Deck 19: The Industrial Revolution and Nineteenth-Century Society

Question 1

The development of the steam engine decisively transformed the nineteenth-century world.All of the following numbered among its applications EXCEPT:

A) Mining pumps.
B) Railroad locomotives.
C) Factory looms.
D) Spinning mules.
E) Automobiles.

Answer 1

Automobiles.

Question 2

There were many inventions that improved textile manufacturing in the 1700s,but the first of these was the "flying shuttle," which was invented by:

A) Samuel Compton.
B) James Hargreaves.
C) John Kay.
D) James Watt.
E) Matthew Boulton.

Answer 2

John Kay.

Question 3

The rapid expansion of the textile industry in Great Britain in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries:

A) was sustained by persistently high prices for clothing.
B) led to the withdrawal of children from the workforce.
C) was based overwhelmingly on domestic demand.
D) depended upon a large merchant marine and powerful navy.
E) was the result of the application of steam power to textile production.

Answer 3

depended upon a large merchant marine and powerful navy.

Question 4

Which pairing is correct?

A) Matthew Boulton-spinning jenny
B) Richard Arkwright-water frame
C) James Hargreaves-steam engine
D) George Stephenson-flying shuttle
E) Richard Corey-cotton gin

Question 5

Even with the interconnectedness of industry,wherein an improvement in one area led to improvements in other areas,there was one dual foundation on which the rest was built; that foundation was:

A) steel and iron.
B) wheat and potatoes.
C) steam and speed.
D) capital and land.
E) corn and land.

Question 6

The British government,concerned with working conditions in the early 1800s,held a series of hearings and upon learning of conditions that existed in British factories:

A) immediately passed a set of labor laws that greatly improved the working conditions and wages of workers in 1830.
B) expressed sympathy but declared that because of British regulations protecting free market capitalism, nothing could be done.
C) suggested that workers organize themselves and appeal to the Church of England for relief.
D) realized the controversial nature of any move to regulate labor, but nevertheless passed several pieces of legislation to prohibit hiring children under the age of nine and to limit the hours worked by those under the age of eighteen.
E) passed the Reform Bill of 1832, which extended the franchise to all males and most women; the new Parliament elected outlawed child labor and set a minimum, livable wage.

Question 7

One explanation for Britain's lead in the Industrial Revolution was that:

A) the majority of its entrepreneurs were from the aristocracy.
B) the government subsidized all rural industry.
C) the pursuit of wealth was perceived as a worthy goal in life.
D) Oxford and Cambridge produced a surplus of engineers.
E) Britain had been untouched by the Napoleonic Wars.

Question 8

The Crédit Mobilier,founded in 1852,was:

A) a society created to monitor the price of European coal.
B) responsible for importing British textile technology to Europe.
C) the first credit union to be founded in the world.
D) the name given to a trade union of ironworkers.
E) one of the first joint-stock investment banks.

Question 9

The domination of the world by European industry was,in general,a result of:

A) the use of military force and financial agreements.
B) the Protestant work ethic and the spirit of capitalism.
C) patented improvements in the iron industry.
D) the abolition of the European peasantry through enclosure.
E) the patents held by Europeans for the machinery needed to industrialize.

Question 10

One of the most important preconditions of industrialization that was best established in Great Britain was:

A) an extensive system of paved highways maintained by the government.
B) a small urban population.
C) its widespread railway system wholly owned by the government.
D) a commercialized system of agriculture.
E) a small rural population.

Question 11

Great Britain's small size in the early stages of industrialization:

A) encouraged the development of a well-integrated domestic market.
B) severely hampered the development of a market economy.
C) aided in the establishment of foreign business monopolies in Great Britain.
D) caused Great Britain to lag behind continental Europe in developing industry.
E) allowed foreign investors to take over most English heavy industry.

Question 12

Probably the most revolutionary aspect of the Industrial Revolution was:

A) the introduction of labor-saving machinery.
B) the imposition of a new time discipline throughout daily life.
C) the reorganization of labor in factories.
D) the dramatic growth of industrial cities.
E) the exploitation of new forms of energy.

Question 13

All of the following innovations belonged to the first phase of the Industrial Revolution EXCEPT:

A) Watt's steam engine.
B) locomotives.
C) telegraphs.
D) Compton's mule.
E) coke smelting.

Question 14

The British "navvies" were:

A) feminists who argued for "equal pay for equal work."
B) the construction workers who built the railways.
C) sailors of Her Majesty's navy serving in India.
D) the construction workers who built factories throughout the British Empire.
E) natives who worked for British companies in the colonies.

Question 15

The nineteenth-century banking revolution was accompanied by scandal; the greatest of the banks involved was the Péreire brothers' bank,the:

A) Belgian Société Générale.
B) Austrian Creditanstalt.
C) Banque de Paris.
D) Crédit Mobilier.
E) Crédit Agricole.

Question 16

One of the developments that hastened the Industrial Revolution was the steam engine,originally developed to remove water from mines by:

A) Thomas Newcomen.
B) James Hargreaves.
C) Matthew Boulton.
D) James Watt.
E) John Kay.

Question 17

A central difference in the development of industrialization in Great Britain and the United States on the one hand and continental Europe on the other was the involvement of:

A) private companies in Europe and the exclusive involvement of government in Great Britain.
B) the Roman Catholic Church to the exclusion of government and private companies in Europe.
C) government through subsidies, incentives, and direct development in Europe.
D) foreign investors only in Great Britain and a mix of foreign and national investors in Europe.
E) the peasantry who moved to the urban centers and provided the needed labor on the Continent.

Question 18

Continental Europe lagged behind Great Britain in industrializing due primarily to:

A) a lack of natural resources and capital to finance factories.
B) the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.
C) an inexplicable decline in the birthrate throughout Europe.
D) a lack of interest in moving from the countryside to cities.
E) a change in climate that prompted massive immigration from Europe.

Question 19

The mining industry in England expanded rapidly with industrialization due to the increased demand for:

A) steel.
B) iron.
C) coke.
D) coal.
E) copper.

Question 20

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793,the cotton gin:

A) had little effect on the process of cotton textile manufacture.
B) produced sixteen threads at once.
C) combined the best features of the spinning jenny and the water frame.
D) mechanically separated the seeds from the cotton fibers.
E) did the work of fifteen men.

Question 21

In nineteenth-century society,the "middle class" was unified by similar or common:

A) income.
B) material possessions.
C) religion.
D) values.
E) family ties.

Question 22

By the mid-nineteenth century,the world economy had divided into two major groups:

A) the producers of fine, luxury goods and those who produced ordinary consumer goods.
B) those who produced manufactured goods and those who supplied the necessary raw materials.
C) countries that provided the financing for industrialization and those who produced.
D) wealthier countries and the rest of the world which the first group supported through grants.
E) those who produced the goods and those who consumed them.

Question 23

One of the greatest obstacles to freely buying and selling land and the commercialization of agriculture in nineteenth-century Europe was:

A) antiquated record keeping procedures present in most countries.
B) the continued effects of serfdom.
C) continuing warfare between France and the rest of Europe.
D) the famine that swept across Europe from Ireland.
E) the unwillingness of the aristocracy to part with their lands.

Question 24

The "angel in the house" referred to:

A) any domestic servant.
B) prostitutes who worked in the area of Parliament.
C) middle-class women of Victorian England.
D) a domestic servant who carried on an affair with the master of the house.
E) a governess hired to care for the family's children.

Question 25

Economically advanced European countries preferred to preserve their advantages and exert control over non-European nations through:

A) religious proselytizing of missionaries.
B) military force and occupation.
C) lending money.
D) erecting monopolies.
E) establishing colonial rule.

Question 26

The emergence of a new social hierarchy in the nineteenth century associated with growing middle-class influence was described by all of the following novelists EXCEPT:

A) Honoré de Balzac.
B) Victor Hugo.
C) Charles Dickens.
D) Franz Kafka.
E) Theodore Fontane.

Question 27

When the author Jules Michelet spoke of "love's eternal wound," he was referring to:

A) menstruation.
B) libido.
C) romantic heartbreak.
D) psychological distress caused by motherhood.
E) divorce.

Question 28

For most of the nineteenth century,all of the following were used by middle-class families to protect or advance their financial standing EXCEPT:

A) family-based credit networks.
B) social insurance.
C) marriage.
D) employment of relatives.
E) female account-keeping.

Question 29

Most of the labor force in Russia was made up of _________,who remained bound to the land and did not profit from their labor until 1861.

A) Serfs
B) Children
C) Peasants
D) Women
E) Men

Question 30

The Great Famine of 1845-1849:

A) took place during a period when the Irish population was naturally declining.
B) affected only the Irish: it did not occur anywhere else in Europe.
C) was responsible for the deaths of at least 1 million Irish.
D) led to open class war between Irish peasants and their English landlords.
E) virtually wiped out the Irish population, allowing the English to take over the country as a colony.

Question 31

In the nineteenth century,middle-class success stories were mostly a myth since:

A) the nineteenth century remained very stagnant as far as social mobility was concerned.
B) no one from the middle class ever broke through into the upper class; class distinctions were rigidly enforced by law.
C) they were entirely the creation of the popular novelists of the day.
D) Europe had, by that time, developed a truly classless society based on merit.
E) those that occurred were from the middle class itself, the sons of well-off farmers or professionals.

Question 32

Industrializing economics of the later nineteenth century expanded due to all of the following EXCEPT:

A) the discovery of new gold deposits.
B) the spread of railways.
C) the strengthening of guild-based manufacture.
D) oil refining.
E) the removal of laws against usury.

Question 33

Great Britain began to lose its lead in the Industrial Revolution in the second half of the nineteenth century due to new industries being developed by other countries,such as:

A) explosives and iron.
B) chemical processes and energy.
C) transportation and energy.
D) iron and communications.
E) transportation and communications.

Question 34

By the late nineteenth century,the core industrial countries of Europe included:

A) Great Britain, France, and Greece.
B) France, Russia, and Italy.
C) Bulgaria, Russia, and Greece.
D) Great Britain, Germany, and Russia.
E) Germany, Italy, and Switzerland.

Question 35

One consequence of the industrialization of Europe was its detrimental effect on the environment.This was first noted in its effect on air quality,as typified by Coketown,the fictional city in the novel Hard Times by:

A) Charles Dickens.
B) George Eliot.
C) Honoré de Balzac.
D) Victor Hugo.
E) George Sand.

Question 36

Farmers and agricultural workers in England in the 1820s burned barns and haystacks under the banner of their mythical leader,Captain Swing,to protest the:

A) low prices they were receiving on the commodity exchanges in Europe.
B) importation of cheap wheat from the Far East, which destroyed the British wheat market.
C) skyrocketing prices of land, which forced many of them to continue living with their parents.
D) introduction of threshing machines, a symbol of the new commercial agriculture.
E) passage of new laws increasing the number of capital crimes.

Question 37

Direct communication between the United States and Europe was not possible until:

A) 1825.
B) 1848.
C) 1865.
D) 1883.
E) 1900.

Question 38

Middle-class "respectability" required:

A) hard work, character, and financial independence.
B) an education at Oxford or Cambridge.
C) a household containing at least five servants.
D) owning one's own business.
E) a professional vocation.

Question 39

Politicians and social reformers understood all of the following as comprising "the social question" EXCEPT:

A) wet nursing.
B) aristocratic manners.
C) sewage.
D) tuberculosis.
E) prostitution.

Question 40

The many environmental changes caused by the Industrial Revolution included all of the following EXCEPT:

A) air pollution caused by industries.
B) water pollution caused by population increases in urban centers.
C) air pollution caused by home heating with wood.
D) water pollution caused by mining detritus.
E) diminishing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Question 41

Britain's early industrialization was due in part to the energy and social exclusiveness of its merchants and financiers,who generally disdained landowners.

Question 42

What determined the division of the working class into subgroups?

A) Location of workplace
B) Gender
C) Skills and workplace
D) Skills, wages, and gender
E) Industry worked in

Question 43

In 1860,the largest single occupational category in Great Britain was the agricultural laborer.

Question 44

Railways were constructed almost entirely without aid of machinery.

Question 45

The Industrial Revolution intensified human labor much more often than it eased it.

Question 46

Balzac believed the changes of the French Revolution and industrialization had merely replaced an old aristocracy with a new one: a materialistic middle class.

Question 47

Children commonly worked from a very young age; in Britain more than 50,000 worked in:

A) shipyards.
B) textile plants.
C) mines.
D) domestic service.
E) rail yards.

Question 48

Of all the changes produced by the Industrial Revolution,perhaps the most revolutionary was in the new forms of energy that were discovered.

Question 49

The first modern railway connected Stockton to Manchester to transport coal from the mines.

Question 50

Queen Victoria of England ascended to the throne in 1837 and became one of the country's most successful monarchs,in no small measure because she:

A) met with her subjects regularly in very informal settings to find out what she could do to help them.
B) embodied the traits important to the middle class, whose habits of mind we now call Victorian.
C) waged a successful series of wars with virtually every nation in Europe to wipe out the last vestiges of Marxist thought.
D) bowed to public pressure and reestablished Roman Catholicism as the state religion of Great Britain.
E) returned to the principle of absolutism that had been abandoned by the British monarchy two centuries earlier.

Question 51

The Industrial Revolution led to the development of a great many capital-intensive enterprises,new ways of organizing people's labor,and the rapid growth of cities.

Question 52

While the spinning mule could make two to three hundred times as much thread as a hand spinner could,the quality of the new thread was weaker and thicker.

Question 53

As a result of the Industrial Revolution,people of the nineteenth century viewed one another through the lens of:

A) class.
B) wealth.
C) birth.
D) religion.
E) national origin.

Question 54

The sexuality of working-class women was:

A) conditioned by poverty and the absence of privacy.
B) nearly identical to that of middle-class women.
C) of no concern whatsoever to middle-class reformers.
D) much stronger in the cities than in the countryside.
E) much stronger in the countryside than in the cities.

Question 55

Most prostitutes were women who were trying to manage during a period of unemployment,rather than professional sex workers.

Question 56

The recommended daily diet for an adult in the United States contains approximately 200-2600 calories.In many areas of Europe in the early nineteenth century,an entire peasant family might have a daily caloric intake of about:

A) 3000.
B) 6000.
C) 10,000.
D) 12,000.
E) 15,000.

Question 57

The Industrial Revolution caused changes in all of the following areas EXCEPT:

A) The nature of work.
B) The physical landscape of Europe.
C) The private lives of people.
D) Wealth and poverty.
E) The philosophical foundations of scientific culture.

Question 58

Illegitimacy rates in preindustrial Europe were in the very low single digits but rose significantly-to 25 and 33 percent in some countries-following industrialization.A primary cause of this was:

A) simply the increase in population: more people, more illegitimacy.
B) a complete collapse of the moral code of Europeans.
C) the degeneration of social controls present in villages but missing in urban centers.
D) a shift in moral thinking which determined that more workers were needed regardless of parentage.
E) a falling away from religion such that very few people were marrying anymore.

Question 59

Many nineteenth-century doctors and scientists attributed women's supposed moral superiority to their:

A) advanced capacity for abstract thought.
B) total lack of any ability for abstract thought.
C) lack of sexual feeling, or passionlessness.
D) ability to totally control their passions.
E) concentrated attention to spouse and children.

Question 60

Only after a series of factory acts was the employment of children in mines and mills under the age of eighteen made illegal.

Question 61

What was the role of working women in the Industrial Revolution,and what impact did it have on their lives?

Question 62

What was the impact of industrialization on the countryside?

Question 63

What social,economic,and natural preconditions for industrialization made Britain the home of the Industrial Revolution?

Question 64

While the housing in the cities did not allow for gardens,families were able to gain access to good,cheap food at city markets,thanks to the increasingly inexpensive transportation systems.

Question 65

What was the impact of the ideals behind "the Cult of Domesticity" on women in the nineteenth century?

Question 66

What factors were behind the population growth of the nineteenth century?

Question 67

Wealth had the central role in forming a middle-class identity.

Question 68

The 'angel in the house' refers to the Victorian ideal that a respectable middle-class household should be suffused with a religious spirit.

Question 69

How did changing textile industry technologies affect society?

Question 70

How accurate is the image of "passionless" Victorian sexuality,and why was such an image cultivated?

Question 71

In what ways did the Continent attempt to reproduce by design what Britain had produced by chance in the Industrial Revolution?

Question 72

Many working-class parents regarded education as a luxury,preferring to put even their young children to work in order to boost the family's income.

Question 73

What was the effect of industrialization on the city?

Question 74

What changes occurred in the second phase of the Industrial Revolution?