Deck 8: Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Question 1

Children use _____ to choose between phonological recoding and visually based retrieval.

A)a strategy-choice process
B)knowledge of strategic decisions
C)a decision-rule process
D)comprehension monitoring

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Stan is taking the WISC-V and is asked, "How are a mountain and a river alike?" Which subtest does this question assess?

A)verbal comprehension
B)visual-spatial processing
C)fluid reasoning
D)working memory

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Intelligence is viewed as a(n) _____ to think and learn, and any measure of intelligence must be _____.

A)invisible capacity; based on observable behaviour
B)obvious ability; covert
C)learned ability; observational
D)genetic ability; empirical

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which factor is NOT a plausible explanation for the Flynn effect?

A)increased societal emphasis on abstract problem solving
B)increased exposure to new technologies
C)improvements in the lives of low-income families
D)deterioration in educational opportunities for middle-class families

Question 5

Between 5% and 8% of children perform so poorly in math that they are classified as having

A)mathematics anxiety.
B)mathematics disability.
C)limited executive function.
D)dyslexia.

Question 6

Martin is majoring in political science. He probably has a high level of _____ intelligence.

A)naturalistic
B)bodily-kinesthetic
C)intrapersonal
D)interpersonal

Question 7

Reading comprehension is NOT influenced by

A)children's content knowledge.
B)the amount of reading children do.
C)the amount parents read to children as preschoolers.
D)interpersonal intelligence.

Question 8

What is the extent of influence of the shared environment and genetics on IQ score in children living in affluent and impoverished families?

A)For children living in both types of families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than is the influence of genetics.
B)For children living in both types of families, the influence of genetics is stronger than is the influence of the shared environment.
C)For children living in affluent families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than is the influence of genetics, and the pattern is reversed for impoverished families.
D)For children living in impoverished families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than is the influence of genetics, and the pattern is reversed for affluent families.

Question 9

Playing video games has been associated with improvement in all of these EXCEPT

A)executive functioning.
B)problem-solving skills.
C)reading skills.
D)general intelligence.

Question 10

When asked what she would like to be when she grows up, Samantha says a novelist. She is MOST likely to have a high level of _____ intelligence.

A)naturalistic
B)bodily-kinesthetic
C)intrapersonal
D)interpersonal

Question 11

A meta-analysis of studies on the relation between IQ and total number of years of formal education indicated that an extra year attending school increases IQ scores by _____ points.

A)2
B)3 to 6
C)7
D)1 to 5

Question 12

The ability to think on the spot is referred to as _____ intelligence.

A)fluid
B)general
C)practical
D)crystallized

Question 13

_____ effects of the genotype emerge through children influencing other people's behaviours.

A)Passive
B)Evocative
C)Interactive
D)Active

Question 14

Which skill makes learning to write particularly difficult compared with learning to read?

A)necessity of content knowledge
B)metacognitive understanding
C)meeting both low-level and high-level goals
D)necessity of basic capacities

Question 15

Which piece of advice would be MOST beneficial for low-income parents who want to help their preschooler become a better reader?

A)Read to your child at least twice each week.
B)When you read to your child, read slowly and methodically.
C)Stick to picture-only books; wait to introduce books with words until your child demonstrates a basic awareness of written words.
D)Ask your child questions about the stories, and relate the content of the books to the child's own experiences.

Question 16

Crystallized intelligence refers to

A)the ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks.
B)factual knowledge about the world.
C)the ability to think on the spot.
D)individuals' memory span.

Question 17

Visually based retrieval is a method used to

A)identify words.
B)decode words.
C)match letters to their sounds.
D)solve a problem.

Question 18

Which statement is TRUE regarding the genetic component of intelligence?

A)There is one major gene that contributes to intelligence.
B)There are a small number of mastery genes that contribute to intelligence.
C)There are many different genes that contribute to and interact to contribute to intelligence.
D)There is no genetic component related to intelligence.

Question 19

Sternberg's theory of intelligence does NOT include _____ abilities.

A)practical
B)creative
C)analytic
D)mental health

Question 20

Which advice would be BEST to give to the parents of a preschooler who want to help their child become a better reader in elementary school?

A)Teach your child to break words into their component sounds.
B)Teach your child that words have spaces between them and that reading is done from left to right.
C)Teach your child to identify all letters of the alphabet.
D)Allow your child to explore a variety of books on his or her own.

Question 21

How do educational experiences have a positive effect on IQ scores?

A)As education level increase, general intelligence scores decrease.
B)Educational experiences increase general intelligence.
C)Education increases specific cognitive skills measured on IQ tests.
D)Education has no positive effect on IQ scores.

Question 22

The likelihood of using visually based retrieval increases when

A)the words are longer.
B)children become stronger at phonological recoding.
C)children are reading easy words.
D)the words are less regular in their letter-sound correspondences.

Question 23

Gardner's theory of intelligence proposes that intelligence is composed of

A)fluid and crystallized intelligence.
B)eight intelligences.
C)a hierarchy of g, abilities, and processes.
D)primary mental abilities.

Question 24

The fact that children can influence the behaviour of other people demonstrates _____ effects on intelligence.

A)passive
B)evocative
C)interactive
D)active

Question 25

A composer is MOST likely to have a high level of _____ intelligence.

A)linguistic
B)logical-mathematical
C)spatial
D)musical

Question 26

The existence of prodigies such as Mozart is evidence of the theory of intelligence developed by which scholar?

A)Gardner
B)Sternberg
C)Binet
D)Carroll

Question 27

To facilitate children's physical growth, the Aboriginal Head Start Program in Urban and Northern Communities provides

A)maternal vocational training.
B)nutritional resources.
C)stimulating day-care environment.
D)marriage counselling.

Question 28

The historical rise in IQ scores may reflect increased societal emphasis on abstract problem solving and reasoning. Which statement would support this view?

A)Scores on tests of fluid intelligence have increased almost twice as much compared to tests of other forms of intelligence.
B)Scores on tests of mathematical reasoning have increased almost twice as much compared to tests of other forms of intelligence.
C)Scores on tests of crystalized intelligence have increased almost twice as much compared to tests of other forms of intelligence.
D)Scores on tests of general intelligence have increased almost twice as much compared to tests of other forms of intelligence.

Question 29

Binet's approach to intelligence has persuaded the field of child development to

A)concentrate on the effect of race on intelligence.
B)examine age-related changes more carefully.
C)study the influences of nature versus nurture.
D)focus on individual differences.

Question 30

To be very successful at comprehending what they are reading, children do NOT need to be able to

A)quickly identify words.
B)form a mental model of the idea being depicted in the text.
C)monitor their comprehension.
D)possess multiple intelligences.

Question 31

Mathematical equality refers to the

A)concept that the values on the two sides of an equal sign must balance.
B)equivalent solutions generated by multiple accurate strategies.
C)fact that good math students and perfectionists are equally accurate.
D)procedure for selecting amongst alternative ways to solve a problem.

Question 32

Which statement about Project Head Start is TRUE?

A)Participants show lasting gains in intellectual performance.
B)Participants show higher math skills at the end of the program.
C)Participants are more likely than are nonparticipants of similar backgrounds to enrol in college.
D)There are no long-term effects of participating in the program.

Question 33

Sternberg's theory of intelligence proposes that intelligence

A)includes varied intelligences, from linguistic and spatial to interpersonal and intrapersonal.
B)involves the ability to achieve success in life.
C)is composed of only a single, general intelligence.
D)is immutable.

Question 34

Crystallized intelligence includes which skill?

A)speed of neural transmission in the brain
B)ability to determine the next item in a sequence
C)knowledge of the periodic table
D)capacity to solve novel puzzles

Question 35

The few studies that have examined the association between HOME scores and children's IQ scores in adoptive families have indicated that the associations for children who are adopted are _____ the associations found with children living with their biological parents.

A)lower than
B)exactly the same as
C)almost the same as
D)greater than

Question 36

Carroll proposed the _____ theory of intelligence.

A)multiple intelligences
B)primary mental abilities
C)g
D)three-stratum

Question 37

The acquisition of phonological recoding skills would enable a learner to

A)understand that the word at has both the /a/ sound and the /t/ sound.
B)fluently read the sentence "See the cat."
C)sound out the word cat.
D)learn about the features of a cat from a sentence he or she reads about cats.

Question 38

Research examining the associations between IQ scores and outcomes such as income and occupational success has demonstrated that

A)IQ score is more closely related to individuals' occupational success than any other factor ever studied.
B)regardless of the socioeconomic status of an individual's family of origin, individuals with high IQ scores always succeed.
C)other factors, such as motivation and social skills, have little impact on economic success.
D)people with comparable IQ scores tend to make similar amounts of money, despite variability in level of education.

Question 39

Amber is taking the WISC-V and is asked to "pick an object from each pair to make a group of objects that go together." Which subtest does this question assess?

A)verbal comprehension
B)visual-spatial processing
C)fluid reasoning
D)working memory

Question 40

Children with dyslexia have problems with reading due primarily to weakness in

A)phonological processing.
B)comprehension.
C)strategy-choice process.
D)letter recognition.

Question 41

The differing relations between shared environments and genetics amongst richer and poorer families have not been found in any country EXCEPT

A)Great Britain.
B)Germany.
C)Sweden.
D)the United States.

Question 42

IQ calculation relies on the fact that intelligence scores fall into what type of distribution?

A)normal
B)standard deviated
C)skewed
D)double-mean

Question 43

When asked to solve the problem 6 × 3 = ? × 2, Arianna answers, "Eighteen." She probably does NOT yet have the concept of

A)multiplication.
B)division.
C)mathematical equality.
D)generational integers.

Question 44

Which factor is NOT on Sameroff's environmental risk scale?

A)being a member of a visible minority
B)negative mother-child interactions
C)having no father or stepfather at home
D)maternal mental health problems

Question 45

Practical intelligence refers to

A)the ability to draw inferences and understand relations between concepts not encountered previously.
B)the part of intelligence that is common to all intellectual tasks.
C)factual knowledge about the world.
D)mental abilities important for success in many situations and not measured on intelligence tests.

Question 46

Which piece of evidence does NOT support the existence of g?

A)Some tests of intelligence increase steadily with age, whereas others do not.
B)Overall scores on intelligence tests correlate positively with achievement test scores.
C)Intelligence tests correlate with people's knowledge of subjects they have not studied in school.
D)Children who do well on one intellectual task tend to do well on other intellectual tasks.

Question 47

During the school year, the achievement test scores of low-SES children tend to _____; during the summer, their scores tend to _____.

A)remain constant while those of high-SES children rise; drop or remain constant while those of high-SES children rise
B)rise similarly to those of high-SES children; drop while those of high-SES children remain constant
C)remain constant while those of high-SES children rise; drop while those of high-SES children remain constant
D)rise similarly to those of high-SES children; drop or remain constant while those of high-SES children rise

Question 48

According to the text, of grade 4 students with poor word-identification skills, _____ said they would rather clean their rooms than read.

A)10%
B)25%
C)40%
D)65%

Question 49

The uncertainty about the causal nature of the association between HOME scores at infancy and children's later IQ scores is founded on the possibility of which type of gene-environment relations?

A)active
B)passive
C)evocative
D)inductive

Question 50

Which ability is NOT a component of self-discipline?

A)ability to read others' intentions
B)ability to follow rules
C)ability to avoid impulsive reactions
D)ability to inhibit actions

Question 51

Michael has always been a farmer. He is MOST likely to have a high level of _____ intelligence.

A)naturalistic
B)bodily-kinesthetic
C)intrapersonal
D)interpersonal

Question 52

Which statement supports the distinction between fluid and crystalized intelligence?

A)Knowledge of word meanings is correlated with knowledge of arithmetic problems to a higher degree than to speed of information processing.
B)Intelligence tests correlate with people's knowledge of subjects they have not studied in school.
C)Children who do well on one intellectual task tend to do well on other intellectual tasks.
D)Speed of neural transmission is positively correlated with brain volume.

Question 53

_____ is NOT an example of the metacognitive knowledge that plays a role in writing.

A)Recognizing that readers may not have the same knowledge as the writer
B)Continuously updating one's understanding of the verbal description
C)Understanding the need to plan
D)Understanding the need for revision

Question 54

Intelligence tests are BEST used with children who are at least _____ old.

A)6 months
B)5 years
C)2 years
D)10 years

Question 55

Who developed the multiple intelligences theory?

A)Binet
B)Sameroff
C)Simon
D)Gardner

Question 56

Sean is in kindergarten and has advanced reading skills for his age. During which stage of school is he likely to be a better reader than are his peers?

A)elementary school
B)middle school
C)high school
D)elementary, middle, and high school

Question 57

Mr. Smith is a farmer. Which type of intelligence would he likely demonstrate, according to Gardner?

A)intrapersonal
B)logical-mathematical
C)spatial
D)naturalistic

Question 58

Which subject evokes the MOST anxiety amongst students?

A)reading
B)writing
C)mathematics
D)science

Question 59

Which factor is NOT involved in the association between poverty and impaired intellectual growth?

A)diet
B)level of intellectual stimulation
C)gender
D)level of emotional support

Question 60

Which statement is TRUE?

A)Attending school makes children smarter.
B)Intelligence differences amongst elementary school children can best be explained by age differences.
C)Minimal cognitive skills are measured in IQ tests.
D)Education increases general intelligence.

Question 61

Binet postulated that intelligence

A)consists of factual knowledge about the world.
B)develops with age, and thus there are few differences amongst same-age individuals.
C)is composed of high-level abilities.
D)is not associated with everyday matters, such as school performance.

Question 62

The genetic component of intelligence becomes larger during

A)prenatal development.
B)infancy.
C)childhood.
D)adolescence and adulthood.

Question 63

Which test is a commonly used measure of the quality of the family environment?

A)Simon-Binet
B)WISC
C)HOME
D)QFE

Question 64

Which arithmetic strategy is typically the FASTEST?

A)decomposition
B)retrieval
C)counting from 1
D)counting from the larger addend

Question 65

Of these pairs of ages, the correlation between IQ score at one age and IQ score at the later age is HIGHEST for which pair?

A)3 years and 5 years
B)7 years and 9 years
C)5 years and 10 years
D)8 years and 9 years

Question 66

Which statement(s) about the effects of IQ score and years of education on amount of money earned is TRUE? Statement A: Amongst people with comparable IQ scores, those who complete more years of education earn more money.
Statement B: Amongst people with the same level of education, people with higher IQ scores earn more money.

A)statement A only
B)statement B only
C)both statement A and statement B
D)neither statement A nor statement B

Question 67

The multiple intelligences theory does NOT include _____ intelligence.

A)logical-mathematical
B)musical
C)naturalistic
D)emotional

Question 68

Sternberg is the founder of which theory of intelligence?

A)multiple intelligences
B)theory of successful intelligence
C)g
D)three-stratum

Question 69

The process of keeping track of one's own understanding of text is referred to as

A)mental modelling.
B)comprehension monitoring.
C)the strategy-choice process.
D)phonological processing.

Question 70

The arithmetic strategy of recalling answers from memory is MOST similar to

A)mental modelling.
B)phonological recoding.
C)visually based retrieval.
D)the strategy choice process.

Question 71

The type of intelligence that is hypothesized to influence people's ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks is referred to as _____ intelligence.

A)fluid
B)practical
C)crystallized
D)general

Question 72

Mandi scored high on measures of mathematical ability and also scored high on measures of reasoning ability. Her scores lend support for the

A)view of a general intelligence.
B)idea that fluid intelligence is the basis for all cognitive tasks.
C)idea of separate intelligences.
D)belief that crystallized intelligence is the main component of intelligence.

Question 73

The likelihood of using phonological recoding increases when

A)the words are shorter.
B)children become stronger at this skill.
C)children become bored with reading.
D)the words are less regular in their letter sound correspondences.

Question 74

Which statement about the association between the intellectual quality of the family environment and children's IQ scores is NOT true?

A)There is a confirmed causal relation between the intellectual quality of the family environment and IQ score.
B)IQ score is positively correlated with the intellectual quality of the family environment throughout childhood.
C)The intellectual quality of the family environment at an early age is associated with IQ score at a later age.
D)If the intellectual quality of the family environment decreases, IQ score tends to decrease as well.

Question 75

Sandra Scarr has proposed three processes by which an individual's genes are associated with the type of environment he or she encounters. The _____ process proposed by Scarr is NOT relevant for children who are adopted outside their biological family.

A)active
B)passive
C)evocative
D)inductive

Question 76

Mental models of the sizes of numbers are referred to as

A)numerical magnitude representations.
B)symbolic numerical magnitudes.
C)mathematical equality estimates.
D)visually based representations.

Question 77

Numerical magnitude representations are NOT required for

A)comprehending that 10 represents more of something than does 8.
B)knowing whether 6 or 9 indicates a greater number of objects.
C)correctly estimating where 700 is on a number line from 1 to 1000.
D)understanding that the written word three represents three objects.

Question 78

Which statement is TRUE regarding socioeconomic status and education?

A)Fewer children from low-SES families have the kinds of experiences during summer vacation that allow them to increase their academic achievement.
B)Children from high-SES families demonstrate increased academic gains during the school year when compared with children from low-SES families.
C)Fewer children from middle-SES families have the kinds of experiences during summer vacation that allow them to increase their academic achievement.
D)Children from low-SES families demonstrate increased academic gains during the school year when compared with children from middle-SES families.

Question 79

In the past _____, Project Head Start provided a wide range of services to more than 36 million children in the United States.

A)10 years
B)30 years
C)50 years
D)100 years

Question 80

Which word is a child LEAST likely to use phonological recoding to read?

A)the
B)kind
C)yellow
D)planet