Deck 7: Early Cognitive Foundations: Sensation, Perception, and Learning

Question 1

The use of which of the following strategies is most likely to result in long-term inhibition of inappropriate behaviour?

A)consistently administered physical discipline
B)a rationale for changing behaviour, but no punishment
C)moderate punishments, such as time out or response-cost, without a rationale
D)moderate punishment combined with a rationale for the punishment

Answer 1

moderate punishment combined with a rationale for the punishment

Question 2

Which of the following statements best summarizes the view of enrichment theorists regarding objective reality and perceptual development?

A)There is no objective reality; all perception is socially constructed.
B)There is an objective reality, and we must interpret that reality using our cognitive schemes.
C)There is an objective reality that requires no interpretation because it is the same for everyone.
D)There is no objective reality, but our cognitions allow us to interpret our sensations to create our own reality.

Answer 2

There is an objective reality, and we must interpret that reality using our cognitive schemes.

Question 3

Two-month-old infants show a decrease in heart rate when placed on the deep side of a visual cliff apparatus, but no change in heart rate when placed on the shallow side.What does this difference in heart rate indicate about the infant's perception of depth?

A)They cannot yet detect the difference between the two sides.
B)They can detect the difference between the two sides and are afraid of the deep side.
C)They can detect the difference between the two sides, but they do not yet fear the deep side.
D)They cannot detect the difference between the two sides but are more interested in the shallow side.

Answer 3

They can detect the difference between the two sides, but they do not yet fear the deep side.

Question 4

Reginald is 6 weeks old.As part of a research study, he is presented with a sensory incongruity in which he hears his mother's voice coming from his right while his mother is sitting to his left.How is Reginald likely to react to this situation?

A)He will fail to react negatively, because the various senses are not integrated yet.
B)He will fail to react negatively, because infants cannot detect the location of sounds at this age.
C)He will react negatively, a finding that is consistent with the predictions of enrichment theory.
D)He will react negatively in this situation, a finding that is consistent with the predictions of differentiation theory.

Question 5

According to Bandura, a child's observational learning involves the acquisition of symbolic representations of the model's behaviour.Which finding is most consistent with this viewpoint?

A)Children reproduce more of a model's behaviour if they actively describe the model's behaviour during observation.
B)Describing the model's behaviour during observation has no effect on learning.
C)Children reproduce less of a model's behaviour if they actively describe the model's behaviour during observation.
D)Children who count out loud during observation of the model show increased learning.

Question 6

When is the earliest point in development that classical conditioning has been demonstrated with infants?

A)prenatally
B)in the first few days after birth with a limited number of responses and under optimal conditions
C)not until the end of the first year, because of the immaturity of the infant's information-processing system
D)only after age 2, when brain maturation is nearly complete

Question 7

Which theory of perception ascribes much importance to the person's general knowledge stored in memory schemas?

A)differentiation
B)enrichment
C)empiricist
D)classical

Question 8

Which statement best summarizes the research findings of DeCasper and his associates regarding the auditory preferences of newborn infants?

A)They prefer the sound of low-pitched male voices over the sound of high-pitched female voices.
B)They prefer the sound of their mother's voice over the voices of other women.
C)They prefer natural sounds (such as the ocean) over the sound of voices.
D)They prefer very low-amplitude sounds or silence over voices.

Question 9

You observe a newborn infant who begins to suck on a bottle filled with a flavoured solution.The infant coughs and spits the solution out.Which statement best describes the taste of the solution in the bottle?

A)It is salty.
B)It is sour.
C)It is bitter.
D)It is sweet.

Question 10

As our perceptual processes mature, we lose the ability to detect sensory information that is not of cultural relevance.Based upon current research in perceptual development, what is this change thought to be due to?

A)learning
B)stereotypic norms
C)dynamic systems
D)maturation

Question 11

Which statement best summarizes the findings of the cross-cultural research conducted by Lynch and his associates regarding auditory perception of musical melodies in 6-month-old American infants?

A)They could detect mistuned notes in either a Western or a Javanese melody.
B)They could detect mistuned notes in a Western melody but not in a Javanese melody.
C)They could detect mistuned notes in a Javanese melody but not in a Western melody.
D)They could not detect mistuned notes in either melody, but if the notes were in tune, they detected the Western melody more rapidly.

Question 12

The measurement of which of the following is assessed by the evoked potential method when studying sensation?

A)oxygen-rich blood flow to specific brain areas
B)3D colour images of the cells in the nervous system
C)magnetic fields generated by the brain's electrical activity
D)patterning of brain waves

Question 13

Robbie is 20 months old, and one day, for the first time, he watched his father shave.Two days later his mother claims that Robbie climbed up to the sink and began imitating his father's shaving ritual with a toothbrush.In this case, is the mother's claim plausible?

A)Yes, because children begin to show imitation of novel behaviours during the second year.
B)Yes, because children begin to show imitation of novel behaviours at 6 months of age.
C)No, because most children do not show imitation of novel behaviours until they reach the concrete operational stage of cognitive development.
D)No, because most children do not show imitation of novel behaviours until they reach the preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Question 14

Imagine that an infant hears the sound ba over and over, until he or she loses interest and stops listening.If the sound now changes to pa, and the infant still shows no interest, what can researchers infer?

A)The infant can perceive the difference between the two sounds.
B)The infant cannot perceive the difference between the two sounds.
C)The infant prefers sounds that start with b to sounds that start with p.
D)The infant prefers sounds that start with p to sounds that start with b.

Question 15

Ned has been throwing food at lunch, so his preschool teacher makes Ned sit in the time-out chair for three minutes.The teacher's response exemplifies which principle of operant conditioning?

A)positive reinforcement
B)positive punishment
C)negative punishment
D)negative reinforcement

Question 16

How do male infants react when they are circumcised without anesthesia?

A)They emit high-pitched wails during the surgery and show an increase in plasma cortisol afterward.
B)They show little response to the surgery if they can hear the sound of their mother's voice during the procedure.
C)They emit high-pitched wails during the surgery and show a decrease in plasma cortisol afterward.
D)They show small changes in heart rate, but otherwise little observable reaction.

Question 17

In Pavlov's experiment, what type of stimulus or response is the dog's salivation to the sound of the bell?

A)an unconditioned stimulus
B)a conditioned stimulus
C)a conditioned response
D)an unconditioned response

Question 18

Which of the following is the best example of extinction in classical conditioning?

A)Thea used to love horror movies.Although she says she cannot account for it, she no longer likes them.
B)Jai loved to snowboard.One day she lost control, her board hit a tree, and Jai broke both legs.The following winter-even though completely healed-Jai was no longer willing to snowboard.
C)Panav's cat, Boots, ran to the kitchen whenever she heard the food cupboard door squeak.After Panav oiled the hinges, Boots stopped running to the kitchen whenever the door was opened.
D)Damian must stop drinking alcohol.The first few times Damian drank non-alcoholic beer he felt relaxed after one sip.However, after drinking non-alcoholic beer for a week, Damian no longer feels relaxed after one sip.

Question 19

According to Gibson, what cognitive process has a child acquired when he or she learns to attend to the perceptual qualities of different letters?

A)perception of patterns
B)identification of distinctive features
C)cross-modality transfer
D)enrichment of new sensory information by drawing on stored knowledge

Question 20

Meagan thinks that using punishment with children is wrong, so she asks you how she can use negative reinforcement to reduce the amount of time that her son spends talking on the telephone.What should you advise Meagan regarding the use of negative reinforcement as a disciplinary technique?

A)It is cruel and shouldn't be used to discipline children.
B)It will typically suppress behaviour only temporarily and, therefore, it is not effective over the long term.
C)It will increase the target behaviour rather than reducing it.
D)It works only if it is accompanied by positive punishment.

Question 21

In Pavlov's experiment what type of stimulus or response is the food?

A)an unconditioned stimulus
B)a conditioned stimulus
C)a conditioned response
D)an unconditioned response

Question 22

Changes in rate of habituation with age have been attributed to which of the following factors?

A)methodological problems in assessing young infants
B)learning
C)sensory fatigue
D)maturation of the brain

Question 23

Which of the following results was obtained using the high-amplitude sucking method?

A)Babies blinked in response to a rapidly approaching auditory stimulus.
B)Babies attended more closely to speech sounds that resembled speech they heard in utero versus nonspeech sounds.
C)Babies preferred the sound of the father's voice to that of the mothers.
D)Over time babies stopped responding to the side in which a sound is presented.

Question 24

What is the goal of the information-processing approach to disciplinary punishment?

A)to generate tremendous fear in the child's mind
B)to appeal to the child's conscience to feel guilty
C)to encourage the child to be motivated to behave properly
D)to eliminate the possibility that the mischief can succeed

Question 25

For punishment to be effective, what should it be?

A)unexpected
B)consistent
C)postponed
D)physical
Scenario 7.1
Suppose that you borrow your friend's laptop for a week to see whether you want to purchase one yourself.The computer makes a slight whirring sound just before it shuts down automatically due to low battery power.At first you didn't notice the sound and were surprised when the computer shut down.After a few days, however, you now reach for the power cord as soon as you hear the sound.Answer the following questions based upon your knowledge of classical conditioning.

Question 26

In general, how would most people feel if they received negative reinforcement and positive punishment for their actions?

A)They would like negative reinforcement and dislike positive punishment.
B)They would dislike both negative reinforcement and positive punishment.
C)They would dislike negative reinforcement and like positive punishment.
D)They would like both negative reinforcement and positive punishment.

Question 27

Which statement best summarizes the nativist and empiricist views of the development of intermodal perception?

A)Both nativists and empiricists would most likely agree with differentiation theory.
B)Empiricists would most likely agree with differentiation theory, whereas nativists would more likely agree with enrichment theory.
C)Nativists would most likely agree with differentiation theory, whereas empiricists would be more likely to agree with enrichment theory.
D)Both empiricists and nativists would most likely agree with enrichment theory.

Question 28

In this example, what is the whirring sound?

A)a conditioned response
B)an unconditioned stimulus
C)a conditioned stimulus
D)an unconditioned response

Question 29

Which statement best summarizes the results of research studies regarding depth perception using the visual cliff apparatus?

A)Infants who are 2 months old will show a change in heart rate when placed on the deep side of the cliff.
B)Infants show no response to the deep side of the cliff until they are 4 months old.
C)Infants who are 6 months old are willing to cross the deep side of the cliff.
D)Infants show no response to the deep side of the cliff until they are nearly 1 year old.

Question 30

When can infants group colours of similar shades into basic categories (e.g., reds, greens, blues) as adults do?

A)at birth
B)at about 2 months
C)at about 4 months
D)at about 6 months

Question 31

Daphne Maurer and colleagues demonstrated a developmental progression in the ability to use different pieces of information for face recognition.According to their research findings, what is the correct developmental sequence?

A)contours/features/configural processing
B)features/contours/configural processing
C)configural processing/features/ contours
D)contours/configural processing/features

Question 32

Parents are often puzzled when a child fails to show appropriate behaviours despite scolding and punishment for inappropriate behaviours.Why are operant conditioning experts not surprised?

A)Punishment is rarely effective in suppressing inappropriate behaviour.
B)The parents have failed to reinforce the desired behaviour.
C)The child has been negatively reinforced.
D)Positive reinforcement is the only condition that will modify the strength of a response.

Question 33

In this example, what is automatically reaching for the power adapter?

A)a conditioned response
B)an unconditioned stimulus
C)a conditioned stimulus
D)an unconditioned response

Question 34

Which of the following would be the most likely response of a newborn infant to his or her mother singing?

A)orientation and attention
B)orientation and decreased attention
C)turning away and decreased motor behaviours
D)turning away and soft, rhythmic crying

Question 35

Which statement best describes current research findings regarding the auditory capacity of the neonate?

A)It is not very well developed; newborns can detect only very loud sounds.
B)It is difficult to assess with accuracy, because techniques for assessing neonate audition are very imprecise.
C)It is surprisingly good; young infants can discriminate among a large number of auditory stimuli.
D)It is equivalent to that seen in adults; little improvement occurs with age.

Question 36

Which of the following best characterizes the phenomenon of classical conditioning?

A)changing the frequency of a behaviour that is already in the individual's repertoire
B)ceasing to respond to repeated presentations of a stimulus
C)a neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response that is normally elicited by another stimulus
D)the gradual weakening and disappearance of any learned response
Scenario 7.1
Suppose that you borrow your friend's laptop for a week to see whether you want to purchase one yourself.The computer makes a slight whirring sound just before it shuts down automatically due to low battery power.At first you didn't notice the sound and were surprised when the computer shut down.After a few days, however, you now reach for the power cord as soon as you hear the sound.Answer the following questions based upon your knowledge of classical conditioning.

Question 37

Suppose you allow an infant several minutes to "study" a complex pattern.Then you present a second face and assess whether the infant's heart rate changes when the second face appears.Which research method are you using?

A)preference
B)habituation
C)evoked potentials
D)high-amplitude sucking
Scenario 7.1
Suppose that you borrow your friend's laptop for a week to see whether you want to purchase one yourself.The computer makes a slight whirring sound just before it shuts down automatically due to low battery power.At first you didn't notice the sound and were surprised when the computer shut down.After a few days, however, you now reach for the power cord as soon as you hear the sound.Answer the following questions based upon your knowledge of classical conditioning.

Question 38

Most mothers claim that their 1-week-old infants recognize their voices.Does research evidence support this claim?

A)It is unlikely due to the limited auditory discrimination ability of newborns.
B)Infants as young as 1 week old can discriminate the mother's voice from other female voices and prefer her voice.
C)Infants do not recognize their mothers' voices until they are several weeks old.
D)Infants as young as 1 week old can discriminate the mother's voice from other female voices but do not prefer it over other female voices.Scenario 7.1 Suppose that you borrow your friend's laptop for a week to see whether you want to purchase one yourself.The computer makes a slight whirring sound just before it shuts down automatically due to low battery power.At first you didn't notice the sound and were surprised when the computer shut down.After a few days, however, you now reach for the power cord as soon as you hear the sound.Answer the following questions based upon your knowledge of classical conditioning.

Question 39

When you become bored because your surroundings remain stable over time, which type of learning are you demonstrating?

A)classical conditioning
B)negative reinforcement
C)operant conditioning
D)habituation

Question 40

In this example, what is your surprise at the automatic shutdown?

A)a conditioned response
B)an unconditioned stimulus
C)a conditioned stimulus
D)an unconditioned response

Question 41

What is the earliest age that habituation to a repeated stimulus has been demonstrated?

A)prenatally
B)at birth
C)at 2 months of age
D)at 4 months of age

Question 42

Which statement best characterizes the research findings regarding the growth of perceptual abilities?

A)It depends almost entirely on the acquisition of new skills.
B)It is largely independent of cultural or subcultural influences.
C)It follows an invariant sequence that results from maturation of the nervous system.
D)It involves the addition of new skills, and a compensatory loss of unnecessary skills.

Question 43

In this example, what is the low battery power?

A)a conditioned response
B)an unconditioned stimulus
C)a conditioned stimulus
D)an unconditioned response

Question 44

Research indicates that young children (16 to 24 months of age) learn through observation.According to these research findings, what behaviours are older children most likely to imitate?

A)highly emotional responses
B)angry and frustrated responses
C)socially inappropriate responses
D)routines and regulations

Question 45

Of the various sensory modalities, which is the least mature at birth?

A)smell
B)hearing
C)touch
D)vision

Question 46

What is the term for the process whereby the removal of a stimulus after a response increases the likelihood of the response occurring again?

A)positive reinforcement
B)punishment
C)classical conditioning
D)negative reinforcement

Question 47

Imagine that an infant is shown a blue-coloured card repeatedly.If the colour of the card is now changed to green, and the infant displays increased interest, what can researchers infer?

A)The infant can perceive the difference between the two cards.
B)The infant is not able to perceive the difference between the two cards.
C)The infant prefers the green card to the blue card.
D)The infant prefers the blue card to the green card.

Question 48

Which type of learning is characterized by a new response emerging after seeing others perform that same response?

A)habituation
B)classical conditioning
C)negative reinforcement
D)observational learning

Question 49

A proud grandmother announces to her friends: "Yesterday my 7-month-old granddaughter clearly remembered a toy that she played with when she visited me three weeks ago." Based on the results of research on infant habituation and memory, is the grandmother's claim possible?

A)It is quite possible, because infants show memory for familiar events when given a cue.
B)It is possible only if her granddaughter had played with the toy for several hours.
C)It is not possible because this capability has not been demonstrated in infants before 1 year of age.
D)It is not possible, because infants at this age habituate rapidly and, as a result, forget within a few hours.

Question 50

In addition to her demonstration that 2- and 3-month-olds can learn to kick vigorously when it results in movement of a mobile, what else did Rovee-Collier demonstrate with respect the development of infant memory?

A)They can remember for a few days without a prompt and for at least 18 days with a prompt.
B)They can remember only if given a prompt, whether tested at 3, 7, or 18 days.
C)They can remember for a few days without a prompt but cannot retrieve the memory after 18 days even with a prompt.
D)They cannot remember when tested at 3 days even if given a prompt.

Question 51

Bandura maintained that observational learning has two advantages over other forms of learning.One is that a new response may be added through imitation of a model.What is a second advantage?

A)Observational learning is possible at any age, while other forms of learning are not.
B)Direct reinforcement is not needed to learn the behaviour.
C)Only positive behaviours are acquired through observational learning.
D)It eliminates the need for punishment.

Question 52

In newborns, which sense is the least like an adult's?

A)taste
B)hearing
C)vision
D)smell

Question 53

Keith uses a specialized video camera to record the eye movements of infants aged 3 to 6 months old as they are shown a variety of stimuli.After determining how long the infants gaze at each stimulus, he reports that the infants prefer bright red circles to other colours or shapes.Based on this description, which research method is Keith using?

A)preference
B)habituation
C)evoked potentials
D)differentiation of perception

Question 54

Of the following stimuli, which would be most likely to attract a neonate's visual attention?

A)a random display of red, white, and yellow disks
B)a simple pattern
C)a human face
D)a bull's-eye pattern

Question 55

What is thought to account for the failure of neonates to perceive form?

A)They have poor visual acuity.
B)They tend to focus on the internal details and ignore the boundaries of the form.
C)They visually search only a limited portion of the form.
D)They tend to focus on the entire perimeter and ignore the internal details of the form.

Question 56

Like the development of form perception, an infants' perception of depth, distance, and size constancy appears in response to specific stimuli.What is the common property of these stimuli?

A)They are stationary.
B)They rely on monocular cues.
C)They are reflexive.
D)They are in motion.

Question 57

If you were to compare the number of presentations of a stimulus before habituation occurred for a 1-month-old and a 12-month-old, what would you expect to find?

A)The younger infant would require the same number of presentations, but only in the auditory domain.
B)The younger infant would require fewer presentations.
C)The younger child would require many more presentations than the older infant.
D)The younger child would require fewer presentations than the older child, but only in the auditory domain.

Question 58

Lawrence knows that a quarter is precisely the same size regardless of whether he looks at it from far away or up close.In order to understand this concept, what aspect of visual perception has Lawrence acquired?

A)visual looming
B)size constancy
C)interposition
D)optic flow

Question 59

Clyde tells his friends that even though he travels a lot and is only home about once every two weeks, his 6-month-old son still knows him.Is Clyde right?

A)He is most likely exhibiting wishful thinking, because 6-month-old infants typically cannot remember faces for more than a day.
B)He is probably correct, because it is typical for 6-month-olds to remember faces they have been exposed to, even if they do not see them again for 2 weeks.
C)He has an exceptional son, because normally this ability does not emerge until infants are nearly 9 months of age.
D)He has an exceptional son, because normally this ability does not emerge until children are just over 12 months of age.

Question 60

According to the research of Weigelt et al.(2015), children diagnosed with which of the following showed delayed development in facial recognition, as compared to typically developing children of the same age?

A)autism
B)Down syndrome
C)failure-to-thrive
D)auditory deficits

Question 61

When can infants begin to perceive basic colours?

A)by the seventh month of pregnancy
B)at birth
C)at 3 months of age
D)at 6 months of age

Question 62

Lisette is 6, Julia is 10, and Jacqueline is 14.They were all shown pictures of two girls with common external facial contours, but different internal features such as the shape of the lips and the eyes.Based on Daphne Maurer's research, which child would you expect detect differences between the two pictures?

A)Lisette, Julia, and Jacqueline would be able to tell you that the girls were different.
B)Lisette, but not Julia or Jacqueline, would be able to tell you that the girls were different.
C)Jacqueline, but not Lisette or Julia, would be able to tell you that the girls were different.
D)Jacqueline and Julia, but not Lisette, would be able to tell you that the girls were different.

Question 63

When does sensitivity to cues about the depth, distance, and size of objects develop?

A)already present at birth
B)within the first 6 months
C)about 18-24 months of age
D)when the child starts to walk, regardless of age

Question 64

Based on the results of research studies that have used the preference method, which of the following stimuli are infants most likely to prefer?

A)familiar rather than novel
B)novel rather than familiar
C)stimuli presented to their right visual field
D)stimuli presented to their left visual field

Question 65

Which statement best characterizes the different emphases of the various models of perceptual development as presented in the textbook?

A)All place great importance on the role of maturation in perceptual development.
B)All place little importance on the role of the environment in perceptual development.
C)All vary in the importance attributed to the role of the environment in perceptual development.
D)All are consistent with respect to the role of the environment in perceptual development and differ only in the role allotted to genetic or maturational influences.

Question 66

If researchers find that experience and environmental influences are critical to perceptual learning, which theory of perceptual development is supported?

A)nativist
B)differentiation
C)enrichment
D)psychobiological

Question 67

Suppose that a child is frightened of dogs because of an experience with a dog that barked loudly and jumped on the child.Which of the following techniques involves replacing the negative association with a pleasant one?

A)shaping
B)extinction
C)habituation
D)counterconditioning

Question 68

What is the term for any event or stimulus that increases the frequency of the behaviour that it follows?

A)conditioned stimulus
B)punisher
C)reinforcer
D)unconditioned stimulus

Question 69

In Pavlov's experiment what type of stimulus or response does the sound of the bell represent over repeated trials?

A)an unconditioned stimulus
B)a conditioned stimulus
C)a conditioned response
D)an unconditioned response

Question 70

Recent studies suggest that experienced crawling infants avoid the drop-off on the visual cliff because they are increasingly aware of the affordances for balance and locomotion.What is evidence for this finding?

A)Novice walkers walk over the drop-off.
B)Novice crawlers avoid the drop-off.
C)Experienced walkers walk over the drop-off.
D)Babies just learning to sit have a strong fear response to the drop-off.

Question 71

Which statement best defines positive reinforcement?

A)The removal of a stimulus following a response increases the likelihood of the response occurring again.
B)The presentation of a stimulus following a response increases the likelihood of the response occurring again.
C)The presentation of a stimulus following a response decreases the likelihood of the response occurring again.
D)The removal of a stimulus following a response decreases the likelihood of the response occurring again.

Question 72

Nathaniel is an infant who has been exclusively breast-fed from birth.At what age would you expect that Nathaniel will first show a preference for the scent of a T-shirt or a brassiere worn by his mother?

A)less than 24 hours after birth
B)between 1 and 2 weeks of age
C)about 1 month of age
D)3 to 4 months of age

Question 73

Jana tells you that her 2-day-old daughter can visually track an object moving above her crib.Is this ability to track movement typical of all infants?

A)It is typical for a newborn, if the object is moving slowly.
B)It is not typically present before the sixth or seventh month.
C)It is not typically present in an infant less than one month old.
D)It is typical for a newborn, but only if the object is brightly coloured.

Question 74

What term refers to the use of one sensory modality to identify a stimulus that is already familiar through another modality?

A)extrasensory perception
B)intermodal perception
C)stereoptic differentiation
D)synesthesia

Question 75

Suppose that an infant habituates to a series of similar stimuli.Then a new stimulus is presented and the infant reacts with a startle response.What does the infant's response indicate regarding his or her perception of the new stimulus?

A)The infant detects that the new stimulus is different.
B)The infant learns easily, but perception is more difficult.
C)The infant's evoked potentials have been activated.
D)The infant does not detect that the new stimulus is different.

Question 76

In Fantz's looking-chamber experiment, which stimulus did very young infants prefer to gaze at?

A)a cartoon face
B)a simple light-dark pattern
C)a scrambled cartoon face
D)a brightly coloured square

Question 77

Why do grade-school children seem to learn more from social models than do younger children?

A)They are less likely to chatter and produce verbal descriptions that interfere with remembering the actions.
B)They have developed the capability for deferred imitation.
C)They have the language skills to follow instructions.
D)They are more likely to produce verbal labels to encode what they have observed.

Question 78

When do visual looming and development of size constancy occur?

A)They are present at birth.
B)They do not begin to develop until near the end of the first year of life.
C)They develop completely in the first 6 months of life.
D)They develop at different periods during the first year of life

Question 79

What does the process of perception refer to?

A)Energy from the environment is detected and transformed into neural signals.
B)Energy from the environment is selected and interpreted by the brain.
C)Stimuli from the environment are not attended to.
D)Stimuli from the environment are permanently recorded.

Question 80

Becca, a 3-month-old, is placed in a looking chamber and shown two different pictures at the same time.The researcher carefully records how long Becca looks at each picture.In this example, which method is the researcher using?

A)preference
B)habituation
C)evoked potentials
D)differentiation