Deck 31: Ecosystems

Question 1

When you consider production, harvesting, and assimilation efficiencies, what are you in fact determining?

A) harvesting efficiencies of consumers
B) ecological efficiencies of consumers
C) production and harvesting efficiencies of consumers
D) water usage efficiencies of consumers

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What does DDT provide a graphic example of?

A) biological ecosystems
B) biological reproduction
C) biological survival
D) biological magnification

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which ecosystem would have the lowest percentage of total net primary productivity?

A) open ocean
B) tundra
C) swamp and march
D) savanna

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is the primary energetic input in caves?

A) bats' droppings
B) bats' saliva
C) bats' dead bodies
D) bats' babies

Question 5

Which of these carbon reservoirs contains abundant phosphorus?

A) Lake Erie
B) Pacific Ocean
C) Atlantic Ocean
D) Niagara River

Question 6

Nearly all ecosystems receive a constant input of energy from which outside source?

A) bacteria
B) the Sun
C) biomass
D) nutrients

Question 7

Which of the following make up the largest reservoir of carbon?

A) rocks
B) producers
C) consumers
D) nutrients in soil

Question 8

Which of the following is the pathway that carbon takes in its global cycle?

A) sedimentation
B) formation of fossil fuels
C) marine food webs
D) uplifting over geological time

Question 9

What is the overall ecological efficiency of most organisms?

A) between 50% and 75%
B) between 10% and 50%
C) between 5% and 20%
D) between 2% and 5%

Question 10

Compare the length of day with the intensity of sunlight near the equator. How do they differ?

A) Sunlight is most intense and day length is most variable.
B) Sunlight is most intense and day length is least variable.
C) Sunlight is least intense and day length is most variable.
D) Sunlight is least intense and day length is least variable.

Question 11

What is the process for converting atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium?

A) nitrogen absorption
B) nitrogen fixation
C) nitrogen conversion
D) nitrogen cycling

Question 12

What was concluded from the energy flow study at Silver Springs in Florida?

A) Trophic energy losses are not significant.
B) Energy flows are difficult to measure.
C) Only a little energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next.
D) Most of the Sun's energy is harvested.

Question 13

What are you studying when you consider connections among the diversity of species?

A) ecosystems
B) life
C) environment
D) species

Question 14

Which of these statements best describes the energy flow through the Silver Springs in Florida?

A) It is bottom heavy.
B) It is top heavy.
C) It is a square.
D) It is a circle.

Question 15

What is the shape of the trophic pyramids, typically?

A) narrow at the base and wide at the top
B) narrow at the base and narrow at the top
C) wide at the base and wide at the top
D) wide at the base and narrow at the top

Question 16

How does the water move in the hydrologic cycle?

A) from the land to the air by transpiration, and back to the land via precipitation and evaporation
B) from the land to the air by transpiration and evaporation, and back to the land via precipitation
C) from the land to the air by precipitation and transpiration, and back to the land via evaporation
D) from the land to the air by precipitation, and back to the land via evaporation and transpiration

Question 17

How many energy transfers away from the Sun are herbivores?

A) 4
B) 3
C) 2
D) 1

Question 18

In a marine environment, what governs the rate of primary productivity?

A) available marine animals
B) available marine plants
C) available kelp
D) the depth of water

Question 19

Suppose that you are studying the total dry mass of plants present at a given time. What exactly are you studying?

A) number of plant species present
B) standing crop biomass
C) amount of sunlight absorbed by the plants
D) productivity of the plants

Question 20

Which of these marine ecosystems have the highest mean net primary productivity?

A) upwelling zones
B) open oceans
C) kelp beds and reefs
D) continental shelves

Question 21

What helps to put the nature of ecosystems in context?

A) variations in the scale of connections
B) variations in the scale of interactions
C) stability in the scale of connections
D) stability in the scale of interactions

Question 22

Energy is conserved between each trophic level.

Question 23

What must a researcher do in order to develop an effective model for an ecosystem?

A) estimate productivity of some populations
B) identify minor species
C) develop relevant equations
D) eliminate food webs

Question 24

A large percentage of energy passes on from one trophic level to the next.

Question 25

What is the base of a food web inside pitcher plants?

A) arthropods, such as ants and flies
B) other plant body parts
C) rain and other liquids
D) larvae of midges

Question 26

Tropical rain forests, swamps, and marshes contribute similarly to mean net primary productivity.

Question 27

Which forms of nitrogen are readily usable by plants?

A) NH₄⁺ and NO₂^-
B) NO₃^- and NO₄^-
C) NH₄⁺ and NO₃^-
D) N₂ and NH₃

Question 28

Which of the following would help reduce the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?

A) reducing water usage
B) driving to work
C) using electrical heat in homes
D) reducing emissions from factories

Question 29

What type of food webs do cave ecosystems have?

A) extensive
B) truncated
C) incomplete
D) complex

Question 30

The most biomass in trees is leaves, which undergo photosynthesis.

Question 31

Water can be a limiting factor when measuring productivity.

Question 32

Energy losses are multiplied in successive energy transfers in a food web.

Question 33

Which of these plants CANNOT participate in nitrogen fixation?

A) beans
B) clover
C) wheat
D) roses

Question 34

Lake ecosystems have many trophic levels.

Question 35

What is an alternative to nitrogen fixation for plants living in nitrogen-poor soils?

A) oxidation
B) ammonification
C) carnivory
D) nitrification

Question 36

What is the main natural source of phosphorus?

A) Earth's crust
B) fertilizer
C) guano
D) legumes

Question 37

What is the main cause of carbon dioxide buildup in the atmosphere?

A) droughts
B) deforestation
C) flooding
D) burning fossil fuels

Question 38

Which of the following is among the disadvantages of a simulation model of an ecosystem?

A) It does not take into account water availability.
B) It does not take into account nutrient availability.
C) It does not take into account interactions between organisms.
D) It may not be accurate.

Question 39

Large zooplankton decrease the ecosystem's main productivity when they are abundant.

Question 40

Luis Bettencourt identified four simple assumptions in his 2013 model. What could they be helpful in understanding?

A) the dynamics of savannahs
B) the dynamics of deserts
C) the dynamics of cities
D) the dynamics of caves

Question 41

Match each description with the appropriate scientific term.
a.biogeochemical cycles
b.ecological efficiency
c.ecological pyramid
d.generalized compartment model
e.gross primary productivity
f.limiting nutrient
g.net primary productivity
h.pyramid of biomass
i.secondary productivity
j.simulation modelling
k.
standing crop biomass
l.
trophic cascade
gross primary productivity minus the energy used for cellular respiration

Question 42

Match each description with the appropriate scientific term.
a.biogeochemical cycles
b.ecological efficiency
c.ecological pyramid
d.generalized compartment model
e.gross primary productivity
f.limiting nutrient
g.net primary productivity
h.pyramid of biomass
i.secondary productivity
j.simulation modelling
k.
standing crop biomass
l.
trophic cascade
energy transfer from producers to consumers

Question 43

Match each description with the appropriate scientific term.
a.biogeochemical cycles
b.ecological efficiency
c.ecological pyramid
d.generalized compartment model
e.gross primary productivity
f.limiting nutrient
g.net primary productivity
h.pyramid of biomass
i.secondary productivity
j.simulation modelling
k.
standing crop biomass
l.
trophic cascade
reduction of productivity at higher trophic levels

Question 44

In this chapter, what steps have we learned to help the environment?

Question 45

Match each description with the appropriate scientific term.
a.biogeochemical cycles
b.ecological efficiency
c.ecological pyramid
d.generalized compartment model
e.gross primary productivity
f.limiting nutrient
g.net primary productivity
h.pyramid of biomass
i.secondary productivity
j.simulation modelling
k.
standing crop biomass
l.
trophic cascade
predicts what would happen if an ecosystem was changed

Question 46

How would you calculate the net primary productivity of an ecosystem?

Question 47

Fossil fuels are the result of buried organisms where low oxygen levels existed.

Question 48

Match each description with the appropriate scientific term.
a.biogeochemical cycles
b.ecological efficiency
c.ecological pyramid
d.generalized compartment model
e.gross primary productivity
f.limiting nutrient
g.net primary productivity
h.pyramid of biomass
i.secondary productivity
j.simulation modelling
k.
standing crop biomass
l.
trophic cascade
nutrients cycle between abiotic and living organisms

Question 49

Match each description with the appropriate scientific term.
a.biogeochemical cycles
b.ecological efficiency
c.ecological pyramid
d.generalized compartment model
e.gross primary productivity
f.limiting nutrient
g.net primary productivity
h.pyramid of biomass
i.secondary productivity
j.simulation modelling
k.
standing crop biomass
l.
trophic cascade
relationship between a predator and prey that affects populations in two or more trophic levels

Question 50

Match each description with the appropriate scientific term.
a.biogeochemical cycles
b.ecological efficiency
c.ecological pyramid
d.generalized compartment model
e.gross primary productivity
f.limiting nutrient
g.net primary productivity
h.pyramid of biomass
i.secondary productivity
j.simulation modelling
k.
standing crop biomass
l.
trophic cascade
diagram showing the inefficient transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next

Question 51

Match each description with the appropriate scientific term.
a.biogeochemical cycles
b.ecological efficiency
c.ecological pyramid
d.generalized compartment model
e.gross primary productivity
f.limiting nutrient
g.net primary productivity
h.pyramid of biomass
i.secondary productivity
j.simulation modelling
k.
standing crop biomass
l.
trophic cascade
total dry weight of plants at a certain time

Question 52

How would it change the ecological efficiency if all humans became vegetarians?

Question 53

Match each description with the appropriate scientific term.
a.biogeochemical cycles
b.ecological efficiency
c.ecological pyramid
d.generalized compartment model
e.gross primary productivity
f.limiting nutrient
g.net primary productivity
h.pyramid of biomass
i.secondary productivity
j.simulation modelling
k.
standing crop biomass
l.
trophic cascade
describes how nutrients accumulate in four compartments

Question 54

Match each description with the appropriate scientific term.
a.biogeochemical cycles
b.ecological efficiency
c.ecological pyramid
d.generalized compartment model
e.gross primary productivity
f.limiting nutrient
g.net primary productivity
h.pyramid of biomass
i.secondary productivity
j.simulation modelling
k.
standing crop biomass
l.
trophic cascade
element in short supply

Question 55

Match the term that corresponds to the appropriate lettered box in the image.
detritivores and decomposers

Question 56

Match each description with the appropriate scientific term.
a.biogeochemical cycles
b.ecological efficiency
c.ecological pyramid
d.generalized compartment model
e.gross primary productivity
f.limiting nutrient
g.net primary productivity
h.pyramid of biomass
i.secondary productivity
j.simulation modelling
k.
standing crop biomass
l.
trophic cascade
rate at which a plant converts the Sun's energy into chemical energy

Question 57

Where do plants obtain the necessary carbon for photosynthesis?

Question 58

Match each description with the appropriate scientific term.
a.biogeochemical cycles
b.ecological efficiency
c.ecological pyramid
d.generalized compartment model
e.gross primary productivity
f.limiting nutrient
g.net primary productivity
h.pyramid of biomass
i.secondary productivity
j.simulation modelling
k.
standing crop biomass
l.
trophic cascade
ratio of net productivity at one trophic level to the productivity at the trophic level below it

Question 59

How does crop rotation aid the farmer?

Question 60

How do food webs relate to the idea of biological magnification of toxins?

Question 61

Match the term that corresponds to the appropriate lettered box in the image.
soil water

Question 62

Match the term that corresponds to the appropriate lettered box in the image.
tertiary consumers

Question 63

Match the term that corresponds to the appropriate lettered box in the image.
primary consumers

Question 64

Match the term that corresponds to the appropriate lettered box in the image.
terrestrial rocks

Question 65

Match the term that corresponds to the appropriate lettered box in the image.
coal, oil, peat

Question 66

Match the term that corresponds to the appropriate lettered box in the image.
terrestrial food webs

Question 67

Match the term that corresponds to the appropriate lettered box in the image.
primary producers

Question 68

Match the term that corresponds to the appropriate lettered box in the image.
secondary consumers