Deck 11: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Question 1

Internal working models of attachment

A)persist throughout childhood, but not into adulthood.
B)involve individuals' feelings about being worthy or unworthy of love.
C)are possessed only by securely attached individuals.
D)are entirely due to biology.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which behaviour would NOT be exhibited during the Strange Situation by an infant who is classified as disorganized/disoriented?

A)displaying fearful smiles while approaching the mother
B)demonstrating severe distress when the mother leaves the room
C)clinging to the mother rather than playing with toys
D)failing to greet the mother during reunions and ignoring her while she is in the room

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Ava is an adolescent who is particularly likely to rely on her parents to make important life decisions for her, and she feels very strongly that it is important to obey authority. Ava is MOST likely to have which identity status?

A)diffusion
B)moratorium
C)foreclosure
D)achievement

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Michael is an adolescent whose parents have always expected him to become a lawyer. Without considering any other options throughout high school or college, Michael applies to law school. Erikson would say Michael has made what type of identity choice?

A)confusion
B)foreclosure
C)moratorium
D)achievement

Question 5

Which assertion BEST describes Bowlby's view of the attachment process and the quality of infants' attachments?

A)Both the attachment process and the quality of attachments are innate.
B)Both the attachment process and the quality of attachments are dependent on the nature of infants' experiences with caregivers.
C)The attachment process is dependent on the nature of infants' experiences with caregivers, but the quality of their attachments is innate.
D)The attachment process has an innate basis, but the quality of infants' attachments is dependent on the nature of their experiences with caregivers.

Question 6

Research has found that adult use of inflated praise is

A)harmful for children who have low self-esteem.
B)most effective with children who have low self-esteem.
C)harmful for children who have high self-esteem.
D)not effective with children who have high self-esteem.

Question 7

Which statement about sexual-minority youth is NOT true?

A)Poor outcomes for sexual-minority youth are likely more attributable to being victimized and harassed than to the same-sex attraction itself.
B)Sexual-minority youth have higher reported rates of attempted suicide than do heterosexual youth.
C)Sexual-minority youth and heterosexual youth tend to have the same rates of depression.
D)Having sexual-minority friends is considered an important source of social support for sexual-minority youth.

Question 8

As adolescents move into late adolescence, their sense of self is more likely to

A)place an emphasis on others' perceptions of them.
B)involve confusion about contradictions in the self.
C)reflect internalized values.
D)focus on parental expectations.

Question 9

The self-concept refers to one's

A)physical appearance.
B)thoughts and attitudes about oneself.
C)personality and intelligence.
D)comparison to others.

Question 10

In the Strange Situation, baby Olivia clings to her mother, plays little with the toys in the room, and is extremely distressed when her mother leaves the room. When her mother returns to the room and picks her up, Olivia arches her back to get away from her mother. Olivia falls into which attachment category?

A)disorganized/disoriented
B)insecure/resistant
C)secure
D)insecure/avoidant

Question 11

Which factor has NOT been shown to be associated with the quality of infants' attachment?

A)maternal trauma
B)socioeconomic status
C)specific genes
D)number of children in the family

Question 12

One's overall evaluation of oneself is referred to as one's

A)sexual orientation.
B)identity.
C)sense of self.
D)self-esteem.

Question 13

Which behaviour during the Strange Situation is characteristic of infants who are classified as insecure/avoidant?

A)ignoring the mother when she returns to the room
B)displaying severe distress when the mother leaves the room
C)clinging to the mother rather than playing with toys
D)while playing, looking back to check on the mother

Question 14

In 2017, _____ was the motivation for 10% of all hate crimes in Canada.

A)ethnic identity
B)sexual orientation
C)gender identity
D)sex

Question 15

Maurice is currently developing his ethnic and racial identity. Which of these is NOT a necessary component of his ethnic and racial identity?

A)self-identification
B)feelings and preferences
C)knowledge
D)gender

Question 16

Erikson theorized that identity foreclosure takes place when identity

A)is based on little exploration of choices.
B)represents the opposite of what is valued by one's parents.
C)is in "time-out."
D)is diffused.

Question 17

The "terrible twos" are an indication of

A)insecure attachment.
B)self-awareness.
C)negative identity.
D)parental insensitivity.

Question 18

Kayla, age 15 years, and her mother need to go to the store. Her mother is ready to go and is waiting on Kayla. Kayla is in the bathroom fixing her makeup and making sure her clothes look good. She knows that everyone at the store will notice her and will be watching her every move. This idea is an example of

A)imaginary audience.
B)personal fable.
C)social comparison.
D)self-concept.

Question 19

Which portion of the Strange Situation MOST indicates the quality of the attachment bond?

A)separations from the caregiver
B)reunions with the caregiver
C)interactions with a stranger
D)contact with novel objects

Question 20

Marco recently moved to Canada from Spain and is trying to adjust to Canadian culture. However, he wants to maintain certain aspects of his history and original culture. Marco is experiencing

A)a bicultural identity.
B)sexual-minority status.
C)gender identity development.
D)acculturation.

Question 21

Which description would NOT apply to the self-concept of a typical late elementary school child in comparison to the self-concept of a typical preschool child?

A)more complex
B)based to a greater extent on peer relationships
C)more likely to involve positive illusions of abilities
D)more likely to include social comparisons

Question 22

The MOST likely source of the differences in peer relationships between children who were securely attached as infants and those who were insecurely attached as infants are differences in

A)the quality of adult models.
B)opportunities for peer interaction.
C)abilities to use social comparisons.
D)internal working models.

Question 23

At what age is an intervention most effective in preventing insecure attachment?

A)between birth and 3 months of age
B)between 3 and 6 months of age
C)between 3 and 9 months of age
D)between 9 and 12 months of age

Question 24

What has been demonstrated by research on the links between specific genes and attachment behaviours?

A)There is no clear evidence linking genes and attachment.
B)Insecure attachments, but not secure attachments, have a strong genetic component.
C)Certain genes cause individuals to be more sensitive to the quality of the environment.
D)Links between adult attachment and infant attachment are a result of shared genetics.

Question 25

Young adolescents' self-conceptions are NOT

A)abstract.
B)focused to a considerable degree on their social competence.
C)often seemingly contradictory.
D)consistent and stable.

Question 26

About how many children have ASD with no accompanying intellectual disability?

A)1 out of 3
B)1 out of 2
C)1 out of 4
D)2 out of 3

Question 27

As children enter adolescence, they tend to increasingly rely on which influence to evaluate themselves?

A)peer evaluations
B)parental evaluations
C)teacher standards
D)internalized standards

Question 28

The group of individuals that is LEAST likely to achieve a coherent identity includes those

A)who have parents who emphasize autonomy.
B)whose parents exert psychological control.
C)who attend high-quality schools.
D)whose culture instructs them to set their own goals.

Question 29

It is common for sexual-minority youth to experience their first same-sex attraction between the ages of

A)2 and 5.
B)5 and 10.
C)10 and 15.
D)15 and 20.

Question 30

Which factor was found to be a predictor of secure attachment by the SECCYD?

A)type of childcare
B)number of childcare arrangements
C)quality of childcare
D)maternal sensitivity

Question 31

It is most likely that children will begin to identify with their ethnic or racial group between the ages of

A)2 and 4.
B)3 and 6.
C)5 and 8.
D)7 and 10.

Question 32

Harlow and colleagues' studies with infant rhesus monkeys reared in isolation demonstrated that, compared to monkeys reared normally with their mothers, those reared in isolation and then placed with other monkeys

A)rose into leadership positions.
B)died early of unusual infections.
C)were unable to communicate effectively with other monkeys.
D)had intense attachments to the other monkeys.

Question 33

The personal fable is a form of

A)sense of self.
B)identity.
C)coping mechanism.
D)egocentrism.

Question 34

The beliefs and attitudes an individual has about the ethnic or racial groups to which they belong is referred to as

A)ethnic and racial identity.
B)sexual orientation.
C)racial belonging.
D)identity foreclosure.

Question 35

About _____ of sexual and gender-minority youth report feeling like they can be themselves as an LGBTQ person at school.

A)2%
B)9%
C)13%
D)27%

Question 36

Parental sensitivity does NOT involve

A)responding quickly to the needs of a crying baby.
B)smiling, laughing, and making sounds at a baby.
C)being emotionally available.
D)inconsistency in responding to an infant.

Question 37

Which statement regarding a 3-year-old child's sense of self is TRUE?

A)It involves comparisons of himself with others.
B)It includes global views of himself that are not directly tied to specific behaviours.
C)It is focused on observable features.
D)It involves others' evaluations of him.

Question 38

Yana is a 9-year-old biracial girl. Which of the following is she MOST likely to report as being an essential part of her identity?

A)her ethnicity
B)her race
C)her gender
D)her sex

Question 39

Ethnic or racial identity is MORE likely to become a central issue during which stage of the life span?

A)early childhood
B)middle childhood
C)adolescence
D)early adulthood

Question 40

Which parental characteristic is LEAST likely to be associated with high self-esteem in children?

A)rigid
B)accepting
C)firm
D)involved

Question 41

Who is MORE likely to have a less consistent ethnic identity?

A)Amanda, who is White
B)Juan, who currently lives in the United States but is originally from Brazil
C)Marcellus, who is African American
D)AviYah, whose mother is White and father is African American

Question 42

Hina is a young adolescent. If asked to describe herself, which statement is she LEAST likely to say?

A)"I just don't understand why sometimes I am so nice and other times I am so mean."
B)"I don't have that many friends."
C)"I have more friends than Kate because she isn't as nice a person as I am."
D)"I can be a real introvert sometimes."

Question 43

By what age is a rudimentary sense of self present?

A)2 to 4 months
B)7 to 8 months
C)12 to 14 months
D)18 to 20 months

Question 44

Mary Ainsworth concluded that the quality of infant attachments can be determined by looking at

A)infant reactions to separations from the caregiver and the infant's use of the caregiver as a secure base.
B)infant smiling directed at the caregiver and caregiver nonverbal communication toward the infant.
C)mutual verbal and nonverbal communication between the infant and the caregiver.
D)the infant's use of the caregiver as a secure base and smiling versus crying in the presence of the caregiver.

Question 45

Which of these is NOT a social or psychological problem that sexual-minority youth are at increased risk for experiencing?

A)negative affect
B)depression
C)drug use
D)high academic achievement

Question 46

An individual's mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general that is based on early experiences with caregivers is referred to as his or her

A)attachment security.
B)personal fable.
C)internal working model.
D)identity.

Question 47

In Western cultures, self-esteem tends to be related to _____; in Asian cultures, it tends to be related to _____.

A)contributing to the welfare of the group; affirming the norms of social interdependence
B)individual accomplishments; contributing to the welfare of the group
C)individual accomplishments; individual accomplishments
D)contributing to the welfare of the group; contributing to the welfare of the group

Question 48

As children become adolescents, their self-esteem increasingly becomes based on

A)their academic achievement.
B)their own internalized standards.
C)peers' evaluations.
D)their appearance.

Question 49

Attachments are

A)enduring emotional bonds formed by children to their primary caregivers.
B)compulsive needs of children to hold security items, such as pacifiers and blankets.
C)connections between siblings that are maintained throughout the life span.
D)qualities that are central to one's identity.

Question 50

Which piece of evidence is the BEST support for the causal effect of infant attachment security on later social functioning?

A)Children who are securely attached as infants are more likely than other children to be socially and emotionally competent.
B)When security of attachment changes because of stress in the home, parent child interactions at the time are associated with social and emotional competence at that age.
C)Children who had a secure attachment during infancy are more socially and emotionally competent in middle childhood than are other children.
D)There is no association between infant attachment security and social functioning.

Question 51

This intervention targets parenting behaviour and encourages parents to reflect on their own mental representations of how parents and children should interact. Parents are then guided by a therapist to change any maladaptive representations.

A)Circle of Security
B)Attachment and Biobehavioural Catch-Up
C)Circle of Attachment
D)A-Z

Question 52

Among adolescents, _____ is NOT associated with lower self-esteem.

A)living in urban poverty
B)living in violent neighbourhoods
C)making the transition from elementary school to junior high school
D)being African American

Question 53

Which statement about the association between infants' behaviour in the Strange Situation and their behaviour at home is TRUE?

A)Infants classified as securely attached in the Strange Situation often appear more insecurely attached at home.
B)The behaviours of infants classified as insecure in the Strange Situation often switch, with insecure/resistant infants appearing more avoidant in the home and insecure/avoidant infants appearing more clingy in the home.
C)Infants' behaviour in the Strange Situation is related to interactions with their mothers at home.
D)There is little association between infants' behaviour in the two settings.

Question 54

To assess self-esteem, researchers generally do NOT ask children about

A)how they feel about themselves in general.
B)their perceptions of their academic ability.
C)their perceptions of their social acceptance.
D)their parents' expectations of them.

Question 55

When an experimenter surreptitiously places a dot of rouge on Deeana's face and then puts her in front of a mirror, Deeana touches the spot on her face. Deeana is MOST likely to be what age?

A)14 months
B)17 months
C)20 months
D)11 months

Question 56

What did Charles Cooley conceive of as the "looking glass self"?

A)Individuals perceive their level of physical attractiveness as how they appear in the mirror.
B)Individuals are unable to see themselves realistically.
C)Individuals' self-esteem is a function of how others perceive them.
D)Individuals' peer acceptance is a function of how physically attractive they are.

Question 57

Which statement demonstrates that parental sensitivity and secure attachment in children are causally related?

A)Parents who respond to their children's cries quickly are more likely than other parents to have children with secure attachments.
B)Children who are temperamentally easy are more likely to have secure attachments to their caregivers.
C)Parents who are taught to be responsive to their irritable children are more likely than parents who are not taught this to have children who are securely attached.
D)Adults who were securely attached to their parents during their childhood are more likely than other adults to have children with secure attachments.

Question 58

Identity diffusion refers to individuals who

A)have achieved a coherent and consolidated identity.
B)are not making progress toward making commitments.
C)have established an identity based on the choices of their parents.
D)are exploring various choices but have not yet made commitments to them.

Question 59

Compared with children who were insecurely attached as infants, children who were securely attached as infants do NOT demonstrate

A)more social competence.
B)less anxiety and depression.
C)better ability to understand other's emotions.
D)increased anxiety and depression.

Question 60

Which milestone is NOT an indication that a child has a sense of self?

A)experiencing embarrassment
B)recognizing self in the mirror
C)attempting to set own goals in opposition to parents' goals
D)imitating others' facial expressions

Question 61

Parents who will be MOST likely to have children with poor self-esteem are those who regularly discipline their children with comments such as

A)"You are so irresponsible."
B)"You should not have done that."
C)"That was an irresponsible thing to do."
D)"You need to be much more careful next time."

Question 62

When asked to describe himself, Marcus says, "I have a lot of friends because I am fun to be with and I stand up for my friends. I am pretty smart in reading, but I feel kind of dumb in science because all of the other kids get better grades on their tests than I do. Even though I don't study as much as I should, and I am not as fast a runner as the other kids, other kids like me and I like myself." Marcus is MOST likely to be how old?

A)3 years
B)7 years
C)10 years
D)14 years

Question 63

In regard to culture and self-esteem, scores on measures of self-esteem

A)do not differ across cultures.
B)differ across cultures because there are genetic differences in the average level of self-esteem in different cultures.
C)differ across cultures because there are differences in the meaning of self-esteem in different cultures.
D)differ across cultures because there are differences in the meaning of self-esteem and self-criticism in different cultures.

Question 64

One's sense of oneself as a sexual being is referred to as

A)sexual identity.
B)ethnic identity.
C)gender identity.
D)sex.

Question 65

Self-esteem refers to one's

A)sense of identity.
B)evaluation of the self.
C)overall evaluation of the self and the feelings about that evaluation.
D)feelings about oneself.

Question 66

Insecure/resistant infants are also referred to as

A)avoidant.
B)ambivalent.
C)disorganized.
D)secure.

Question 67

Which of these refers to the relationships and experiences a child has that are linked with their cultural ancestry, religion, or native language?

A)ethnicity
B)race
C)culture
D)identity

Question 68

Which statement is TRUE about the coming-out process for sexual-minority youth?

A)Same-sex attraction is experienced by middle childhood.
B)Identity integration is eventually attained.
C)Self-identification as a sexual-minority member occurs prior to engagement in same-sex sexual activity.
D)Sexual-minority youth usually "come out" to a friend, peer, or sibling prior to parents.

Question 69

Which assertion about attachment behaviours in different cultures is TRUE?

A)Attachment is biologically driven, and thus infants in all cultures display the same types of attachment behaviours and are classified into the same major attachment groups.
B)Although infants of many cultures can be classified into the major attachment categories, some cultures show quite different patterns.
C)Infants in all other cultures show entirely different patterns of attachment behaviour and cannot be classified into the same groups as infants in North America.
D)Attachment behaviours are entirely dependent on culture, and the Strange Situation can be used to classify only infants in North America.

Question 70

Mothers who resist their infants' attempts at physical closeness and who are emotionally unavailable are more likely than are other mothers to have infants who are

A)insecure/resistant.
B)securely attached.
C)disorganized/disoriented.
D)insecure/avoidant.

Question 71

Which social factor is LEAST likely to promote the development of high self-esteem?

A)parental sensitivity
B)peer acceptance
C)evaluating oneself on the basis of peer perceptions
D)having a secure attachment to one's parents

Question 72

After a period of exploration, Mario has made decisions regarding occupation, beliefs and ideals, and sexuality. His sense of identity is coherent and consolidated. Mario would be classified into which identity-status category?

A)foreclosure
B)positive
C)moratorium
D)achievement

Question 73

Which statement is NOT part of Bowlby's conception of the primary caregiver as a secure base?

A)It enables a child to learn about the world.
B)It is a source of entertainment and learning.
C)It provides a sense of assurance.
D)It serves as a safe place when an infant feels scared.

Question 74

It may be that children with ASD have difficulties in interacting with other people because they have a(n)

A)fixation on the personal fable.
B)impaired sense of self-awareness.
C)limited imaginary audience.
D)hindered joint attention abilities.

Question 75

Which statement is TRUE regarding "race"?

A)There is a clear genetic basis for racial differences.
B)"Race" and "ethnicity" are terms representing the same concept.
C)There is no genetic basis for there being separate "races."
D)Environmental influences determine the appearance of race.

Question 76

The process of adjusting to a new culture while retaining some aspects of one's culture of origin is referred to as

A)bicultural identity.
B)sexual-minority status.
C)gender identity development.
D)acculturation.

Question 77

Which assertion is a TRUE statement about the impact of peer, parental, and self standards on children's self-esteem?

A)Over the course of childhood, peer acceptance becomes a progressively weaker effect on children's self-esteem.
B)In late childhood, children's feelings of competence are tied more closely to parental evaluations than to peer evaluations.
C)In adolescence, self-esteem becomes less and less tied to internalized standards.
D)Adolescents who base their self-evaluations on others' standards are at increased risk for psychological problems.

Question 78

Bowlby proposed that attachment

A)occurs with the first moving person an infant sees.
B)is rooted in evolution.
C)is necessary for identity development.
D)has at its centre the notion of a needy, dependent infant.

Question 79

The SECCYD found that 15-month-olds in childcare were likely to experience which form of attachment to their caregivers?

A)disorganized/disoriented
B)insecure/resistant
C)secure
D)insecure/avoidant

Question 80

The belief, stemming from adolescent egocentrism, that everyone else is focused on the adolescent's appearance and behaviour is known as

A)the imaginary audience.
B)the personal fable.
C)social comparison.
D)self-concept.