Deck 4: Perception and Emotion

Question 1

Schemas are cognitive frameworks that represent organized knowledge about a given concept or stimulus developed through experience.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

People may pay attention to the same information, organize it in the same way, and yet interpret it differently.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

According to a study on ethical workplace conduct conducted for Deloitte & Touche USA, 91% of workers reported that they were more likely to behave ethically when they had work-life balance.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Impersonal schemas refer to the way individuals sort others into categories, such as types or groups that are similar in terms of perceived features.

Question 5

Projection is the process by which people select, organize, interpret, retrieve, and respond to information from their environment.

Question 6

The quality or accuracy of a person's perceptions has a relatively minor impact on the person's behavior.

Question 7

Ability and age stereotypes are some of the most common stereotypes in the workplace.

Question 8

The physical, social, and organizational context of the perceptual setting can influence the perceptual process.

Question 9

Schemas make it easier for people to remember things not included in memories.

Question 10

Different people may perceive the same situation quite differently.

Question 11

Impression management occurs when a person consciously decides what information to pay attention to and what information to ignore.

Question 12

Self-fulfilling prophecies are sometimes referred to as the "Pygmalion effect."

Question 13

The factors that contribute to the perceptual process and the perceptual differences among people at work include the characteristics of the perceived, the setting, and the perceiver.

Question 14

The stages of the perceptual process are attention and selection, organization, interpretation, and retrieval.

Question 15

The novelty of a situation affects a person's perception of it.

Question 16

A person-in-situation schema is defined as a knowledge framework that describes the appropriate sequence of events in a given situation.

Question 17

Selective screening occurs only through conscious awareness.

Question 18

Characteristics of the perceived person, object, or event-such as contrast, intensity, figure-ground separation, size, motion, and repetition or novelty-are important in the perceptual process.

Question 19

The effects of the self-fulfilling prophecy argue strongly for managers to adopt negative and pessimistic approaches toward people at work.

Question 20

Selective screening lets in only a portion of all of the information available.

Question 21

Compared to emotions, moods tend to be more generalized positive or negative feelings.

Question 22

In the context of attribution theory, we tend to attribute our successes to our own internal factors and attribute our failures to external factors.

Question 23

Moods are not likely to be directed at a specific person or event.

Question 24

If a person performs poorly in many different situations, the tendency is to attribute the person's poor performance to external causes; however, if the person performs poorly only occasionally, the tendency is to attribute the person's poor performance to internal causes.

Question 25

Attitude is the range of feelings in the form of emotions and moods that people experience.

Question 26

In the context of attribution cues, consistency considers how consistent a person's behavior is across different situations.

Question 27

The term "affect" encompasses a range of feelings in the form of emotions and moods that people experience.

Question 28

In the context of attribution, three factors that influence whether an event is attributed to an internal cause or an external cause are distinctiveness, consensus, and aptitude.

Question 29

Moods typically last longer than emotions.

Question 30

Values focus on specific people or objects, whereas attitudes have a more general focus.

Question 31

In the context of attribution cues, consistency takes into account how others respond in the same situation.

Question 32

Attitudes are influenced by values and are acquired from the same sources-friends, teachers, parents, role models, and culture.

Question 33

If everyone who uses the same equipment performs poorly, the tendency is to attribute any one person's poor performance to internal causes; however, if other people who use the same equipment perform well while one person performs poorly, the tendency is to attribute that person's poor performance to external causes.

Question 34

A study found that while team members shared good and bad moods within two hours of being together, the contagion of bad moods traveled slower than good moods did.

Question 35

Surface acting occurs when a person has to change his or her feelings to fit a situation.

Question 36

Fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute others' poor performance to internal causes.

Question 37

The concept of emotional labor relates to the need to show certain emotions in order to do a job well.

Question 38

Norms for expressing emotions are consistent across cultures.

Question 39

Moods are intense positive or negative feelings that are directed at someone or something.

Question 40

Display rules govern the degree to which it is appropriate for people to display emotions.

Question 41

Emily is considered to be an excellent production manager. However, she tends to give attention only to those aspects of the organization that affect her own production operation and tends to ignore the concerns of other departments. This scenario exemplifies __________.

A) halo effects
B) statutory effects
C) selective perception
D) projection
E) contrast errors

Question 42

As an experienced team leader, Nancy uses a __________ to think about the appropriate steps involved in running a meeting.

A) person-in-situation schema
B) script schema
C) person schema
D) self-schema
E) prototype

Question 43

A(n) __________ contains information about a person's own appearance, behavior, and personality.

A) script schema
B) self-schema
C) domestic schema
D) person-in-situation schema
E) indigenous schema

Question 44

Which of the following statements best describes selective screening?

A) It lets in only a tiny proportion of all the information available.
B) It should only be used sparingly because it is rarely effective.
C) It is typically used in the "information retrieval" step of information processing.
D) It is typically used in the "information interpretation" step of information processing.
E) It is typically used in the "information organization" step of information processing.

Question 45

Mason, the director of engineering at Frost Inc., was very impressed with the fact that Blake, a production engineer, had not missed a single day of work in the past year. Mason rated Blake very high on all dimensions of his performance appraisal based on this one aspect of Blake's performance, disregarding the fact that Blake's performance was poor in two quarters of the year. This error in the performance appraisal process is known as __________.

A) a halo effect
B) projection
C) a contrast error
D) a leniency error
E) selective perception

Question 46

Which of the following statements regarding selective perception is most accurate?

A) Selective perception is the assignment of personal attributes to other individuals.
B) Selective perception occurs when an individual's characteristics are contrasted with those of others who have been recently encountered and who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
C) Selective perception is the tendency to make something a person thinks will happen come true.
D) Selective perception occurs when one attribute of a person or situation is used to develop an overall impression of the person or situation.
E) Selective perception is the tendency to single out those aspects of a situation, person, or object that are consistent with one's needs, values, or attitudes.

Question 47

A mentally challenged candidate is overlooked by a recruiter even though he possesses skills that are perfect for the job. In this scenario, which perceptual error does the recruiter make?

A) A halo effect
B) Selective perception
C) A stereotype
D) Projection
E) The self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 48

Which of the following is a characteristic of the setting that can influence the perceptual process?

A) Figure-ground separation
B) Intensity
C) Social context
D) Size
E) Contrast

Question 49

You are a manager at ABC Manufacturing, and you enjoy responsibility and success in your work. You have been newly appointed as the leader of a team with jobs that seem dull and routine. You decide to move quickly to expand these jobs so that members get increased satisfaction from more challenging tasks. Basically, you want them to experience things that you value in work. Instead of designing the team members' jobs to best fit their needs, you plan to design their jobs to best fit yours. This scenario exemplifies __________.

A) a halo effect
B) projection
C) a stereotype
D) a contrast effect
E) the self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 50

Attitudes are predispositions to respond in positive or negative ways to people or things in one's environment.

Question 51

The cognitive component of an attitude reflects underlying beliefs, opinions, knowledge, or information a person possesses.

Question 52

Which perceptual distortion occurs when the meaning or interpretation of something is arrived at by comparing it with another event or situation?

A) A halo effect
B) Selective perception
C) A stereotype
D) A contrast effect
E) The self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 53

__________ sort others into categories-that is, types or groups that are similar in terms of perceived features.

A) Ordered schemas
B) Person schemas
C) Self-schemas
D) Person-in-situation schemas
E) Indigenous schemas

Question 54

Which of the following sets relates to the characteristics of the perceiver that can influence the perceptual process?

A) Physical, social, and organizational contexts
B) Past experiences, needs, motives, personality, values, and attitudes
C) Contrast, intensity, figure-ground separation, size, motion, and repetition or novelty
D) Attitudes, physical characteristics, contrast, and size
E) Values, organizational norms, motion, and repetition or novelty

Question 55

All of the following can cause perceptual distortion EXCEPT:

A) stereotypes.
B) the organizational system.
C) selective perception.
D) projection.
E) halo effects.

Question 56

Which perceptual distortion is also known as the Pygmalion effect?

A) A halo effect
B) Selective perception
C) Projection
D) A contrast effect
E) The self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 57

Which of the following statements reflects the correct order of the stages of the perceptual process?

A) Organization, attention and selection, retrieval, and interpretation
B) Attention and selection, interpretation, organization, and retrieval
C) Attention and selection, organization, interpretation, and retrieval
D) Interpretation, retrieval, organization, and attention and selection
E) Interpretation, attention and selection, retrieval, and organization

Question 58

The stages involved in processing the information that determines a person's perceptions and reactions include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) attention and selection.
B) organization.
C) interpretation.
D) sending.
E) retrieval.

Question 59

An attitude is a hypothetical construct, which means that it is inferred from the things people say or through their behavior.

Question 60

Tonya works at Makers Marketing Inc. Her office tends to be very busy and noisy. As a result, Tonya frequently has to consciously decide what information to pay attention to and what information to ignore. Tonya is using __________ as a mechanism for paying attention to and selecting information.

A) the self-fulfilling prophecy
B) the self-serving bias
C) controlled processing
D) perspective-taking
E) instinctual processing

Question 61

In the context of emotional intelligence, the ability to think before acting and to be in control of otherwise disruptive impulses is __________.

A) social awareness
B) self-awareness
C) emotional contagion
D) self-management
E) relationship management

Question 62

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate about the self-fulfilling prophecy?

A) The self-fulfilling prophecy can cause a person to make something that he or she thought will happen come true.
B) The self-fulfilling prophecy can have negative results.
C) The self-fulfilling prophecy can have positive results.
D) The effects of the self-fulfilling prophecy argue strongly for managers to adopt positive and optimistic approaches toward people at work.
E) The effects of the self-fulfilling prophecy argue strongly for managers to adopt negative and pessimistic approaches toward people at work.

Question 63

Which of the following statements about emotions is true?

A) Negative emotions are required for success on the job in most cultures.
B) The display rules of German and U.S. cultures are the same.
C) Norms for emotional expression are consistent across cultures.
D) The frequency and intensity of emotions are known to vary across cultures.
E) The frequency and intensity of emotions are consistent across cultures.

Question 64

Emotional labor is especially prevalent in the work of __________.

A) construction workers
B) day laborers
C) flight attendants
D) bricklayers
E) landscapers

Question 65

Unlike moods, emotions are __________.

A) more cerebral
B) always associated with a source
C) long-lasting
D) less action oriented
E) usually less intense

Question 66

Emotional intelligence includes all of the following aspects EXCEPT:

A) the appraisal and expression of emotions in oneself.
B) the appraisal and recognition of emotions in others.
C) the assessment of management attitudes.
D) the regulation of emotions in oneself.
E) the use of emotions to facilitate performance.

Question 67

What percentage of workers surveyed for Deloitte & Touche USA said that the behavior of their managers was a major influence on an ethical workplace?

A) 12%
B) 22%
C) 42%
D) 62%
E) 72%

Question 68

If a person performs poorly in many different situations, the tendency is to attribute the person's poor performance to __________ causes; however, if the person performs poorly only occasionally, the tendency is to attribute the person's poor performance to __________ causes.

A) external; internal
B) internal; external
C) external; external
D) outside; inside
E) internal; internal

Question 69

Which statement about moods is accurate?

A) A positive or negative mood is likely to influence a wide range of behaviors.
B) Moods are more intense than emotions.
C) Moods are always associated with a source.
D) Moods are more fleeting than emotions.
E) A mood is likely to be directed at a specific person or event.

Question 70

If you are a manager and have one extremely exceptional employee, you need to guard against __________ when evaluating the work of your other employees, because you may have the tendency to compare the characteristics of your other employees with those of the exceptional employee.

A) contrast effects
B) halo effects
C) selective perception
D) the self-fulfilling prophecy
E) projection

Question 71

Which of the following statements regarding emotions is INCORRECT?

A) Emotions can change into a mood.
B) Emotions tend to be action oriented.
C) Emotions are arguably more fleeting than moods.
D) Emotions are likely to last for hours or even days.
E) Emotions are more intense than moods.

Question 72

Andy, a business student at Frost University, told his friends, "I was really angry when my professor criticized my presentation in class." This is an example of a(n) __________.

A) emotion
B) mood
C) person schema
D) display rule
E) citizenship behavior

Question 73

The application of attribution theory is particularly concerned with whether one's behavior has been __________.

A) voluntary or coerced
B) internally or externally caused
C) proactive or reactive in nature
D) positive or negative
E) restrained or forward

Question 74

In the context of attribution theory, if all the people who use the same technology as Raj perform poorly, we are likely to assign his poor performance to an external factor. This attribution is based on the attribution cue of __________.

A) consistency
B) consensus
C) distinctiveness
D) the self-serving bias
E) projection

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of emotional intelligence?

A) One's ability to understand the IQ of managers
B) One's ability to understand one's own emotions and to express them effectively
C) One's ability to perceive and understand the emotions of others
D) One's ability to regulate one's emotions
E) One's ability to use emotions by directing them toward constructive activities and improved performance

Question 76

In the context of attribution theory, people make attributions based on information, or cues, they receive from the environment. These cues include __________.

A) distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency
B) individuality, consent, and harmony
C) disposition, concurrence, and cohesion
D) distinctiveness, accord, and congruity
E) individuality, accord, and cohesion

Question 77

Which of the following statements best describes the self-fulfilling prophecy?

A) It occurs when an individual's characteristics are compared with those of others who have been recently encountered and who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
B) It is the assignment of one's personal attributes to other individuals.
C) It occurs when one attribute of a person or situation is used to develop an overall impression of the person or situation.
D) It is the tendency to make something that one thinks will happen come true.
E) It is the tendency to single out for attention those aspects of a situation or person that are consistent with one's needs, values, or attitudes.

Question 78

If everyone who use the same equipment performs poorly, the tendency is to attribute any one person's poor performance to __________ causes; however, if other people who use the same equipment perform well while one person performs poorly, the tendency is to attribute that individual's poor performance to __________ causes.

A) external; internal
B) internal; external
C) external; external
D) internal; internal
E) inside; outside

Question 79

Maya did not want to get out of bed all day. She told her roommate, "Oh, I just don't have the energy to do much today; I've been feeling low all week." Maya's situation is an example of a(n):

A) emotion.
B) mood.
C) person schema.
D) display rule.
E) citizenship behavior.

Question 80

The tendency to blame external factors for failure and take credit for success is known as:

A) fundamental attribution error.
B) central attribution error.
C) the bystander effect.
D) inward attribution error.
E) the self-serving bias.