiCl) administration?

A) Gustatory areas of the thalamus
B) Areas of amygdala concerned with detecting the CS
C) Areas of the amygdala involved in the hedonic shift from positive to negative
D) Areas in the insula

Question 23

Doyle and Samson (1988) found what relationship between beer drinking and the length of a fixed-interval schedule?

A) Participants on a brief fixed-interval schedule drank more beer
B) Beer drinking remained constant regardless of the time until reinforcement
C) Participants on an extended fixed-interval schedule drank more beer
D) A ratio-interval schedule produces more beer drinking than a fixed-interval schedule

Question 24

A dog that approaches the source of a signal for food, such as an illuminated light, instead of the source of food, such as the food bowl, is demonstrating:

A) Autoshaping
B) Automaintenance
C) Sign tracking
D) Adjunctive behavior

Question 25

In the television show The Office, Jim pranks his coworker Dwight by repeatedly playing a sound on his computer and then immediately offering Dwight a strong breath mint. After several days of this, Dwight immediately holds out his hand when the computer beeps and reports that he has a bad taste in his mouth. In this (fake) demonstration of learning:

A) Holding out his hand is a respondent behavior and salivating is an operant behavior
B) Holding out his hand is an operant behavior and salivating is a respondent behavior
C) Both holding out his hand and salivating are operant behaviors
D) Both holding out his hand and salivating are respondent behaviors

Question 26

Falk (1977) suggested that the adaptive function of adjunctive behavior may be to:

A) Reduce the time until the organism receives the reinforcer
B) Maintain a certain amount of neural activity during the waiting periods between reinforcers
C) Maintain the animal on the schedule during periods when it would be likely to leave or escape
D) Keep the organisms safe from predators by encouraging mobility and alertness

Question 27

The fundamental distinction between respondent and operant conditioning is:

A) Whether the response is an automatic response or one that is conditional on a stimulus
B) Whether the response involves skeletal muscles or glands
C) Whether the contingency involves the whole organism or whether only certain muscles/glands are activated
D) Whether the conditioning involved the correlation of stimuli or a contingency between response and consequence

Question 28

Marian and Keller Breland's work to train a racoon to place two coins in a container resulted in:

A) The racoon picking up both coins and placing them in the container accurately and quickly
B) The racoon picking up both coins and then rubbing them together and dipping them into the container
C) The racoon picking up one coin, but then refusing to pick up the second coin
D) The racoon could not be trained to pick up either coin

Question 29

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the view of adjunctive behavior in humans expressed by the authors of the textbook?

A) Convergent evidence from various species shows that interval- and time-based schedules induce excessive behavior following reinforcement
B) The totality of the evidence supports the hypothesis that schedules of reinforcement induce adjunctive behavior in humans
C) There is sufficient evidence to support the occurrence of adjunctive behaviors in other species, but not in human behavior
D) Most studies of adjunctive behavior in humans lack sufficient control or baseline conditions to draw any conclusions about adjunctive behavior in humans

Question 30

Activity anorexia:

A) Refers to the tendency for a person with anorexia to use exercise as a way to maintain low weight
B) Is a medical term for persons who refuse to exercise enough to maintain their physical health
C) Is a problem among men with body and weight issues, but is not typically observed in females
D) Refers to the observation that as physical activity increases, food intake decreases

Question 31

Timberlake's solution to the finding that chicks would "snuggle" a key light that is correlated with the activation of a heat lamp was that:

A) "Snuggling" was a form of adjunctive behavior
B) "Snuggling" is a form of stimulus substitution
C) "Snuggling" is a schedule-induced behavior
D) "Snuggling" is part of a larger behavior system

Question 32

The observation that pigeons will peck at a key light associated with the presentation of food even when doing so cancels the delivery of reinforcement is seen as evidence that:

A) Key pecking is an instinctive behavior
B) Turning off a light is a reinforcer for pigeons
C) Pecking at the key light is a respondent behavior
D) The illuminated key is an aversive stimulus and pecking is a way to remove the aversive

Question 33

During omission training pigeons produce _____ pecks to the illuminated key and during autoshaping pigeons produce _____ pecks to the illuminated key.

A) Short duration; short duration
B) Long duration; short duration
C) Long duration; long duration
D) Short duration; long duration

Question 34

Pierce, Epling, and colleagues found that the reinforcing value of food:

A) Increased as wheel running increased
B) Decreased as wheel running increased
C) Was largely unaffected by wheel running
D) Was affected by wheel running only when the food preceded wheel running

Question 35

A report in Science showed that smokers with strokes involving damage to the _______________ lost their craving for cigarettes.

A) Amygdala
B) Hippocampus
C) Insula
D) Thalamus

Question 36

Pierce, Epling, and their colleagues found that the reinforcing value of wheel running:

A) Increased as food consumption increased
B) Decreased as food consumption increased
C) Was largely unaffected by food consumption
D) Was affected by food consumption only when the food followed wheel running

Question 37

Dunlap and Stephens's (2014) study with flies (Drosophila) exposed to a distinct color or odor before laying eggs demonstrates that:

A) Flies are sensitive to colors, but not odors
B) Flies are sensitive to odors, but not colors
C) Biological preparedness is sensitive to environmental changes
D) Biological preparedness is not sensitive to selection by the environment

Question 38

The bivalent effect of wheel running in rats refers to:

A) Wheel running can either increase or decrease the rate of other behaviors
B) Wheel running creates taste aversion for novel foods that preceded the activity and taste preferences for novel foods that follow after the activity
C) Wheel running serves as both a conditioned stimulus and an aversive operant stimulus
D) Wheel running is both a reinforcer and a stimulus that signals eating behavior

Question 39

Biofeedback, such as that involved in brain-computer interfaces for persons with missing limbs, are of particular interest to understanding behavior because:

A) They demonstrate the power of reinforcement
B) They demonstrate the power of respondent conditioning
C) They demonstrate operant control of what appear to be respondent behaviors
D) They demonstrate respondent control of what appear to be operant behaviors

Question 40

Neuroscience studies of autoshaping have found that the NAc (nucleus accumbens) appears to be directly involved in:

A) Enhancing the incentive salience of the CS⁺ once it is acquired
B) The acquisition of feeding-like responses to the CS⁺
C) Stimulus-outcome reversal learning
D) All of the above