Deck 43: Control of Animal Processes: Endocrine Control

Question 1

What type of regulation occurs when a cell releases chemical signals into the extracellular fluid to affect cells?

A) systemic regulation
B) autocrine regulation
C) paracrine regulation
D) exocrine regulation

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Why do some individual hormones have multiple effects on different target tissues?

A) Second messengers trigger cascade or amplification effects.
B) Many different cells in different tissues have specific receptors for the hormone.
C) Only a small amount of the hormone is required for its effect.
D) Gene transcription is altered.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Suppose that hormone A binds to intracellular receptors in its target tissue. Also suppose that as a result of hormone A, the target tissue is now sensitive to or responsive to hormone B. What was the action of hormone A?

A) to decrease mRNA for hormone A receptors
B) to increase cyclic AMP levels which activated receptors for hormone B
C) to increase receptor sites for hormone B
D) to increase receptor sits for hormone A

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which types of hormones enter cells and have primary action to either increase or decrease mRNA production?

A) steroid and phospholipid hormones
B) peptide and phospholipid hormones
C) steroid and thyroid hormones
D) thyroid and peptide hormones

Question 5

Which hormone is correctly paired with its target tissue?

A) MSH: thyroid
B) prolactin: testes
C) growth hormone: bone
D) ACTH: adrenal medulla

Question 6

What do the products of endocrine glands do?

A) always stimulate the target tissue
B) provide feedback by paracrine action
C) affect only their own tissue
D) reach their target tissues' circulation

Question 7

Which chemical(s) can associate with any type of hormone?

A) fatty acid derivatives
B) an inorganic compound
C) polysaccharides
D) water

Question 8

Oxytocin is a hormone that is involved with increasing contractions during childbirth. The action is binding to membrane receptors and the result is increasing sodium and calcium. What is oxytocin most likely to be in structure?

A) a fatty acid derivative
B) a steroid
C) a peptide or protein
D) a carbohydrate

Question 9

A hormone is hydrophobic and binds to membrane receptors. What type of molecule is this hormone most likely to be?

A) a lipid
B) a carbohydrate
C) a fatty acid
D) a protein

Question 10

What is an important functional role of the endocrine system?

A) allowing for mechanisms to control gene action
B) inhibiting nervous system action on muscles and glands
C) maintaining a constant, yet dynamic internal fluid environment
D) providing mechanisms for rapid responses to changes in the body

Question 11

Which term refers to a cell or tissue that has a receptor for a hormone?

A) an endocrine gland
B) a neuroendocrine tissue
C) a paracrine tissue
D) a target cell

Question 12

Which of the following affects the pituitary gland most directly?

A) adrenal gland
B) thyroid gland
C) pineal gland
D) hypothalamus

Question 13

What triggers the transition to mating behaviour in bull elks?

A) shortening days of late summer and fall
B) lengthening days of late spring and summer
C) cold temperatures of the fall days
D) warm temperatures of the spring days

Question 14

Suppose that the anterior pituitary secretes more ACTH, leading to more glucocorticoids in plasma, which causes the anterior pituitary to then secrete less ACTH. What is this type of hormonal control an example of?

A) amplification
B) positive feedback
C) cascading feedback
D) negative feedback

Question 15

Target tissues often have receptors for multiple hormones. What does the response of the target tissue depend on?

A) the blood levels of the hormones that affect it, but not the effects of other signalling molecules
B) the blood levels of other hormones that affect it and the effects of other signalling molecules
C) the interactions between hormones that affect it and the effects of other signalling molecules
D) the blood levels of and interactions between the hormones that affect it and the effects of other signalling molecules

Question 16

What term refers to the joint actions of insulin and glucagon?

A) antagonistic
B) cooperative
C) permissive
D) synergistic

Question 17

Hormone action is associated with small quantities of hormones producing profound responses in target tissues. What is this type of response?

A) an amplification
B) a second messenger response
C) a gene activation response
D) a growth factor response

Question 18

Suppose that your job is to determine if a steroid hormone is having an effect on its target tissue. What would be an indication of activation of the target tissue by the hormone in question?

A) increased calcium level in the cytoplasm
B) activation of G proteins
C) increased cyclic AMP levels
D) increased levels of mRNA

Question 19

Which organ system controls activities that involve slower, longer-acting responses of multiple tissues or organs?

A) excretory system
B) reproductive system
C) endocrine system
D) nervous system

Question 20

Which sequence presents hormone action in the correct order?

A) transduction, reception, response
B) transduction, response, reception
C) reception, transduction, response
D) reception, response, transduction

Question 21

Which hormone, produced by which endocrine gland, influences biological rhythms and the onset of sleep?

A) cortisol by the pineal gland
B) melatonin by the pineal gland
C) melatonin by the pituitary gland
D) cortisol by the pituitary gland

Question 22

Which endocrine gland contains highly modified neurosecretory neurons that have lost their axons and dendrites?

A) adrenal medulla
B) thyroid
C) adrenal cortex
D) pancreas

Question 23

Which hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

A) estrogen
B) follicle-stimulating hormone
C) progesterone
D) testosterone

Question 24

Which hormone of the anterior pituitary gland has a generalized effect, and has receptors on almost every cell in the body?

A) ADH
B) prolactin
C) growth hormone
D) ACTH

Question 25

Which of the following is the primary mineralocorticoid?

A) growth hormone
B) aldosterone
C) ADH
D) ACTH

Question 26

Which hormones primarily control calcium levels?

A) the parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
B) calcitonin and thyroxine
C) progesterone and ADH
D) the parathyroid hormone and thyroxine

Question 27

Stress can have a significant effect on the body. What is chronic stress most likely to cause?

A) increased blood flow to the brain, especially the hippocampus
B) elevated levels of epinephrine from the adrenal cortex
C) elevated levels of cortisol from the adrenal cortex
D) excessive stimulation of neurons

Question 28

During stressful situations, which of the following actions is initiated by norepinephrine?

A) dilation of blood vessels in the muscles
B) decrease in blood pressure
C) decrease in heart rate
D) dilation of blood vessels in the skin

Question 29

Which of the following are independent from the negative feedback loops to the hypothalamus and the pituitary?

A) levels of insulin
B) levels of thyroid hormones
C) levels of cortisol
D) levels of testosterone

Question 30

Which symptom most likely applies to an adult who is suffering from hyperthyroidism?

A) often hungry
B) always tired
C) shows lack of emotions
D) sleeps a significant amount of the time

Question 31

What would be expected to occur if the melanocyte-stimulating hormone were increased?

A) changes in kidney function for retention of water
B) an increase in pigmentation in the skin
C) an decrease in milk production in females
D) an increase in reproductive or estrus cycles

Question 32

Which pair is correctly matched?

A) pineal gland: melatonin
B) thyroid gland: PTH
C) posterior pituitary: TSH
D) pancreas: calcitonin

Question 33

Which hormones does the hypothalamus produce, and which specific pituitary gland is affected?

A) releasing hormones, which affect anterior pituitary
B) activating hormones, which affect posterior pituitary
C) releasing hormones, which affect posterior pituitary
D) amplification hormones, which affect anterior pituitary

Question 34

Which of the following affects blood glucose levels?

A) FSH
B) glucagon
C) parathyroid hormone
D) prolactin

Question 35

What causes gigantism?

A) hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood
B) hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood
C) hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood
D) hyposecretion of growth hormone during adulthood

Question 36

What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete?

A) TSH
B) ACTH
C) endorphin
D) oxytocin

Question 37

Which gland mediates the regulation of milk release, water balance, and uterine contractions during childbirth?

A) posterior thyroid
B) posterior pituitary
C) pineal
D) parathyroid

Question 38

Which of the following hormones affects cells in the collecting duct of the kidney to help regulate water secretion?

A) insulin-like growth factor
B) ADH
C) prolactin
D) growth hormone

Question 39

Suppose that you are studying the hormonal control of metamorphosis in amphibians. Also suppose that the anterior pituitary is prevented from releasing TSH. What would you predict to be the effect on tadpoles?

A) Conversion to frogs would be increased fivefold.
B) Metamorphosis would be extremely fast.
C) Metabolism in tadpoles would stop.
D) Metabolism in tadpoles would be greatly decreased.

Question 40

Which gland has a neurosecretory component as well as a component that is NOT under direct neural control?

A) the pineal gland
B) the hypothalamus
C) the parathyroid gland
D) the pituitary gland

Question 41

In endocrine regulation, a cell releases signalling molecules that diffuse through the extracellular fluid and act on nearby cells.

Question 42

Match each concept with the most appropriate description.
a.contains four iodine atoms
b.corpus allatum
c.opposite effect of moult-inhibiting hormone
d.hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium and potassium levels
e.insulin deficiency
f.typically steroids; affect gene activation
g.hormones that either stimulate or inhibit another cell or tissue
h.pituitary dwarfism
i.small activation; cascading response
j.target tissue of melatonin
k.
signal molecule released by a cell into the extracellular fluid and having a localized response
l.
paracrine or autocrine regulation
ecdysone

Question 43

Explain negative feedback control using thyroid hormones as an example.

Question 44

Match each concept with the most appropriate description.
a.contains four iodine atoms
b.corpus allatum
c.opposite effect of moult-inhibiting hormone
d.hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium and potassium levels
e.insulin deficiency
f.typically steroids; affect gene activation
g.hormones that either stimulate or inhibit another cell or tissue
h.pituitary dwarfism
i.small activation; cascading response
j.target tissue of melatonin
k.
signal molecule released by a cell into the extracellular fluid and having a localized response
l.
paracrine or autocrine regulation
juvenile hormone

Question 45

Describe amplification of hormone action.

Question 46

Match each concept with the most appropriate description.
a.contains four iodine atoms
b.corpus allatum
c.opposite effect of moult-inhibiting hormone
d.hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium and potassium levels
e.insulin deficiency
f.typically steroids; affect gene activation
g.hormones that either stimulate or inhibit another cell or tissue
h.pituitary dwarfism
i.small activation; cascading response
j.target tissue of melatonin
k.
signal molecule released by a cell into the extracellular fluid and having a localized response
l.
paracrine or autocrine regulation
tropic hormones

Question 47

Which of the following occurs when the moult-inhibiting hormone is prevented from being secreted?

A) Moulting is inhibited.
B) Ecdysone levels increase.
C) Moulting is stimulated.
D) Ecdysone levels decrease.

Question 48

Under regulatory control by the hypothalamus, the posterior pituitary secretes eight hormones.

Question 49

Match each concept with the most appropriate description.
a.contains four iodine atoms
b.corpus allatum
c.opposite effect of moult-inhibiting hormone
d.hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium and potassium levels
e.insulin deficiency
f.typically steroids; affect gene activation
g.hormones that either stimulate or inhibit another cell or tissue
h.pituitary dwarfism
i.small activation; cascading response
j.target tissue of melatonin
k.
signal molecule released by a cell into the extracellular fluid and having a localized response
l.
paracrine or autocrine regulation
type 1 diabetes

Question 50

A patient is having blood glucose problems. Plasma glucose levels are very low, which is a condition called hypoglycemia. The problem is NOT associated with insulin, but with the secretion of glucocorticoids. How would you evaluate the patient to determine where in the feedback system the problem is located?

Question 51

Increases in MSH could result in increased pigmentation.

Question 52

Match each concept with the most appropriate description.
a.contains four iodine atoms
b.corpus allatum
c.opposite effect of moult-inhibiting hormone
d.hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium and potassium levels
e.insulin deficiency
f.typically steroids; affect gene activation
g.hormones that either stimulate or inhibit another cell or tissue
h.pituitary dwarfism
i.small activation; cascading response
j.target tissue of melatonin
k.
signal molecule released by a cell into the extracellular fluid and having a localized response
l.
paracrine or autocrine regulation
hyposecretion of growth hormone

Question 53

Small quantities of hormones can typically produce profound effects in cells and body functions due to magnification.

Question 54

Match each concept with the most appropriate description.
a.contains four iodine atoms
b.corpus allatum
c.opposite effect of moult-inhibiting hormone
d.hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium and potassium levels
e.insulin deficiency
f.typically steroids; affect gene activation
g.hormones that either stimulate or inhibit another cell or tissue
h.pituitary dwarfism
i.small activation; cascading response
j.target tissue of melatonin
k.
signal molecule released by a cell into the extracellular fluid and having a localized response
l.
paracrine or autocrine regulation
thyroxine

Question 55

Match each concept with the most appropriate description.
a.contains four iodine atoms
b.corpus allatum
c.opposite effect of moult-inhibiting hormone
d.hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium and potassium levels
e.insulin deficiency
f.typically steroids; affect gene activation
g.hormones that either stimulate or inhibit another cell or tissue
h.pituitary dwarfism
i.small activation; cascading response
j.target tissue of melatonin
k.
signal molecule released by a cell into the extracellular fluid and having a localized response
l.
paracrine or autocrine regulation
prostaglandins

Question 56

If a hormone caused an increase in protein kinase activity, predict the type of hormone responsible and the intracellular signalling mechanism of its action.

Question 57

Compare and contrast receptor recognition between hydrophobic and hydrophilic hormones.

Question 58

Match each concept with the most appropriate description.
a.contains four iodine atoms
b.corpus allatum
c.opposite effect of moult-inhibiting hormone
d.hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium and potassium levels
e.insulin deficiency
f.typically steroids; affect gene activation
g.hormones that either stimulate or inhibit another cell or tissue
h.pituitary dwarfism
i.small activation; cascading response
j.target tissue of melatonin
k.
signal molecule released by a cell into the extracellular fluid and having a localized response
l.
paracrine or autocrine regulation
aldosterone

Question 59

Oxytocin is secreted by the posterior pituitary only in females.

Question 60

Insulin is produced and released from the exocrine pancreas.

Question 61

Select a term or phrase from the numbered list to correspond to each labelled endocrine gland in the illustration. The terms and phrases in the numbered list may be used more than once.
production site of androgens

Question 62

Select a term or phrase from the numbered list to correspond to each labelled endocrine gland in the illustration. The terms and phrases in the numbered list may be used more than once.
site of release of oxytocin

Question 63

Select a term or phrase from the numbered list to correspond to each labelled endocrine gland in the illustration. The terms and phrases in the numbered list may be used more than once.
a portion is neuroendocrine and a portion is under hormonal control of the hypothalamus

Question 64

Select a term or phrase from the numbered list to correspond to each labelled endocrine gland in the illustration. The terms and phrases in the numbered list may be used more than once.
gland that controls biological rhythms

Question 65

Select a term or phrase from the numbered list to correspond to each labelled endocrine gland in the illustration. The terms and phrases in the numbered list may be used more than once.
production and release of insulin

Question 66

Select a term or phrase from the numbered list to correspond to each labelled endocrine gland in the illustration. The terms and phrases in the numbered list may be used more than once.
primary calcium regulation

Question 67

Select a term or phrase from the numbered list to correspond to each labelled endocrine gland in the illustration. The terms and phrases in the numbered list may be used more than once.
hormones from these glands stimulate other glands to produce hormones (two answers are correct)

Question 68

Select a term or phrase from the numbered list to correspond to each labelled endocrine gland in the illustration. The terms and phrases in the numbered list may be used more than once.
the hormone produced by this gland works in a synergistic fashion with vitamin D

Question 69

Match each concept with the most appropriate description.
a.contains four iodine atoms
b.corpus allatum
c.opposite effect of moult-inhibiting hormone
d.hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium and potassium levels
e.insulin deficiency
f.typically steroids; affect gene activation
g.hormones that either stimulate or inhibit another cell or tissue
h.pituitary dwarfism
i.small activation; cascading response
j.target tissue of melatonin
k.
signal molecule released by a cell into the extracellular fluid and having a localized response
l.
paracrine or autocrine regulation
paracrine regulation

Question 70

Select a term or phrase from the numbered list to correspond to each labelled endocrine gland in the illustration. The terms and phrases in the numbered list may be used more than once.
production site of the hormone that promotes growth in bones and muscles

Question 71

Select a term or phrase from the numbered list to correspond to each labelled endocrine gland in the illustration. The terms and phrases in the numbered list may be used more than once.
production site of hormone involved in milk production

Question 72

Select a term or phrase from the numbered list to correspond to each labelled endocrine gland in the illustration. The terms and phrases in the numbered list may be used more than once.
gland that produces progesterone that is under the control of GnRH

Question 73

Select a term or phrase from the numbered list to correspond to each labelled endocrine gland in the illustration. The terms and phrases in the numbered list may be used more than once.
a portion of this gland reinforces the sympathetic nervous system in responding to stress

Question 74

Select a term or phrase from the numbered list to correspond to each labelled endocrine gland in the illustration. The terms and phrases in the numbered list may be used more than once.
production site of hormone involved in water balance by increasing nephron permeability to water

Question 75

Match each concept with the most appropriate description.
a.contains four iodine atoms
b.corpus allatum
c.opposite effect of moult-inhibiting hormone
d.hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium and potassium levels
e.insulin deficiency
f.typically steroids; affect gene activation
g.hormones that either stimulate or inhibit another cell or tissue
h.pituitary dwarfism
i.small activation; cascading response
j.target tissue of melatonin
k.
signal molecule released by a cell into the extracellular fluid and having a localized response
l.
paracrine or autocrine regulation
suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 76

Select a term or phrase from the numbered list to correspond to each labelled endocrine gland in the illustration. The terms and phrases in the numbered list may be used more than once.
production and release of calcitonin

Question 77

Match each concept with the most appropriate description.
a.contains four iodine atoms
b.corpus allatum
c.opposite effect of moult-inhibiting hormone
d.hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium and potassium levels
e.insulin deficiency
f.typically steroids; affect gene activation
g.hormones that either stimulate or inhibit another cell or tissue
h.pituitary dwarfism
i.small activation; cascading response
j.target tissue of melatonin
k.
signal molecule released by a cell into the extracellular fluid and having a localized response
l.
paracrine or autocrine regulation
amplification

Question 78

Select a term or phrase from the numbered list to correspond to each labelled endocrine gland in the illustration. The terms and phrases in the numbered list may be used more than once.
ADH production

Question 79

Match each concept with the most appropriate description.
a.contains four iodine atoms
b.corpus allatum
c.opposite effect of moult-inhibiting hormone
d.hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium and potassium levels
e.insulin deficiency
f.typically steroids; affect gene activation
g.hormones that either stimulate or inhibit another cell or tissue
h.pituitary dwarfism
i.small activation; cascading response
j.target tissue of melatonin
k.
signal molecule released by a cell into the extracellular fluid and having a localized response
l.
paracrine or autocrine regulation
hydrophobic hormone

Question 80

Select a term or phrase from the numbered list to correspond to each labelled endocrine gland in the illustration. The terms and phrases in the numbered list may be used more than once.
hormones from this gland play an important role in metamorphosis in amphibians