Deck 12: Verbal Behavior

Question 1

When John says to his sister Katherine, "Could you please get me a glass of water" rather than "Get me a glass of water," the basic unit added to his mand is called a (an):

A) Textual editing
B) Autoclitic response
C) Extended tacting
D) None of these

Answer 1

B

Question 2

______ introduced the term verbal behavior to deal with the ______ of the speaker.

A) Pavlov; conditioned responses
B) Chomsky; transformational grammar
C) Crick; conscience
D) Skinner; performance

Answer 2

D

Question 3

When a verbal response depends on a verbal discriminative stimulus, the verbal relations are _____.

A) Tacting
B) Manding
C) Intraverbal
D) Textual

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In the realm of communication, Skinner:

A) Referred to the behavior of the listener and speaker as rule-governed behavior
B) Referred to the behavior of the listener as response-governed behavior and verbal behavior as the performance of the speaker
C) Referred to the behavior of the listener and speaker as response-governed behavior
D) Referred to behavior of the listener as rule-governed behavior and verbal behavior as the performance of the speaker

Question 5

When reinforcement is based on matching of geometric forms to different line angles, the procedure is called ______.

A) Matching to sample
B) Transitivity matching
C) Symbolic matching
D) Identity matching

Question 6

In terms of interlocking contingencies, a vertical arrow (downward) from the speaker's operant chain to the listener's indicates that:

A) The speaker is motivated to produce a condition for the listener
B) The speaker's behavior causes stimulation and/or reinforcement for the listener's behavior
C) The listener is causally motivated to behave as the speaker requests
D) The interaction between the speaker and listener is mutually beneficial and anticipated

Question 7

According to the behavioral or functional account, sign language, gestures, and body movements are instances of _____.

A) Message transmission
B) Culture and tradition
C) Verbal behavior
D) Nonverbal communication

Question 8

According to Skinner, ____ refers to getting what you want from others, and ____ refers to making contact or reference to things happening in the world.

A) Manipulation; culture
B) Manding; tacting
C) Culture; manipulation
D) Tacting; manding

Question 9

Skinner's term "verbal behavior" refers to:

A) The cultural phenomenon associated with a group of people and their chosen method of communication
B) The set of linguistic habits that governs communication
C) The performance of a speaker and the environmental conditions that establish and maintain such performance
D) An organization of syntax, vocabulary, and meanings

Question 10

_____ affects the environment indirectly, and _____ results in direct and automatic reinforcement.

A) Positive feedback; negative feedback
B) Verbal behavior; nonverbal behavior
C) Negative feedback; positive feedback
D) Nonverbal behavior

Question 11

The relationship between culture and contingencies of verbal behavior is:

A) The verbal community regulates contingencies of verbal behavior as a result of the culture of the group they belong to
B) Culture decides which members of the verbal community will maintain control of the system of language
C) Culture leads to changing contingencies of verbal reinforcement as the individual becomes more acculturated
D) Culture decreases contingencies of reinforcement as the individual achieves internal reinforcement as opposed to external rewards

Question 12

When a professional speaker inhales deeply before beginning her speech she is:

A) Reinforcing her communication style
B) Exhibiting respondent control of her breathing system
C) Reinforcing her ontological response history
D) Exhibiting operant control of the breathing system

Question 13

One kind of conditioned establishing operation (CEO) called the ______ CEO involves withholding an object or item necessary to complete a behavioral sequence.

A) No item method
B) Blocked response
C) Absent object technique
D) Interrupted item method

Question 14

If the picture of a dog, the spoken word "dog," and the written word dog all regulate the same behavior, we say that the stimulus classes are ______.

A) Overlapping
B) The same
C) Confounded
D) Equivalent

Question 15

Verbal behavior refers to:

A) Only vocal behaviors
B) Only written and signed behaviors
C) Vocal, written, and signed behavior
D) Gestures, vocal, written, and signed behavior

Question 16

A response such as "I have butterflies in my stomach" can be analyzed as _____.

A) Generalized manding
B) Formal tacting
C) Formal manding
D) Generalized tacting

Question 17

Lamarre and Holland (1985) demonstrated _____ by showing that children ages 3-5 under extinction conditions did not show evidence of manding if they received tact training and vice versa.

A) The functional relatedness of manding and tacting
B) The causal relationship between manding and tacting
C) The interrelatedness between manding and tacting
D) The functional independence of manding and tacting

Question 18

In echoic behavior, when _____ by the child correspond to those of the adult, the ____ patterns also overlap.

A) Articulations; acoustical
B) Phonemes; reverberation
C) Speech; phoneme
D) Sounds; temporal

Question 19

When there is point-to-point correspondence between the stimulus and response verbal behavior may be _____.

A) Textual but not echoic
B) Either echoic or textual
C) Intraverbal but not textual
D) Intraverbal

Question 20

A(n) ____ occurs when a response that usually occurs is blocked because of the temporary absence of a specific condition, stimulus, or event.

A) Conditioned establishing operation
B) Unconditioned foundation operation
C) Conditioned extinction operation
D) Unconditioned extinction procedure

Question 21

Research comparing the effectiveness of multiple-exemplar instructions (MEI) and single-exemplar instruction (SEI) in training naming relations has found:

A) No major differences in the outcomes across the two approaches
B) Increased novel unreinforced naming in students in the SEI group compared to the MEI group
C) SEI training provides faster acquisition while MEI training results in better generalization to novel contexts
D) That the rotation of speaker-listener components present in MEI is required for the acquisition of naming

Question 22

A pigeon was trained in a symbolic MTS procedure to peck a circle any time the sample is a square and to peck a vertical line any time the sample is a horizontal line. After several months of training, the pigeon is presented the circle as the sample stimulus for the first time. What are the researchers most likely testing?

A) Reflexivity
B) Transitivity
C) Symmetry
D) Tacting

Question 23

A child reciting the state capitals from memory is engaging in:

A) Manding
B) Tacting
C) Echoic behavior
D) Intraverbal behavior

Question 24

John reads the sign on the road out loud to his wife as they pass by: "Trucks entering highway." This is an example of a(n):

A) Mand
B) Textual relation
C) Autoclitic
D) Echoic

Question 25

Saying "This is a fat cat" to the spoken stimulus "This is a fat cat" is an example of a(n):

A) Intraverbal response
B) Repetitive response
C) Textual response
D) Echoic response

Question 26

Generalized conditioned reinforcement (acceptance, praise, and attention) serves to maintain the verbal operant class of:

A) Manding
B) Tacting
C) Intraverbals
D) Autoclitics

Question 27

Guerin (2003) gave a behavioral account of several social psychology concepts, including self-serving bias and attributions. Which of the following best summarizes Guerin's conclusions:

A) Attributions and self-serving biases are verbal behaviors regulated by a history of social reinforcement
B) Attributions and self-serving biases are a form of rule-governed behavior
C) Attributions and self-serving biases are ways to understand the social world
D) Attributions and self-serving biases function as a form of intraverbal behavior

Question 28

In regard to echoic language behaviors, Catania (1998) sees _____ as the beginning of echoic behavior.

A) Morphemes
B) Syntax
C) Phonemes
D) Root words

Question 29

Skinner's functional independence hypothesis states that:

A) Verbal behavior is independent from environmentally controlled behavior
B) Establishing manding or tacting will establish the other form of verbal behavior as well
C) Manding and tacting are established by distinct contingencies of reinforcement
D) Verbal behavior is different from rule-governed behavior

Question 30

Which of the following is not one of the five categories of autoclitics discussed by Skinner:

A) Descriptive
B) Formal
C) Qualifying
D) Quantifying

Question 31

Intraverbal behavior is best defined as:

A) A class of verbal operants regulated by verbal discriminative stimuli
B) A class of verbal operants that has both correspondence and formal similarity
C) A class of verbal operants that has correspondence, but not formal similarity
D) A form of verbal behavior that modifies the consequences produced by other verbal responses

Question 32

A child's ability to say "cat" when shown a picture of a cat and to point to the picture of a cat when given the prompt "cat" demonstrates the equivalence relation of:

A) Symmetry
B) Reflexivity
C) Transitivity
D) Identity matching

Question 33

Naming relations arise from verbal contingencies that integrate ____ and ____ response classes of the child as speaker with the conditional discrimination behavior of the child as listener.

A) Tact; mand
B) Mand; echoic
C) Echoic; tact
D) Intraverbal; autoclitic

Question 34

A student who emits the verbal response "red" when a teacher shows a picture of a red ball and the verbal prompt "What color is the ball?" is demonstrating:

A) An echoic relation
B) An intraverbal relation
C) A mand relation
D) A tact relation

Question 35

Moerk's (1990) analysis of the interaction between Eve and her mother provided strong evidence that:

A) The first verbal interactions involve tacting
B) Early language learning involves many instances of three-term contingencies
C) That the first verbal interactions involve manding
D) Early language learning appears to be independent of contingencies of reinforcement

Question 36

There is growing evidence that stimulus equivalence and other derived stimulus relations:

A) Occur across species, but are more pronounced in humans
B) Occur across species to roughly the same degree
C) Are limited to only a handful of species
D) Are largely limited to humans

Question 37

For a verbal response to be considered a mand there must be:

A) An establishing operation
B) Nonverbal discriminative stimuli
C) A spoken behavior
D) A direct correspondence with the environment

Question 38

Recent neurological studies of equivalence relations found evidence that transitive relations activate the ____, while symmetrical relations increase blood flow in the _____.

A) Frontal lobes; parietal lobes
B) Right hemisphere; left hemisphere
C) Anterior hippocampus; parahippocampus
D) Frontal lobes; anterior hippocampus

Question 39

Recent research suggests that the most important determinant of emergent stimulus relations is:

A) Stimulus-stimulus correlation
B) Stimulus-consequence correlation
C) Number of delivered reinforcers
D) Number of trained exemplars

Question 40

The logical statement "If a dog is a mammal and mammals have fur, then a dog must have fur" is an example of:

A) Transitivity
B) Symmetry
C) Reflexivity
D) Identity