Deck 26: Urinary System

Question 1

The visceral layer of Bowman's capsule

A) is part of the filtration membrane.
B) is called endothelium.
C) contains podocytes.
D) is part of the filtration membrane and is called endothelium.
E) is part of the filtration membrane and contains podocytes.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Arrange the following structures in correct sequence: (1) ureter
(2) renal pelvis
(3) calyx
(4) urinary bladder
(5) urethra

A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5
C) 2, 4, 5, 3, 1
D) 3, 4, 1, 2, 5
E) 1, 3, 2, 4, 5

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Urine is carried from the kidneys to the urinary bladder by the

A) urethra.
B) ureter.
C) calyces.
D) renal columns.
E) renal tubules.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following layers of the filtration membrane is closest to the plasma?

A) podocytes
B) macula densa
C) glomerular endothelium
D) the basement membrane
E) parietal layer of Bowman's capsule

Question 5

The renal papillae extend into the

A) cortex.
B) renal columns.
C) minor calyces.
D) major calyces.

Question 6

The tip of each renal pyramid is called

A) a nephron.
B) a renal papilla.
C) a renal column.
D) a medullary ray.
E) the apex.

Question 7

The structural and functional units of the kidney are called

A) nephrons.
B) renal papillae.
C) renal pyramids.
D) renal columns.
E) renal tubes.

Question 8

The network of capillaries that is located in Bowman's capsule is called the

A) vasa recta.
B) glomerulus.
C) peritubular capillary.
D) proximal convoluted capillary.
E) efferent arteriole.

Question 9

Cortical tissue located between the pyramids is called the

A) calyx tissue.
B) renal papillae.
C) renal columns.
D) medullary rays.
E) renal corpuscles.

Question 10

The kidney is protected from mechanical shock by the

A) hilum.
B) renal fascia.
C) renal fat pad.
D) renal capsule.
E) renal cortex.

Question 11

Which of the following functions would not be performed by the kidney?

A) urine storage
B) excretion of waste
C) maintenance of fluid balance
D) regulate synthesis of vitamin D
E) regulate synthesis of RBCs

Question 12

The inner layer of Bowman's capsule consists of specialized cells called

A) nephrons.
B) podocytes.
C) nephrocytes.
D) juxtamedullary cells.
E) macula densa.

Question 13

What is/are the main excretory organ/s of the body?

A) skin
B) lungs
C) intestines
D) kidneys

Question 14

The renal corpuscle consists of

A) the renal pelvis and the renal tubules.
B) the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
C) Bowman's capsule and the renal pelvis.
D) the proximal convoluted tubule and the glomerulus.
E) afferent and efferent arteriole.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT part of a nephron?

A) loop of Henle
B) collecting duct
C) renal corpuscle
D) proximal convoluted tubule
E) distal convoluted tubule

Question 16

The portion of the kidney that is composed of cone-shaped renal pyramids is called the

A) cortex.
B) medulla.
C) pelvis.
D) calyx.
E) columns.

Question 17

Which of the following structures is a capillary?

A) glomerulus
B) loop of Henle
C) collecting duct
D) Bowman's capsule
E) proximal convoluted tubule

Question 18

Blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter and leave the kidney at the

A) hilum.
B) renal fascia.
C) renal pelvis.
D) renal capsule.
E) renal pyramid.

Question 19

The juxtamedullary nephrons

A) have long loops of Henle.
B) are found next to the renal capsule.
C) comprise 85% of all nephrons.
D) have their renal corpuscles located in the medulla.
E) have short loops of Henle.

Question 20

The ureter expands into the substance of the kidney as the

A) hilum.
B) renal pelvis.
C) renal capsule.
D) renal pyramid.
E) renal corpuscle.

Question 21

The renal corpuscle connects to the

A) loop of Henle.
B) collecting duct.
C) distal convoluted tubule.
D) renal convoluted tubule.
E) proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 22

Arrange the following in the sequence in which filtrate moves through them. (1) loop of Henle
(2) Bowman's capsule
(3) distal convoluted tubule
(4) proximal convoluted tubule

A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 4, 2, 1, 3
C) 2, 4, 3, 1
D) 2, 4, 1, 3
E) 3, 4, 1, 2

Question 23

Trace the path of a red blood cell from the renal artery to the glomerulus: (1) interlobar artery
(2) interlobular artery
(3) segmental artery
(4) arcuate artery
(5) afferent arteriole

A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 1, 4, 2, 3, 5
C) 3, 1, 2, 4, 5
D) 2, 1, 3, 5, 4
E) 1, 4, 3, 2

Question 24

The vasa recta is a specialized portion of the

A) glomerulus.
B) afferent arteriole.
C) efferent arteriole.
D) peritubular capillary.
E) interlobular artery.

Question 25

Filtration slits is the name given to the

A) points where the afferent arterioles enter the renal corpuscle.
B) openings between the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries.
C) gaps between the podocyte processes in the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule.
D) basement membrane of the glomerular endothelium.
E) active transport channels.

Question 26

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of

A) juxtaglomerular cells and the macula densa.
B) podocytes and juxtaglomerular cells.
C) the macula densa and the filtration membrane.
D) juxtaglomerular cells and the filtration membrane.
E) glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.

Question 27

Which of these vessels gives rise to the peritubular capillary?

A) glomerulus
B) arcuate artery
C) efferent arteriole
D) interlobular artery
E) afferent arteriole

Question 28

The openings between the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries are called

A) fenestrae.
B) gap junctions.
C) filtration slits.
D) macula densa.
E) membrane channels.

Question 29

Choose the one that does not belong.

A) loop of Henle
B) glomerulus
C) distal convoluted tubule
D) proximal convoluted tubule
E) Bowman's capsule

Question 30

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the

A) glomerulus.
B) ascending loop of Henle.
C) distal convoluted tubule.
D) proximal convoluted tubule.
E) descending loop of Henle.

Question 31

Choose the term that does not belong.

A) glomerulus
B) macula densa
C) juxtaglomerular cells
D) juxtaglomerular apparatus
E) afferent arteriole

Question 32

The urinary bladder

A) stores urine until it is voided.
B) empties to the exterior via the ureters.
C) contains a muscle called the trigone.
D) is superior to the kidney.
E) filters urine.

Question 33

What type of cells form the proximal convoluted tubule?

A) simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli
B) stratified squamous epithelium
C) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
D) simple columnar cells with microvilli and cilia

Question 34

Urine formation involves

A) filtration of the plasma.
B) reabsorption from the filtrate.
C) secretion into the filtrate.
D) production of red blood cells.
E) filtration of the plasma, reabsorption from the filtrate, and the secretion into the filtrate.

Question 35

Urine drains from the nephron into the calyces through the

A) loop of Henle.
B) collecting duct.
C) distal convoluted tubule.
D) proximal convoluted tubule.
E) Bowman's capsule.

Question 36

An obstruction in the afferent arteriole would reduce the flow of blood into the

A) glomerulus.
B) renal artery.
C) macula densa.
D) efferent arteriole.
E) arcuate artery.

Question 37

The filtration membrane consists of the

A) capillary epithelium, podocytes, and macula densa.
B) podocytes, basement membrane, and macula densa.
C) basement membrane, capillary epithelium, and macula densa.
D) parietal layer and visceral layer.
E) podocytes, capillary endothelium, and basement membrane.

Question 38

One feature of renal blood circulation that makes it unique is that

A) there is a double set of venules.
B) blood flows from arterioles into venules.
C) blood flows from venules into arterioles.
D) each nephron has at least two capillary networks.
E) the nephron is only associated with the glomerulus.

Question 39

Which of the following is between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules?

A) the glomerulus
B) the loop of Henle
C) the distal convoluted tubule
D) the proximal convoluted tubule
E) collecting duct

Question 40

Skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as it extends through the pelvic floor forms the

A) trigone.
B) lamina propria.
C) external urinary sphincter.
D) internal urinary sphincter.
E) involuntary portion of bladder control.

Question 41

Decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure affects renal function by

A) increasing net filtration pressure.
B) increasing capsular pressure.
C) increasing glomerular capillary pressure.
D) increasing blood pressure in the afferent arteriole.
E) None of these choices is correct.

Question 42

When sodium is actively transported from tubular cells to the interstitial fluid,

A) no energy is needed.
B) glucose and amino acids are countertransported at the same time.
C) Na+ concentration gradient is established between the tubule lumen and tubule cell.
D) water is countertransported by carrier molecules.
E) water is secreted.

Question 43

If the following hypothetical conditions exist in the nephron, calculate the net filtration pressure. glomerular capillary pressure = 80 mmHg
Blood colloid osmotic pressure = 20 mmHg
Capsular hydrostatic pressure = 10 mmHg

A) 110 mmHg
B) 90 mmHg
C) 50 mmHg
D) 30 mmHg
E) 20 mmHg

Question 44

What is the effect of intense sympathetic stimulation on the GFR?

A) GFR increases
B) GFR decreases
C) GFR is not affected
D) GFR increases, then decreases

Question 45

The movement of fluid into Bowman's capsule is opposed by

A) filtration pressure.
B) capsular hydrostatic pressure.
C) glomerular capillary pressure.
D) osmotic pressure of the medulla of the kidney.
E) blood pressure.

Question 46

Most water is reabsorbed from the filtrate in the

A) proximal convoluted tubule.
B) descending loop of Henle.
C) ascending loop of Henle.
D) distal convolute tubule.
E) collecting duct.

Question 47

The active transport of substances into the filtrate is called tubular

A) filtration.
B) reabsorption.
C) secretion.
D) elimination.
E) excretion.

Question 48

The amount of filtrate produced per minute is called the

A) renal fraction.
B) filtration fraction.
C) glomerular filtration rate.
D) clearance fraction.
E) renal rate.

Question 49

Passage of proteins into Bowman's capsule is prevented by

A) the size of the capillary pores.
B) the size of the filtration slits in the podocytes.
C) the size of the proteins.
D) filtration pressure.
E) the size of the capillary pores, the size of the filtration slits in the podocytes, and the size of the proteins.

Question 50

What percent of filtrate becomes urine?

A) less than 1%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 80%
E) 90%

Question 51

Substances that are cotransported into proximal convoluted tubule cells include

A) urea with water.
B) potassium with amino acids.
C) amino acids with bicarbonate ions.
D) glucose molecules with sodium ions.
E) chloride with potassium.

Question 52

The proximal convoluted tubule is

A) lined with epithelial cells that lack microvilli.
B) the site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption.
C) permeable to water if ADH is present.
D) impermeable to water.
E) the site of water secretion.

Question 53

The part of the cardiac output that passes through the kidneys is the

A) renal fraction.
B) filtration fraction.
C) clearance fraction.
D) glomerular flow rate.
E) cardiac fraction.

Question 54

Which of the following events would increase filtration pressure?

A) increase in capsular pressure
B) constriction of the efferent arteriole
C) increase in colloid osmotic pressure
D) decrease in renal blood flow
E) dilation of the efferent arteriole

Question 55

Which of the following pressures tends to force fluid from the glomerulus through the filtration membrane into Bowman's capsule?

A) tubular pressure
B) capsular pressure
C) colloid osmotic pressure
D) glomerular capillary pressure
E) None of these choices is correct.

Question 56

In the myogenic mechanism of autoregulation, what is the response to an increase in blood pressure in the afferent arteriole?

A) constriction of the glomerulus
B) dilation of the afferent arteriole
C) dilation of the efferent arteriole
D) constriction of the afferent arteriole

Question 57

At the rate of 125 ml of filtrate/minute, estimate the amount of filtrate formed in 24 hours.

A) 45 liters
B) 90 liters
C) 125 liters
D) 180 liters
E) 200 liters

Question 58

Formation of filtrate depends on a

A) pressure gradient.
B) concentration gradient.
C) volume gradient.
D) temperature gradient.
E) osmotic gradient.

Question 59

In glomerulonephritis, the permeability of the filtration membrane increases allowing proteins to cross the membrane. Which of the following would you expect to observe?

A) increase in filtration volume
B) anuria - no urine production
C) necrosis of the renal corpuscle
D) low protein levels in the filtrate
E) no change in the filtrate

Question 60

Plasma contains a much greater concentration of _____ than the glomerular filtrate.

A) urea
B) water
C) protein
D) sodium ions
E) glucose

Question 61

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle,

A) water can easily enter or leave.
B) potassium and chloride are cotransported with sodium across the apical membrane.
C) calcium ions are actively transported across the basal membrane.
D) potassium is concentrated in the filtrate.
E) the filtrate does not change.

Question 62

Once inside the cells of the ascending limb, potassium and chloride cross the basal membrane into the interstitial fluid by the process of

A) facilitated diffusion.
B) cotransport.
C) counter transport.
D) active transport.
E) simple diffusion.

Question 63

Arrange the following in correct order. (1) cotransport molecule binds to sodium and glucose
(2) establish sodium concentration gradient between tubular cells and tubular lumen
(3) sodium and glucose moved into tubular cell
(4) active transport of sodium from tubular cells to interstitial area

A) 2, 1, 3, 4
B) 4, 2, 1, 3
C) 1, 3, 4, 2
D) 2, 4, 1, 3
E) 1, 2, 3, 4

Question 64

The ability of the kidney to concentrate urine depends on

A) proximal convoluted tubule reabsorption.
B) a high medullary concentration gradient.
C) osmosis.
D) rapid removal of filtrate.
E) a low medullary concentration gradient.

Question 65

The vasa recta

A) supplies blood to the glomerulus.
B) alters the cortical solute gradient.
C) collects excess water and solutes from the medullary interstitial fluid.
D) collects water and solutes reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule.
E) surrounds the collecting duct.

Question 66

Potassium ions enter the lumen of the _____ by the process of active transport.

A) proximal convoluted tubule
B) renal corpuscle
C) loop of Henle
D) distal convoluted tubule
E) collecting duct

Question 67

The collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules

A) reabsorb glucose.
B) collect filtrate from Bowman's capsule.
C) actively transport sodium ions but not chloride ions.
D) vary in their permeability to water relative to the amounts of ADH present.
E) do not alter their permeability to water.

Question 68

As ADH production declines,

A) glomerular filtration increases.
B) potassium reabsorption increases.
C) reabsorption of water increases.
D) the urine volume increases.
E) the blood volume increases.

Question 69

When ADH binds to receptor sites on distal convoluted tubule cells,

A) filtrate volume increases.
B) filtrate osmolality decreases.
C) potassium is secreted from the cells.
D) the distal convoluted tubule is less permeable to water.
E) the distal convoluted tubule is more permeable to water.

Question 70

Urea is

A) secreted into the filtrate by cells of the distal convoluted tubule.
B) diffuse out of the collecting ducts into the interstitial fluid of the medulla and then diffuse into the descending loop of Henle.
C) completely reabsorbed by the nephron.
D) actively transported into the filtrate by cells of the collecting duct.
E) None of these choices is correct.

Question 71

In the sodium-hydrogen antiport system,

A) both sodium ions and hydrogen ions are transported into the tubular lumen.
B) both sodium ions and hydrogen ions are transported into the tubular cell.
C) sodium ions are transported into the cell; hydrogen ions are transported out of the cell.
D) sodium ions are transported into the tubular lumen; hydrogen ions are transported into the cell.
E) sodium ions are transported out of the cell; hydrogen ions are transported into the cell.

Question 72

Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ in that

A) tubular secretion is a passive process; tubular reabsorption uses active transport.
B) tubular secretion adds materials to the filtrate; tubular reabsorption removes materials from the filtrate.
C) tubular reabsorption increases urine volume; tubular secretion decreases urine volume.
D) tubular reabsorption occurs in Bowman's capsule; tubular secretion occurs in the peritubular capillary.
E) tubular secretion moves materials from the filtrate into the blood; tubular reabsorption moves materials from the blood into the filtrate.

Question 73

Which of the following are most likely to be actively secreted into the distal convoluted tubule?

A) potassium ions.
B) chloride ions.
C) bicarbonate.
D) amino acids.
E) sodium.

Question 74

Glucose is usually completely reabsorbed from the filtrate by the time the filtrate has reached the

A) tip of the loop of Henle.
B) end of the collecting duct.
C) end of the distal convoluted tubule.
D) end of the proximal convoluted tubule.
E) beginning of the proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 75

Tubular secretion occurs in which of the following structures?

A) glomerulus
B) urethra
C) renal pelvis
D) distal convoluted tubule
E) collecting duct

Question 76

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Most filtrate (99%) is eliminated as urine.
B) Normal filtrate contains a large amount of protein.
C) Reabsorption of water in the filtrate may be hormonally controlled.
D) Sodium ions are secreted into the filtrate of the proximal convoluted tubule.
E) Hormones play a minor role in fluid homeostasis.

Question 77

Which of the following ions are cotransported across the wall of the proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, and the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

A) sodium and bicarbonate
B) potassium and phosphate
C) sodium and chloride
D) bicarbonate and potassium
E) potassium and chloride

Question 78

Hydrogen ions are secreted into the filtrate by both the

A) proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
B) collecting duct and Bowman's capsule.
C) loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule.
D) proximal convoluted tubule and the loop of Henle.
E) loop of Henle only.

Question 79

Water reabsorption by the renal tubules uses

A) active transport.
B) cotransport.
C) solvent drag.
D) osmosis.
E) None of these choices is correct.

Question 80

The collecting duct becomes more permeable to water when

A) colloid osmotic pressure increases.
B) ADH production increases.
C) plasma osmolality decreases.
D) aldosterone production decreases.
E) ADH production decreases.