Deck 3: Stress: Its Meaning, Impact and Sources

Question 1

Match the following people with the descriptions in the following questions
In 1929, described the body's reaction to emergencies.

A)Walter Cannon
B)Hans Selye
C)Holmes and Rahe
D)Marianne Frankenhaeuser
E)Richard Lazarus

Answer 1

Walter Cannon

Question 2

Selye believed that the physiological pattern of response to different types of stress was the same.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Match the following people with the descriptions in the following questions
Described the General Adaptation Syndrome to chronic stress.

A)Walter Cannon
B)Hans Selye
C)Holmes and Rahe
D)Marianne Frankenhaeuser
E)Richard Lazarus

Answer 3

Hans Selye

Question 4

Match the following with the descriptions in question
Provide the relative weighting of the stressfulness of different life changes.

A)Polygraph
B)Social Readjustment Scale
C)Corticosteroids and catecholamines
D)Daily Hassles scale
E)Uplifts scale

Question 5

A near perfect positive correlation exists between social readjustment and illness.

Question 6

Match the following with the descriptions in question
Measures day-to-day unpleasant or potentially harmful events.

A)Polygraph
B)Social Readjustment Scale
C)Corticosteroids and catecholamines
D)Daily Hassles scale
E)Uplifts scale

Question 7

Match the following people with the descriptions in the following questions
Related stress to cognitive appraisal.

A)Walter Cannon
B)Hans Selye
C)Holmes and Rahe
D)Marianne Frankenhaeuser
E)Richard Lazarus

Question 8

Match the following people with the descriptions in the following questions
Related illness to social readjustment.

A)Walter Cannon
B)Hans Selye
C)Holmes and Rahe
D)Marianne Frankenhaeuser
E)Richard Lazarus

Question 9

A cognitive appraisal is necessary in order for stress to occur.

Question 10

Match the following people with the descriptions in the following questions
Examined the effects of effort and distress on stress.

A)Walter Cannon
B)Hans Selye
C)Holmes and Rahe
D)Marianne Frankenhaeuser
E)Richard Lazarus

Question 11

Children under five tend to grieve less over the loss of a parent than an adolescent.

Question 12

Match the following with the descriptions in question
Indicates the results of stress as expressed by the adrenal glands.

A)Polygraph
B)Social Readjustment Scale
C)Corticosteroids and catecholamines
D)Daily Hassles scale
E)Uplifts scale

Question 13

Match the following with the descriptions in question
An electronic/mechanical measure of physiological changes.

A)Polygraph
B)Social Readjustment Scale
C)Corticosteroids and catecholamines
D)Daily Hassles scale
E)Uplifts scale

Question 14

Albert Ellis believes that a person's irrational beliefs increase their stress.

Question 15

Match the following with the descriptions in question
Was developed in the belief that pleasant events might lessen the effects of
hassles on health.

A)Polygraph
B)Social Readjustment Scale
C)Corticosteroids and catecholamines
D)Daily Hassles scale
E)Uplifts scale

Question 16

Threat is the expectation of future harm.

Question 17

The three types of conflict are approach/approach, approach/avoidance and avoidance/avoidance.

Question 18

As a rule, life transitions are not stressful.

Question 19

The first stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome is the stage of resistance.

Question 20

The assessment of our resources available for coping with an event is called primary appraisal.

Question 21

One example of a vicarious transaction that might cause stress would be

A) fighting in a boxing match.
B) watching a couple argue at a party.
C) arguing with a bank teller over the balance of your checking account.
D) failing a midterm exam.

Question 22

David complains that he has "too much to do and not enough time to do it." His experience of stress represents the discrepancy between

A) stressors and strains.
B) demands and resources.
C) heredity and environment.
D) biological and psychological systems.

Question 23

Hiro has been accepted to medical school, which he sees as a real opportunity to use his knowledge in biology and his skills with people. This
Situation represents the concept of _____ in the cognitive appraisal process.

A) threat
B) harm-loss
C) challenge
D) transaction

Question 24

As you drive to school, the radio informs you that there is a traffic accident on an expressway near you. You determine that you will not be affected since you will exit well before any traffic jam will occur. The thought process in which you are engaging is called

A) primary appraisal.
B) secondary appraisal.
C) final appraisal.
D) a and c only

Question 25

A stressor may be correctly defined as

A) an event that is physically or psychologically challenging.
B) a person under stress.
C) a medication taken to relieve stress.
D) none of the above

Question 26

Which of the following statements about cognitive appraisal and stress is NOT true

A) Primary and secondary appraisals are highly interrelated.
B) Secondary appraisal doesn't always follow primary appraisal in time.
C) Stress cannot be experienced unless cognitive appraisal occurs.
D) Stress conditions often depend upon the outcome of our appraisals.

Question 27

The continuous interactions and adjustments between a person and the environment are called

A) stressors
B) strains
C) transactions
D) appraisals

Question 28

A person's psychological and physiological response to a stressor is called

A) a transaction.
B) discrepant behaviour.
C) strain.
D) avoidance

Question 29

Alice is a highly skilled computer specialist but spends the majority of her time conducting minor systems checks. The resulting boredom she
Experiences is stressful because

A) it creates an overutilization of available resources.
B) it creates an underutilization of available resources.
C) a lack of activity always creates stress.
D) she will soon forget about her available resources.

Question 30

Which of the following statements about stress is true

A) Stress is an uncommon experience.
B) Stress may be only a mild condition.
C) All individuals experience stress equally.
D) Stress is always of short duration.

Question 31

Which of the following conclusions has been reached about witnessing other people's pain and suffering

A) People can experience stress vicariously.
B) Empathic stress reactions depend on appraisal.
C) Vicarious stress is unaffected by appraisal processes.
D) Both a and b.

Question 32

Maryam is preparing to give an oral report for her psychology class. Her stomach is tight and she perspires when she thinks about giving the report.
She describes these feelings as stress. This description focuses on stress as

A) stimulus.
B) response.
C) transaction.
D) chemical reaction.

Question 33

Janelle is fired from her job. Which of the following characteristics of stressful situations, as described in the text, does her situation reflect

A) low desirability
B) ambiguity
C) difficult timing
D) posttraumatic stress disorder

Question 34

When Cayne's girlfriend breaks up with him he reacts by saying "I'll never be happy. No one will ever love me!" According to Albert Ellis, Cayne's _____ beliefs are
Increasing his stress.

A) negative
B) irrational
C) transactional
D) self-pitying

Question 35

Which is not one of the four components of the definition of stress

A) person-environment transaction
B) perception of a discrepancy
C) biopsychosocial resources
D) biological markers of stress

Question 36

Assessing a potentially stressful event in comparison to previous personal situations is called

A) primary appraisal.
B) secondary appraisal.
C) threat impact analysis.
D) rational emotion.

Question 37

Ongoing assessment of available coping resources is called

A) primary appraisal.
B) secondary appraisal.
C) cope threat analysis.
D) biofeedback.

Question 38

Richard Lazarus' cognitive appraisal model of stress is important because of its emphasis on

A) changing actual environmental stressors.
B) identifying physiological effects of stress.
C) the role of perception in stress.
D) the role of praise in reducing stress.

Question 39

People with positive self esteem may experience less stress because

A) demands are perceived as challenges rather than threats.
B) threatening situations are more highly motivating to these individuals.
C) people with good self esteem have slower physiological responses to stressful situations.
D) they have an overly inflated sense of self-confidence.

Question 40

The process approach to stress includes what component in addition to stressors and strains

A) the environment only
B) chronic living circumstances
C) the relationship between the person and environment
D) major life events

Question 41

According to the research by Frankenhaeuser and her colleagues, increased catecholamine and cortical secretion is usually associated with experiences
Involving

A) effort with distress.
B) effort without distress.
C) distress without effort.
D) neither effort nor distress.

Question 42

Research on the influence of intelligence on the stress experienced by children taking achievement tests showed

A) it has no effect.
B) more intelligent children were more stressed than less intelligent children.
C) less intelligent children were more stressed than more intelligent children.
D) males were more stressed than females regardless of intelligence.

Question 43

The correct sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome is

A) alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
B) resistance, alarm, exhaustion.
C) alarm, exhaustion, resistance.
D) exhaustion, resistance, alarm.

Question 44

Which general adaptation syndrome stage is most like the fight or flight response

A) alarm
B) secondary appraisal
C) exhaustion
D) adaptation

Question 45

The sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system directly mediate

A) only a few of our noticeable stress reactions.
B) physiological reactions to stress.
C) cognitive stress reactions.
D) primary but not secondary appraisals.

Question 46

Kevin was one of the few survivors of Hurricane Katrina in his New Orleans neighbourhood. Since the hurricane he has had difficulty sleeping, gets extremely
Anxious when hurricane warnings are issued and keeps reliving memories of his escape during
Katrina. Kevin is likely to be suffering from

A) a malfunctioning hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal axis.
B) harm ambiguity.
C) a disease of adaptation.
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 47

Research on children exposed to chronic noise levels at home showed that they had

A) difficulty knowing which sounds to tune out.
B) increased ability to discriminate between words.
C) difficulty knowing which sounds to attend to.
D) both a and c

Question 48

What is one effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine on memory

A) They impair all types of memory.
B) They enhance memories of neutral events.
C) They interfere with memories of neutral events.
D) They enhance memories of stressors.

Question 49

Selye called the series of physiological reactions the body makes under long lasting stress (the) _____ syndrome.

A) fight or flight
B) secondary appraisal
C) general adaptation
D) alarm

Question 50

In their study of the relationship of achievement tests in elementary school to stress, Tennes and Kreye found that stress significantly increased for

A) all children on test days.
B) children with above average intelligence but not for those with low intelligence.
C) children with low intelligence but not for those with above average intelligence.
D) none of the children showed increased stress on test days.

Question 51

In his new job, Harold has been given very unclear guidelines about his responsibilities. The stress he feels is probably related to

A) low controllability.
B) secondary appraisal.
C) situation ambiguity.
D) social readjustment.

Question 52

Which statement regarding stress and cognition is NOT true

A) Cognitions can affect the experience of stress.
B) Thinking about the stressful incident constantly reduces the stress.
C) Stress can affect cognitions.
D) Chronic stress can result from cognitive processes.

Question 53

Mason's work with stressors and hormones showing the sensitivity of hormonal secretions to psychological influences is evidence against Selye's
Notion of

A) the general adaptation syndrome.
B) the alarm stage.
C) the nonspecificity of the GAS.
D) the resistance stage.

Question 54

Which of the following statements about the general adaptation syndrome is correct

A) It includes the role of psychosocial factors.
B) It assumes that all stressors produce the same physiological reactions.
C) It largely ignores biological responses to stress.
D) It assumes that children do not go through the same stages as adults.

Question 55

Walter Cannon's description of the body's reaction to emergencies has been called the

A) parasympathetic response.
B) fight or flight response.
C) general adaptation syndrome.
D) cognitive appraisal approach.

Question 56

Cohen and his colleagues concluded that children who live in noisy environments may

A) develop generalized cognitive deficits.
B) increase their ability to distinguish sounds.
C) suffer physiologically but not cognitive deficits.
D) learn to ignore relevant information.

Question 57

Intergenerational trauma refers specifically to

A) the long-term impact of stress within individuals.
B) chronic stress experienced by a particular culture.
C) trauma experienced by earlier generations of a population that has an impact on subsequent generations.
D) chronic stress experienced by earlier generations of a population.

Question 58

Research suggests that Indigenous peoples in Canada show lower life expectancies compared to other Canadians, in addition to

A) higher rates of substance use.
B) higher rates of diabetes.
C) higher rates of major depression.
D) all of the above.

Question 59

Walter Cannon proposed that the fight or flight response

A) is related to epinephrine secretion.
B) is preparatory in nature.
C) may be harmful if prolonged.
D) all of the above

Question 60

According to the research by Frankenhaeuser and her colleagues, increased catecholamine secretion only may be associated with experiences involving

A) effort with distress.
B) effort without distress.
C) distress without effort.
D) both effort and distress.

Question 61

Subjects' scores on the SRRS and illness do not correlate very highly. The best explanation for this finding is

A) stress and illness actually are unrelated.
B) some of the questions on the SRRS are vaguely worded.
C) illness may occur for many reasons other than stress.
D) both b and c

Question 62

The effects of local environmental hazards such as the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill have

A) little effect on stress levels of local residents.
B) created greater stress in those who hear about the event than in those who actually experience it.
C) lasting, long-term negative effects on those who experience it.
D) intense short-term but no long-term negative effects on local residents.

Question 63

Two babies, one 2 months old and the other 19 months old, are stung by bees. The older baby's emotional response is likely to be _____ whereas the
Younger baby is likely to show _____.

A) distress; anger
B) distress; distress
C) anger; anger
D) anger; distress

Question 64

Dylan just received a reprimand at work for sloppy performance whereas Nadie had a terrible argument with her best friend. Research supports which
Of the following statements regarding their likely stress levels

A) Dylan is probably experiencing much more stress than Nadie.
B) Nadie is probably experiencing much more stress than Dylan.
C) Neither is likely to experience stress.
D) Dylan and Nadie are likely to have similarly high stress levels.

Question 65

Crossover occurs when

A) work stress is carried home by an individual.
B) work stress is carried to work by an individual.
C) work stress is carried home and affects someone else in the home.
D) work stress is carried home and is still felt the next day.

Question 66

Advantages of measuring physiological arousal to assess stress include all of the following except

A) reliable measures.
B) low cost.
C) objective measures.
D) easily quantifiable measures.

Question 67

Negative social behaviours tend to increase when stress is accompanied by

A) depression.
B) anger.
C) resistance.
D) poor impulse control.

Question 68

The most frequent daily hassles found by Lazarus and his coworkers included all of the following except

A) rising prices.
B) home maintenance.
C) too many things to do.
D) getting a task completed.

Question 69

The best way of summarizing the relationship of stress to health is

A) stress and health are consistently and strongly related
B) stress and health are unrelated
C) stress and health are consistently and moderately related.
D) stress is the primary component in the development of illness.

Question 70

Discuss the relationship between primary and secondary appraisal.

Question 71

According to the findings on life events and age by Goldberg and Comstock, which of the following people would have been likely to report the fewest
Stressful life events in the year prior to the study

A) Ann, a single person in her 20s
B) Bob, recently divorced in his 40s
C) Wayne, a married person in his 60s
D) all of the above were likely to have a very small number of stressful life events

Question 72

The Davises are getting a divorce. Which of the following is the best strategy for helping their children cope with the situation

A) Move to a new area so the children can "start over."
B) Tell the children every detail of the situation no matter how painful to them.
C) Keep the impending divorce from the children for as long as possible.
D) Make sure the children have regular contact with both parents.

Question 73

A medieval knight met a dragon while he was crossing a bridge over a huge chasm. He perceived that his only options were to charge into battle with
The deadly beast or leap from the bridge. He was experiencing a(n)

A) approach approach conflict.
B) approach avoidance conflict.
C) avoidance avoidance conflict.
D) knightmare.

Question 74

The stress experienced by a family when an adult is ill

A) may result from a strain on finances.
B) diminishes with recovery.
C) may restrict the family's time.
D) all of the above.

Question 75

Krystal has learned that she has a carcinoma that is best treated by a radical surgery that involves removal of her right eye and cheekbone, which
Would be quite disfiguring. However, if she doesn't undergo surgery, her
Chances of survival are quite poor. Krystal is experiencing

A) an approach/approach conflict.
B) an approach/avoidance conflict.
C) an avoidance/avoidance conflict.
D) harm ambiguity.

Question 76

Research has found that excessive workloads are associated with

A) increased accidents and health problems.
B) high unemployment and absenteeism.
C) greater cognitive appraisal.
D) happier marriages.

Question 77

Which of the following statements about "temperamentally difficult" children is NOT true

A) They have a difficult time with new routines.
B) They show predictable sleep patterns.
C) They resist new foods.
D) They react negatively to new people.

Question 78

You are a researcher and need to include a physiological measure of stress in your next experiment. Which of the following could you use

A) an SRRS
B) polygraph
C) the GAS scale
D) the Daily Hassles scale

Question 79

Compare and contrast Cannon's fight-or-flight response with Selye's general adaptation syndrome.

Question 80

Research on the relationship of hassles and uplifts to health has shown

A) no real relationship of either factor to health.
B) some relationship of hassles to health.
C) some relationship of uplifts to health.
D) uplifts help protect from the effects of hassles.