Deck 10: Emotional Development

Question 1

While expressions of surprise tend to be brief, they usually transform into which emotional expression?

A)happiness
B)fear
C)surprise
D)disgust

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Marion and Lee want to encourage their child to respond to her wrongdoings with guilt rather than shame. Which would NOT be the best advice for them regarding this?

A)Communicate love and respect for the child.
B)Emphasize the badness of the behaviour, rather than of the child.
C)Teach the child to understand the consequences of her actions for others.
D)Criticize the child for her actions.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Newborns' emotions are MOST frequently regulated in which way?

A)by intentionally averting their gaze in distressing situations
B)through self-soothing
C)through other people's attempts to soothe and distract the baby
D)by initiating the "fight or flight" response

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which ability is typical of a 3-year-old child?

A)identifying the causes of others' negative emotions
B)labelling others' self-conscious emotions
C)identifying the causes of others' positive emotions
D)fully understanding how others' memories of past emotional events can trigger the same emotions

Question 5

This emotion involves a cognitive understanding that something is not as it usually is, rather than just a physical reaction to being startled.

A)happiness
B)fear
C)surprise
D)disgust

Question 6

Which factor is NOT needed for separation anxiety to be considered a mental disorder?

A)severity
B)temporary period of time
C)persistence
D)interference with behaviour

Question 7

Which method is NOT a manner in which children can learn to associate certain people or events with fear and anxiety?

A)conditioning
B)observation
C)instruction
D)direction

Question 8

Which emotional experience is thought to have an evolutionary basis to help people avoid potential poisons or disease-causing bacteria?

A)happiness
B)fear
C)surprise
D)disgust

Question 9

Which emotion is self-conscious?

A)anger
B)shame
C)fear
D)sadness

Question 10

Children who are impulsive seem to have more problems and are less sympathetic to others if they are exposed to all of these parenting practices EXCEPT _____ parenting.

A)hostile
B)supportive
C)intrusive
D)negative

Question 11

Which of these stimuli is LEAST likely to elicit a smile in a 2-month-old infant?

A)a smiling stranger
B)an interesting object
C)being able to control a particular event
D)a parent's tickle on the tummy

Question 12

The degree to which an individual's temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social environment is called

A)co-regulation.
B)emotion coaching.
C)goodness of fit.
D)differential susceptibility.

Question 13

Separation anxiety or distress due to separation from the parent who is the child's primary caregiver emerges around _____ months of age.

A)4
B)5
C)7
D)8

Question 14

Elementary school children are less likely to be afraid of monsters than are preschool children because older children have

A)better night vision.
B)a better understanding of reality.
C)better language skills.
D)more coping skills.

Question 15

A circumstance in which the same temperament characteristics that puts some children at high risk for negative outcomes when exposed to a harsh home environment also causes them to blossom when their home environment is positive is called

A)differential susceptibility.
B)goodness of fit.
C)social competence.
D)display rule.

Question 16

Which factor is NOT associated with experiencing traumatic stress?

A)unusually high levels of negative emotions
B)depression
C)posttraumatic stress disorder
D)extracurricular activities

Question 17

Dr. Ey takes a functionalist approach to understanding emotional development. Which statement would she be MOST likely to make?

A)"The purpose of anger is to initiate movement to eliminate an obstacle to one's goal."
B)"Developmental changes in the experience of joy/pleasure are due to accumulating social experiences."
C)"Distinct emotions are innate and present from early in life."
D)"There is a direct link between the inner emotional state of fear and the facial expression that accompanies it."

Question 18

Which goal is NOT a motive to use a display rule?

A)to prevent hurting someone's feelings
B)to protect oneself from looking bad
C)to get information about an ambiguous event
D)to make someone else feel good

Question 19

Who is more likely to engage in rumination in response to stress?

A)Carla, a girl who is Caucasian
B)Mark, a boy who is Caucasian
C)Stanley, a boy who is African Canadian
D)Hernando, a boy who is Latino Canadian

Question 20

Thoughts of suicide may occur in those who suffer from this mental disorder.

A)anxiety
B)depression
C)stress
D)psychosis

Question 21

To be able to engage in social referencing, infants need to be able to

A)label emotions.
B)understand the causes of emotions.
C)comprehend the meaning of emotions.
D)view emotions.

Question 22

Which emotional regulation strategy would an older child be LEAST likely to attempt?

A)trying to see negative things in a positive light
B)mental distraction
C)self-comforting
D)thinking about the meaning of events in a different light

Question 23

Which statement is supported by Mischel's findings on delay of gratification?

A)Preschoolers' ability to delay gratification does not predict adjustment beyond preschool.
B)The ability to delay gratification is related to SAT scores and rational thinking in adolescence.
C)The ability to delay gratification is based primarily on parental socialization.
D)Delay of gratification cannot be reliably tested until approximately age 8.

Question 24

Which child is MOST likely to experience separation anxiety in the situation described?

A)5-month-old Anton, who is placed in a car seat by his parent who then disappears from his view
B)13-month-old Jordan, who walks away from her parent into another room
C)23-month-old Ellie, who is playing on the floor when her parent leaves the room
D)15-month-old Sebastian, who is placed into his crib by his parent, who then leaves the room

Question 25

When do anxiety disorders typically develop?

A)during toddlerhood
B)during childhood
C)during adolescence
D)during young adulthood

Question 26

Which situation is LEAST likely to contribute to an increase in depressive symptoms?

A)early puberty in girls
B)early puberty in boys
C)late puberty in girls
D)late puberty in boys

Question 27

Mark has always been very impulsive. Because of his family environment, he is currently exhibiting high levels of behaviour problems. Which family environment characteristic is NOT likely associated with his behaviour problems?

A)positive
B)inactive
C)poor fit
D)negative

Question 28

What type of therapy is common for treating depression among children and adolescents and is used in approximately 7% of children in Western Canada?

A)cognitive behavioural therapy
B)drug therapy
C)psychotherapy
D)exposure therapy

Question 29

What is the general conclusion regarding the relationship between exposure to adverse childhood experiences and problems in adulthood?

A)The likelihood of experiencing a mental or physical health problem for white males decreased as exposure to adverse child experiences increased.
B)The likelihood of experiencing a mental or physical health problem decreased as exposure to adverse child experiences increased.
C)The likelihood of experiencing a mental or physical health problem increased as did exposure to adverse childhood experiences, regardless of gender, race, and education level.
D)There is no relationship between adverse childhood experiences and problems in adulthood.

Question 30

Research on the physiological bases of temperament has demonstrated that _____ are associated with temperament.

A)heart rate and respiratory characteristics but not brain activation patterns
B)brain activation patterns but not heart rate and respiratory characteristics
C)both brain activation patterns and heart rate and respiratory characteristics
D)neither brain activation patterns nor heart rate and respiratory characteristics

Question 31

The process of initiating, inhibiting, or modulating emotions in order to accomplish one's goals is referred to as emotional

A)restriction.
B)constriction.
C)repression.
D)regulation.

Question 32

Which child who has healthy family relationships is LEAST likely to display negative emotions?

A)12-month-old Kiana
B)20-month-old Trey
C)26-month-old Riley
D)36-month-old Amaris

Question 33

Chloe, who is 3 years old, has broken a cup and is trying to hide the pieces under a towel. She is primarily experiencing

A)anger.
B)embarrassment.
C)guilt.
D)shame.

Question 34

Chronic conditions that may persist throughout childhood and into adulthood are called

A)toxic stress.
B)mental disorders.
C)rumination.
D)equifinality.

Question 35

When children are in situations or environments that they perceive to be frightening, threatening, or overwhelming, they can experience

A)stress.
B)rumination.
C)a mental disorder.
D)trauma.

Question 36

In general, the development of emotional regulation is NOT characterized by

A)decreasing reliance on others for help in regulating emotions.
B)increasing ability to select appropriate strategies.
C)increasing use of cognitive strategies.
D)decreasing control over physiological reactions.

Question 37

The effects of _____ on differences in temperament across cultural groups _____ been supported by scientific evidence.

A)neither cultural practices nor genetic factors; has
B)both cultural practices and genetic factors; have
C)cultural practices; have not
D)genetic factors; have not

Question 38

In comparison with U.S. children, Japanese children are LESS likely to experience which emotion as a consequence of personal success?

A)shame
B)pride
C)guilt
D)embarrassment

Question 39

Which scenario is an example of social referencing?

A)Jessica sucks her thumb when her brother takes away her favourite doll.
B)Jose smiles when he opens a gift from his grandmother, even though he does not like the new shirt she has given him.
C)Stacey hears her parents arguing and begins to cry.
D)Henry looks up at his mother after he falls and, on seeing her content expression, gets up without crying.

Question 40

When infants realize they can control a particular event, they experience

A)sadness.
B)surprise.
C)disgust.
D)happiness.

Question 41

Extensively discussing and self-disclosing emotional problems with another person is referred to as

A)rumination.
B)co-regulation.
C)co-rumination.
D)self-regulation.

Question 42

Social referencing refers to

A)the ability to understand others' emotions.
B)the use of a caregiver's cues to decide how to respond to an ambiguous situation.
C)smiles directed at people rather than at objects.
D)patterns of sociability and emotionality learned from significant others.

Question 43

Feelings of _____ include a focus on oneself.

A)guilt
B)shame
C)both guilt and shame
D)neither guilt nor shame

Question 44

Children who exhibit _____ are LEAST likely to be socially competent.

A)control of emotions
B)planning of strategies to resolve upsetting situations
C)avoidance of stressful situations altogether
D)delay of gratification

Question 45

Which cognitive strategy might Jasmine use to regulate her emotions?

A)repeatedly stroking the hem of her shirt
B)waiting for her mother to soothe her
C)distracting herself by playing with another toy
D)negotiating with her mother to get the new crayons early, rather than late, in the shopping trip

Question 46

Kaye is very impulsive but exhibits low levels of behaviour problems. It is likely that her home environment is

A)positive.
B)inactive.
C)not a good fit.
D)negative.

Question 47

All children benefit from a home environment that is

A)positive.
B)inactive.
C)not a good fit.
D)negative.

Question 48

Roger, who is 10 months old, is sitting on the floor of his room happily playing with his toys. The phone rings, and his mother leaves the room to get it. Roger begins to cry. Roger is experiencing

A)separation anxiety.
B)loneliness.
C)fear of strangers.
D)jealousy.

Question 49

Some researchers believe that self-conscious emotions do not emerge until the second year of life because these emotions depend on children's understanding that

A)other people experience emotions as well.
B)important others can evaluate them.
C)they themselves are entities distinct from other people.
D)guilt is an appropriate reaction to bad behaviour.

Question 50

Self-conscious emotions are different from other emotions in that they

A)relate to our consciousness of others' reactions to us.
B)are more easily discerned from facial expressions.
C)develop earlier.
D)are always focused on other people.

Question 51

Extensively discussing emotional problems with a peer is referred to as

A)rumination.
B)co-rumination.
C)reiteration.
D)co-reiteration.

Question 52

Infants frequently produce social smiles during interactions with

A)television.
B)toys.
C)parents.
D)strangers.

Question 53

The development of emotional regulation is NOT characterized by a(n)

A)decrease in reliance on other people.
B)decrease in the experience of negative emotions.
C)increase in the use of planful problem solving.
D)increase in the use of effective regulating strategies.

Question 54

Researchers have found that children whose parents use emotion coaching demonstrate all of these EXCEPT

A)social competence.
B)empathy.
C)less depression.
D)more problem behaviours.

Question 55

Looking away from an upsetting stimulus in order to regulate one's level of arousal is referred to as

A)co-regulation.
B)self-comforting behaviour.
C)self-distraction.
D)co-distraction.

Question 56

When children were told a story about a child who felt one way but tried to hide her emotions and pretend to feel another way, approximately _____ of 3- and 4-year-olds and approximately _____ of 5-year-olds understood the difference between real and false emotions.

A)20%; 20%
B)20%; 50%
C)50%; 80%
D)80%; 100%

Question 57

During late in the 1st year of life, children are _____ to laugh at unexpected events and/but are _____ to take pleasure in making other people laugh.

A)likely; likely
B)likely; unlikely
C)unlikely; likely
D)unlikely; unlikely

Question 58

Which scenario describes a social smile?

A)Newborn Timmy smiles during his sleep.
B)At 3 months, Indira smiles when her father talks to her.
C)Alexa smiles at 1 month when her mother strokes her cheek.
D)All of the scenarios describe a social smile.

Question 59

Which statement about negative emotions is TRUE?

A)Negative emotions are easily interpreted.
B)Negative emotions decline in response to situations between age 3 and 6 years.
C)Infants show a wide variety of highly discernible facial expressions.
D)Infants display only generalized distress.

Question 60

When anger is a frequent emotion expressed in the family home, children tend to display all of these EXCEPT

A)high self-esteem.
B)reduced social competence.
C)depression.
D)anxiety.

Question 61

The ability to discriminate and identify different emotions in others

A)is associated with social competence.
B)is associated with lower levels of behavioural problems.
C)helps children respond appropriately to others' emotions.
D)is positively associated with increased self-esteem.

Question 62

Lia is less emotionally competent than other children her age, a problem that causes her much difficulty with her peers. Which circumstance is NOT a possible cause of Lia's poor emotional competence?

A)Lia's parents express a great deal of negative emotion in their home.
B)Lia's parents feel unable to cope with her negative emotions.
C)Lia's parents commonly talk to her about emotions.
D)Lia was born with this characteristic and it cannot be changed.

Question 63

Twelve-month-old infants are _____ to comprehend the emotional tone of others' faces, and/but are _____ to comprehend the emotional tone of others' voices.

A)able; able
B)able; unable
C)unable; able
D)unable; unable

Question 64

The act of focusing on one's own negative emotions and negative self-appraisals and on their causes and consequences, without engaging in efforts to improve one's situation, is referred to as

A)rumination.
B)co-regulation.
C)self-distraction.
D)self-regulation.

Question 65

Recent theorists have proposed that infant temperament is captured by several dimensions. Which item is NOT one of those dimensions?

A)difficulty level
B)fear
C)activity level
D)smiling and laughter

Question 66

Children and adolescents with an anxiety disorder may also suffer from

A)panic attacks.
B)phobias.
C)both panic attacks and phobias.
D)neither panic attacks nor phobias.

Question 67

The study by Judy Dunn discussed in the text demonstrated that discussions of emotions with family members at ages 2 and 3 were associated at age 6 with

A)understanding of others' emotions.
B)worrying and anxiety.
C)secure attachment.
D)emotional intensity.

Question 68

The use of discussion and other forms of instruction to teach children how to cope with and properly express emotions is known as

A)emotion coaching.
B)self-distraction.
C)social competence.
D)co-regulation.

Question 69

Which statement BEST represents developmentalists' view of emotions and feelings?

A)Emotions are a part of feelings.
B)Feelings constitute one of the components of emotion.
C)"Emotions" and "feelings" are synonyms; they have the same meaning.
D)Emotions and feelings are entirely separate; neither is part of the other.

Question 70

Which statement about infants' fear of strangers is correct?

A)Infants' fear of strangers occurs in early infancy and quickly disappears.
B)All infants experience fear of strangers to a similar degree across a variety of contexts.
C)Infants' fear of strangers occurs well after the start of separation anxiety.
D)Infants' fear of strangers emerges at around the age of 6 or 7 months.

Question 71

Twin and adoption studies have demonstrated that

A)there is no genetic component to temperament.
B)temperament is entirely due to genetic factors.
C)identical twins are more similar than are fraternal twins on many aspects of temperament.
D)stepsiblings are more similar than are biological siblings on many aspects of personality.

Question 72

The FIRST clear sign of happiness in infants is

A)the expression of love toward the mother.
B)the social smile.
C)laughter.
D)smiling.

Question 73

The emotion of which child would be the EASIEST for other children to understand?

A)Mia, who feels disappointment at getting a sweater for her birthday but who puts on a happy face anyway
B)J.T., who feels ashamed about lying to his parents about breaking his father's new pen
C)Kerry, who is saddened by a reminder of her pet's death
D)Jing, who is happy because he is going to the park with his friend

Question 74

A 4-month-old infant is habituated to pictures of people expressing surprise. The infant is then presented with a picture of a person expressing happiness. The infant is likely to

A)display no renewed interest in the pictures, as infants this young are unable to differentiate between emotions.
B)dishabituate to the new picture but not comprehend the difference in meaning between the first set of pictures and the new picture.
C)dishabituate to the new picture and comprehend the emotional meaning of the facial expressions.
D)cry, as the happy face is likely to elicit fear in an infant this age.

Question 75

Children start to show awareness of adults' demands and begin to regulate themselves accordingly at about _____ of age.

A)9 to 12 months
B)15 to 18 months
C)1 to 2 years
D)3 to 4 years

Question 76

Wesley is an infant and just demonstrated his FIRST negative emotion. What is it likely to be?

A)anger
B)sadness
C)fear
D)distress

Question 77

Which factor is NOT a physical or cognitive symptom of depression?

A)difficulties sleeping
B)significant changes in weight
C)irritability
D)inability to concentrate

Question 78

Asian and Southeast Asian parents often try to induce _____ in their children.

A)embarrassment
B)shame
C)guilt
D)pride

Question 79

At 4 years old, Doug is told a story about Jimmy, a boy whose favourite toy has just been broken. When Doug is asked what Jimmy is feeling, Doug is likely to indicate

A)happiness.
B)sadness.
C)shame.
D)that he is unable to predict Jimmy's emotion.

Question 80

The concept that certain risk factors do not always lead to a mental disorder is called

A)equifinality.
B)multifinality.
C)rumination.
D)mental disorder.