Deck 3: Individual Differences

Question 1

A person high in authoritarianism tends to adhere rigidly to conventional values and to obey recognized authority.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In solving problems, sensation-type individuals prefer routine and order, whereas intuitive-type individuals prefer the "big picture."

Answer 2

True

Question 3

People with an intuitive-thinking style of problem solving like solving new problems, dislike routine, and would rather look for possibilities than work with facts.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Thinking-type individuals use reason and intellect to deal with problems, and they downplay emotions.

Question 5

Stereotyping represents the way individuals tend to think about their social and physical settings as well as their major beliefs and personal orientations concerning a range of issues.

Question 6

According to research conducted by Rich Arvey and colleagues, family experiences are more important than experiences at work in shaping women's leadership development.

Question 7

Self-awareness is an individual's belief about the likelihood of success in completing a particular task.

Question 8

Understanding individual differences helps us explain why people act and behave as they do and allows us to adapt our behavior to fit with the needs, interests, and work styles of our colleagues.

Question 9

Extraversion, a "Big Five" personality dimension, is the degree to which a person is imaginative, curious, and broad-minded.

Question 10

The term "individual differences" is used to refer to the ways in which people are similar and dissimilar in their personal characteristics.

Question 11

Problem-solving styles are an example of social traits.

Question 12

Research shows that when organizations try to make positive and innovative changes, proactive individuals are more receptive to and supportive of these changes.

Question 13

People with an external locus of control believe that they control their own fate or destiny.

Question 14

Ecological fallacy is acting with the mistaken assumption that a generalized cultural value applies equally to all members of the culture.

Question 15

The "Big Five" personality traits are extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and assertiveness.

Question 16

Comprehensive studies of individual differences reveal that conscientiousness is the most productive of the personality traits.

Question 17

People with an internal locus of control exhibit greater self-control, are more cautious, engage in less risky behavior, and are less anxious than people with an external locus of control.

Question 18

Highly authoritarian individuals are so susceptible to authority that in their eagerness to comply with directives from authority figures, they may behave unethically.

Question 19

In assessing a person's problem-solving style, information gathering involves making judgments about how to deal with and interpret information.

Question 20

Personality represents the overall combination of characteristics that capture the unique nature of a person as that person reacts and interacts with others.

Question 21

The way individuals think about such matters as achievement, material gain and wealth, risk, and change may influence how they approach work and their relationships with organizations.

Question 22

A person low in Machiavellianism approaches situations logically and thoughtfully and is even capable of lying to achieve personal goals.

Question 23

High self-monitoring individuals cannot disguise their behaviors: what you see is what you get.

Question 24

Individuals with a Type A orientation are characterized as more easygoing and less competitive than those with a Type B orientation.

Question 25

According to Hofstede's framework for understanding value differences in national cultures, uncertainty avoidance reflects the degree to which people are likely to respect hierarchy and rank in organizations.

Question 26

High power distance and individualism are often found together, as are low power distance and collectivism.

Question 27

In Rokeach's model of values, terminal values serve as a guide for telling individuals what they would like to attain; instrumental values tell them how to get there.

Question 28

In the context of Hofstede's framework, South Korea is high on short-term orientation and the United States is a more long-term-oriented country.

Question 29

On an organizational level, value congruence contributes to good person-job fit.

Question 30

When using the Hofstede framework for understanding value differences in national cultures, it is important to remember that the five cultural value dimensions are independent.

Question 31

Values are broad preferences concerning appropriate courses of action or outcomes.

Question 32

According to Hofstede's framework, value differences across national cultures can be evaluated in terms of power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism-collectivism, masculinity-femininity, and long-term/short-term orientation.

Question 33

Maria is the president of the student council in her school and has to give a welcome speech on the orientation day of the new school year. She is confident of successfully completing this task. In this scenario, Maria __________.

A) is a high self-monitor
B) is high in Machiavellianism
C) has high self-efficacy
D) is high in dogmatism
E) has high assertiveness

Question 34

When values differ or are incongruent, conflicts over such things as goals and the means to achieve those goals may result.

Question 35

Interestingly, values rarely influence an individual's attitudes and behaviors.

Question 36

Value congruence occurs when individuals express positive feelings while working with others who exhibit values similar to their own.

Question 37

Culture is the learned, shared way of doing things in a particular society.

Question 38

In Hofstede's framework for understanding value differences in national cultures, individualism-collectivism reflects the degree to which organizations emphasize competition and assertiveness versus interpersonal sensitivity and concerns for relationships.

Question 39

Individuals with a Type B orientation are characterized by impatience, desire for achievement, and perfectionism.

Question 40

People are born into a society that teaches them its culture.

Question 41

Herminie, a manager at Potter World, prefers routine and order and emphasizes well-defined details in gathering information. She would rather work with known facts than look for possibilities. In the context of the styles of information gathering, Herminie can most likely be described as a(n) __________ individual.

A) thinking-type
B) feeling-type
C) intuitive-type
D) sensation-type
E) creative-type

Question 42

Which of the following personality traits is NOT one of the "Big Five"?

A) Extraversion
B) Agreeableness
C) Conscientiousness
D) Self-concept
E) Emotional stability

Question 43

All of the following are characteristics of people high in Machiavellianism EXCEPT that they:

A) are capable of lying to achieve personal goals.
B) approach situations logically.
C) are rarely swayed by loyalty.
D) are rarely skilled at influencing others.
E) are rarely swayed by the opinions of others.

Question 44

Acting with the mistaken assumption that a generalized cultural value applies equally to all members of the culture is called:

A) discrimination.
B) Machiavellianism.
C) ego-drive.
D) stigma.
E) ecological fallacy.

Question 45

In the context of the styles of information evaluation, individuals who are oriented toward conformity and try to accommodate themselves to other people are __________ individuals.

A) creative-type
B) sensation-type
C) intuitive-type
D) feeling-type
E) thinking-type

Question 46

Who among the following is most likely to regard legitimate authority as absolute and accept or reject others according to how much they agree with accepted authority?

A) A person high in dogmatism
B) A person high in neuroticism
C) A person with an external locus of control
D) A person high in Machiavellianism
E) A person with a Type A orientation

Question 47

Which of the following statements about locus of control is correct?

A) People with an external locus of control tend to be more introverted.
B) People with an internal locus of control tend to be more extraverted.
C) People with an internal locus of control tend to perform well on tasks requiring complex information processing and learning.
D) People with an external locus of control are more oriented toward their own feelings.
E) People with an external locus of control are more likely to attribute success or failure to their own efforts and abilities.

Question 48

In the context of the "Big Five," a conscientious person is most likely to be:

A) outgoing, sociable, and assertive.
B) good-natured, trusting, and cooperative.
C) responsible, dependable, and persistent.
D) carefree, secure, and relaxed.
E) imaginative, curious, and broad-minded.

Question 49

Susan, a manager at Toddler Toys, prefers the "big picture," likes solving new problems, dislikes routine, and would rather look for possibilities than work with facts. In the context of the styles of information gathering, Susan can most likely be described as a(n) __________ individual.

A) thinking-type
B) feeling-type
C) intuitive-type
D) conservative-type
E) sensation-type

Question 50

Which of the following statements about problem-solving styles is NOT accurate?

A) Information gathering involves getting and organizing data for use.
B) Styles of information gathering vary from sensation to intuitive.
C) Evaluation involves making judgments about how to deal with information once it has been collected.
D) Two styles of evaluation are feeling and thinking.
E) Problem-solving styles are most frequently measured by the Morrison-Bellarmine Type Index.

Question 51

__________ means being conscious of the behaviors, preferences, styles, biases, personalities, and so on of people besides oneself.

A) Self-awareness
B) Awareness of others
C) Self-concept
D) Self-esteem
E) Self-efficacy

Question 52

If your roommate always uses reason and intellect to deal with problems and downplays emotions, his or her style of information evaluation would lead him or her to be described as a(n) __________ individual.

A) thinking-type
B) feeling-type
C) intuitive-type
D) creative-type
E) sensation-type

Question 53

A problem-solving style reflects the way a person goes about __________ and evaluating information when solving problems and making decisions.

A) managing
B) interpreting
C) expressing
D) using
E) gathering

Question 54

Which of the following means being aware of our own behaviors, preferences, styles, biases, personalities, and so on?

A) Self-awareness
B) Awareness of others
C) Self-concept
D) Self-esteem
E) Self-efficacy

Question 55

Given that Jason, a new employee at ABC Manufacturing, sees the world as a threatening place, he would be described as __________.

A) a high self-monitor
B) being high in Machiavellianism
C) a highly authoritarian individual
D) having an internal locus of control
E) a dogmatic individual

Question 56

In the context of the "Big Five," a person who is highly agreeable is most likely to be:

A) outgoing, sociable, and assertive.
B) good-natured, trusting, and cooperative.
C) responsible, dependable, and persistent.
D) carefree, secure, and relaxed.
E) imaginative, curious, and broad-minded.

Question 57

In the context of the "Big Five," a person who has a high degree of extraversion is most likely to be:

A) outgoing, sociable, and assertive.
B) good-natured, trusting, and cooperative.
C) responsible, dependable, and persistent.
D) carefree, secure, and relaxed.
E) imaginative, curious, and broad-minded.

Question 58

All of the following is true of people who are high in authoritarianism EXCEPT that they:

A) support the use of subjective feelings.
B) are concerned with toughness and power.
C) may end up willing to behave unethically.
D) tend to obey recognized authority.
E) tend to adhere rigidly to conventional values.

Question 59

Traits that reflect how a person appears when interacting with others in various social settings are called __________ traits.

A) standard and statutory
B) cognitive
C) personal conception
D) behavioral and social
E) demographic

Question 60

Research has shown that a proactive personality is positively related to all of the following EXCEPT:

A) job performance.
B) creativity.
C) leadership.
D) passiveness.
E) career success.

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT considered a terminal value?

A) A sense of accomplishment
B) A world of beauty
C) Mature love
D) A forgiving nature
E) Freedom

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT an instrumental value?

A) Courage
B) Love
C) Wisdom
D) Logic
E) Independence

Question 63

The __________ of individuals develop as a product of the learning and experience they encounter in the cultural setting in which they live.

A) biological reflexes
B) instincts
C) secondary sex characteristics
D) physical traits
E) values

Question 64

All of the following statements are true of Type A people EXCEPT that:

A) Type A people tend to work fast.
B) Type A people tend to be abrupt.
C) Type A people tend to be laid back.
D) Type A people tend to be irritable.
E) Type A people tend to be aggressive.

Question 65

__________ occurs when individuals express positive feelings upon encountering others who exhibit values similar to their own.

A) Personal consistency
B) Theoretical consistency
C) Ego-drive
D) Value performance
E) Value congruence

Question 66

Which of the following statements concerning the dimensions of national culture in Hofstede's framework is correct?

A) The United States is a long-term-oriented country.
B) Japan's culture is considered to be feminine.
C) The United States has a highly individualistic culture.
D) Hong Kong is considered to have a high-uncertainty-avoidance culture.
E) Mexico is considered to have an individualistic culture.

Question 67

__________ is the view individuals have of themselves as physical, social, and spiritual or moral beings.

Question 68

Which of the following statements is true of a normative assessment?

A) Items used in normative assessments are designed to have no obvious correct response.
B) It is seldom used in business settings to evaluate and compare job candidates.
C) Common normative assessments include the Rorschach Test and the Thematic Apperception Test.
D) It presents test takers with a series of ambiguous stimuli.
E) It relies on objective and standardized interpretation of responses.

Question 69

Carl Jung's work on problem-solving styles reflects the way a person __________ and __________ information.

Question 70

__________ describes someone's ability to work effectively across cultures.

A) Ego-drive
B) Cultural relativism
C) Assertiveness
D) Cultural quotient
E) Ecological fallacy

Question 71

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe high self-monitors?

A) High self-monitors are sensitive to external cues.
B) High self-monitors tend to behave differently in different situations.
C) High self-monitors can present a very different appearance from their true self.
D) High self-monitors are unaware of the behavior of others.
E) High self-monitors are flexible and especially good at responding to situational contingencies.

Question 72

Which of the following values address meaningfulness and fulfillment at work and include the pursuit of autonomy, interest, growth, and creativity?

A) Relational values
B) Self-actualization values
C) Social values
D) Material values
E) Extrinsic values

Question 73

Sometimes called the effectance motive, __________ is an individual's confidence and belief about the likelihood of successfully completing a specific task.

Question 74

__________ means that someone is willing and able to communicate information and opinions in a calm, focused, and pleasant way, without being aggressive.

A) Ego-drive
B) Conscientiousness
C) Assertiveness
D) Agreeableness
E) Extraversion

Question 75

__________ is acting with the mistaken assumption that a generalized cultural value applies equally to all members of the culture.

Question 76

__________ means being aware of our own behaviors, preferences, styles, biases, personalities, and so on.

Question 77

Terminal values include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) broad-mindedness.
B) an exciting life.
C) a world at peace.
D) family security.
E) pleasure.

Question 78

__________ refers to one's desire to persuade others and earn their commitment.

A) Ego-drive
B) Uncertainty avoidance
C) Conscientiousness
D) Short-term orientation
E) Dogmatism

Question 79

__________ traits indicate how an individual displays unacceptable acts such as aggression or impatience.

A) Cognitive strength
B) Statutory adjustment
C) Emotional adjustment
D) Extraversion
E) Machiavellian

Question 80

__________ is NOT considered an instrumental value.

A) Self-control
B) Self-respect
C) Honesty
D) Ambition
E) Imagination