Deck 3: Reflexive Behavior and Respondent Conditioning

Question 1

Behavior relations based on the genetic endowment of the organism are called:

A) Phylogenetic
B) Operants
C) Behaviors
D) Ontogenetic

Answer 1

A

Question 2

While all members of a species share the same _________________ history, each member has a unique _______________ history.

A) Phylogenetic; ontogenetic
B) Ontogenetic; individual
C) Individual; phylogenetic
D) Ontogenetic; phylogenetic

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which law governing reflexes asserts that as the intensity of the stimulus increases so does the strength of the responses?

A) The law of latency
B) The law of intensity-magnitude
C) The law of response
D) The law of the threshold

Answer 3

B

Question 4

To do away with an unwanted CR one should:

A) Present the CR without the US
B) Present the CS without the CR
C) Present the CS without the US
D) Present the US without the CS

Question 5

Reflexive behavior is said to be _____ and _____.

A) Voluntary; inflexible
B) Respondent; emitted
C) Built in; flexible
D) Involuntary; elicited

Question 6

Complex sequences of released behaviors are called:

A) Reduction chains
B) Fixed-action patterns
C) Second-order conditioned reflexes
D) Traits

Question 7

Fixed-action patterns are:

A) Sequences of behavior that are phylogenetic in origin
B) Sequences of behavior that are learned through trial and error
C) Patterns of reinforcement that are elicited by reflexes
D) Patterns of reinforcement that are learned

Question 8

Drug tolerance has been shown to be a result of:

A) US habituation
B) Generalization
C) Elicited CRs
D) Metabolization

Question 9

The major difference between reaction chains and fixed-action patterns is:

A) Each set of responses in a fixed-action pattern requires an appropriate stimulus to set it off
B) Any stimulus may set off a reaction chain
C) Each set of responses in a reaction chain requires an appropriate stimulus to set it off
D) Any stimulus may set off a fixed-action pattern

Question 10

The Rescorla-Wagner theory suggests that a CS becomes effective:

A) Gradually
B) Through backward conditioning
C) By conditioned inhibition
D) Following tolerance

Question 11

One of the following is not one of the four ways discussed in the text for pairing a CS and a US:

A) Simultaneous
B) Overshadowing
C) Delayed
D) Trace

Question 12

Respondent conditioning might also be called:

A) S-R conditioning
B) S-S pairing
C) CS-CR association
D) R-S learning

Question 13

A diminution in the UR due to repeated presentation of the US is called:

A) Habituation
B) Sensitization
C) Forgetting
D) Extinction

Question 14

Which of the following is not a major characteristic of habituation?

A) The decrease in strength of habituated response is large at first then becomes more gradual
B) The habituated response will return after a period without the unconditioned stimulus being presented
C) Repeat habituation results in faster habituation on each subsequent exposure
D) Habituation is one of the most rudimentary forms of operant learning and memory

Question 15

When the relationship is invariant and biologically based, the eliciting event is the ____ and the behavior following is the _____.

A) Conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
B) Unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response
C) Conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
D) Unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

Question 16

The Rescorla-Wagner theory suggests that conditioning can be sped up:

A) Through backward conditioning
B) By presenting the CS without the US
C) By presenting the US without the CS
D) By increasing the salience of the CS

Question 17

When using honeybees to study the neuroscience of learning, researchers often present a shock US. What is the UR for this US?

A) Proboscis extension
B) Stinger extension
C) Wing flapping
D) Freezing

Question 18

The conditioning history of an individual can be referred to as her ______ history.

A) Phylogenetic
B) Evolutionary
C) Ontogenetic
D) Reinforcement

Question 19

When considering the behavior of birds, the response of opening the mouth when presented with a dangling worm is an example of ________.

A) Operant conditioning
B) Respondent conditioning
C) A reflex
D) A conscious choice

Question 20

Primary laws of the reflex do not include:

A) The law of latency
B) The law of threshold
C) The law of habituation
D) The law of magnitude

Question 21

From the perspective of a behavior analyst, "cravings" can be explained as:

A) A product of presenting the drug-related CS without the drug US
B) A product of presenting the drug-related US without the drug CS
C) A product of presenting both the drug-related CS and drug US at the same time
D) A product of not presenting either the drug-related CS or the drug US

Question 22

Spontaneous recovery refers to:

A) The tendency for a previously extinct CS-CR relation to reappear after a period has elapsed since the last presentation of the CS
B) The tendency for a previously extinguished CR to appear during extinction of a new conditioned response
C) An increase in the magnitude of an unconditioned response after a period without the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus
D) A sudden increase in the magnitude of the conditioned response that occurs randomly during acquisition training

Question 23

You notice that when you are studying, small unexpected noises do not cause you to jump, but that slightly louder noises do. This is an example of:

A) The law of latency
B) The law of the threshold
C) The law of intensity-magnitude
D) The law of habituation

Question 24

Overall, backward conditioning appears to be ineffective except when the CS is:

A) Visual
B) A puff of air or other tactile sensation
C) Biologically relevant
D) A sound

Question 25

A contextual stimulus is:

A) An environmental event that is not part of the original conditioning, but has become associated with the US
B) A type of CS that occurs only in certain situations and produces a response whenever the organism is in that situation
C) A stimulus that precedes the delivery of a reinforcer, but only when certain environmental conditions are available
D) A stimulus that speeds up the process of habituating to unconditioned stimuli that frequently occur in that context

Question 26

Saying there is "high contiguity between the non-functional stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus" suggests that:

A) If the non-functional stimulus is presented, the unconditioned stimulus will follow
B) The unconditioned stimulus is presented very close in time to the non-functional stimulus
C) The association between the non-functional and the unconditioned stimulus will be slow to form
D) The occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus is dependent on the presentation of the non-functional stimulus

Question 27

How is generalized trained immunity evidence of an epigenetic response?

A) The immunity only occurs for the pathogens used in the original studies
B) The immunity occurred for new pathogens similar to those used in the studies
C) The immunity response requires active HIF1α gene transcription
D) The immunity response involves active histone modification

Question 28

With regards to the laws of the reflex, the relation between the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response (CS-CR):

A) Typically holds true for the law of intensity-magnitude only
B) Typically holds true for the law of the latency only
C) Typically holds true for both the law of intensity magnitude and the law of the latency
D) Typically does not hold true for any of the laws of the reflex

Question 29

After several dates with Julie, Max finds that his heart rate increases slightly whenever she walks into the room. When visiting Julie's house, Max experiences a similar increased heart rate when Julie's twin sister walks into the room. This is an example of:

A) Respondent discrimination
B) Spontaneous recovery
C) Respondent generalization
D) Contiguity

Question 30

Behavior analysts prefer the term modal action pattern over fixed-action pattern because:

A) Modal denotes the presence of slight idiosyncratic differences across members of the species
B) Modal indicates that the sequence of behaviors can change across members of the species
C) Modal indicates that the response is learned across the organism's lifespan
D) Modal indicates that this is the typical response pattern for the organism

Question 31

George is using a conditioning procedure where a light is turned on for one second. 250 milliseconds before the light is turned off, a brief puff of air is blown into the eye of his participants. This is an example of:

A) Trace conditioning
B) Delay conditioning
C) Backward conditioning
D) Simultaneous conditioning

Question 32

In second-order conditioning, _______ is paired with the neutral stimulus.

A) An unconditioned stimulus
B) An unconditioned response
C) A conditioned stimulus
D) A conditioned response

Question 33

Using the Rescorla-Wagner model, predict how much associative strength will be acquired on the next trial when V = 10, V_max = 50, S = 0.2, and V_sum = 0.

A) ΔV = 8
B) ΔV = 10
C) ΔV = 12
D) ΔV = 14

Question 34

After five pairings of a tone followed by the presentation of meat powder, Pavlov's dogs are presented the tone by itself (a test trial). None of the dogs begin to salivate. In this case, the tone would best be called:

A) An unconditioned stimulus
B) A non-functional stimulus
C) A conditioned stimulus
D) A complex stimulus

Question 35

A response to the CS presented in training but not to other values of the CS demonstrates

A) Spontaneous recovery
B) Respondent discrimination
C) Respondent generalization
D) Latent inhibition

Question 36

A researcher is testing respondent conditioning by presenting a blinking red light 500 milliseconds before an electric shock. The probability of the blinking light occurring before a shock is delivered is 0.3 (3 out of 10 times). Which of the following statements is the most likely outcome for this study?

A) Due to the high contiguity between light and shock, strong conditioning will occur
B) Due to the low contiguity between light and shock, very weak conditioning will occur
C) Due to the high contingency between light and shock, strong conditioning will occur
D) Due to the low contingency between the light and shock, very weak conditioning will occur

Question 37

The magnitude at which the unconditioned response reaches its asymptote is determined by:

A) The number of pairings between the non-functional stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
B) How closely in time the non-functional stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented
C) The number of times the non-functional stimulus is presented in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus
D) The strength of the unconditioned stimulus

Question 38

Mallory and Joan both became sick after sharing a dish at Joan's favorite restaurant. This was Mallory's first time eating the dish, but Joan had eaten it dozens of times. Mallory developed a conditioned taste aversion to the food. Joan did not. Which of the following terms is the most likely explanation for why Joan didn't develop a conditioned taste aversion?

A) US-pre-exposure effect
B) Habituation
C) CS-pre-exposure effect
D) Latent inhibition

Question 39

McCully (1982) suggested that many overdoses may be the result of:

A) Taking too much of the drug
B) A failure of tolerance due to the absence of the US
C) A failure of tolerance due to a CR that is opposite the effect of the UR
D) A failure of tolerance due to the absence of the CS