Deck 17: Beyond the Family Context: Peers, Schools, and Media Technologies

Question 1

Imagine you are asked to give advice to parents of low-SES children to increase their children's scholastic success.What does the available research evidence suggest that you should encourage them to do to meet this goal?

A)become involved in school activities
B)reward their child for good grades
C)provide plenty of help with homework
D)allow their child to take full responsibility for his or her own learning

Answer 1

become involved in school activities

Question 2

Maddie is drawn to violent television programs and horror movies.Despite reassurance by her parents, she has become afraid of other people and is convinced that she may come to harm.Based on this description, how would a developmentalist account for Maddie's fear?

A)She has experienced desensitization.
B)She had experienced indoctrination.
C)She holds a socially ambiguous stereotype.
D)She holds a mean-world belief.

Answer 2

She holds a mean-world belief.

Question 3

Which of the following patterns of nominations characterizes a child who is classified as average status?

A)He or she is liked by most peers and disliked by few peers.
B)He or she is liked by a moderate number of peers and disliked by a moderate number of peers.
C)He or she is neither liked nor disliked by the peer group in general.
D)He or she is liked by same-sex peers but disliked by other-sex peers.

Answer 3

He or she is liked by a moderate number of peers and disliked by a moderate number of peers.

Question 4

Filip is watching an unfamiliar group of children play a game.He watches for a while and when he is sure he understands the game, he approaches the group saying, "This looks like a lot of fun, and you are all very good." "Would you mind if I joined in?" Based on Filip's approach, how would he best be classified?

A)average
B)popular
C)controversial
D)neglected

Question 5

At approximately what month of age do children begin to display coordinated interactions with their age-mates and to imitate one another's actions and expressions in a play situation?

A)6
B)12
C)18
D)24

Question 6

Based on research on the developmental course of preadolescent "chumships," which of the following was found to be the most important contributor to a young adult's sense of self-worth?

A)general level of peer acceptance
B)earlier friendship status
C)attachment to primary caregiver
D)total number of friends

Question 7

Zhilan is telling you about a television show that she saw.She can describe most of the things that the characters did, but she is not really sure why the characters acted the way they did.Zhilan's reporting of the television show is similar to the type of description you would expect from a child of what age?

A)6 years
B)8 years
C)10 years
D)14 years

Question 8

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately reflect statements in the text regarding infants and children and their daily average of media exposure?

A)Forty-three percent of infants under one-year-of-age access some type of mobile computer device every day.
B)Seventy-six percent of 2-year-olds access some type of mobile computer device every day.
C)Total exposure to media technology for 2- to 4-year-olds can reach as high as three hours a day.
D)Total use of media technology for 4- to 8-year-olds can reach as high as seven hours a day.

Question 9

At what point in development do children's friendships begin to be based on psychological compatibility?

A)changes in late adolescence
B)changes at about the same time that children reach puberty to allow for more opposite-sex relationships to be included under the term friendship
C)changes in late childhood as children become more interested in mutual interests
D)changes at different times for males and females, with male friendships changing earlier in childhood than those of females

Question 10

According to most developmentalists, what is the effect of interactions between children of different ages?

A)It is detrimental because of the asymmetry of status, particularly for the younger child.
B)It is stressful for most children and therefore avoided.
C)It increases prosocial and leadership skills in older children and helps younger ones to learn when to seek assistance.
D)It adds little because the experiences are redundant with sibling interactions.

Question 11

Oliver is a student who comes from a middle-class background, and he has typically done well in school up to this point.According to Good and Brophy, what type of teacher would be most likely to produce continued scholastic success for Oliver?

A)one who moves at a quick pace and insists on high standards of performance
B)one who is somewhat aloof and distant from his or her students
C)one who moves at a slow pace, and who rewards effort over achievement
D)one who is warm, encouraging, and not demanding

Question 12

According to sociometric methods, what characterizes children who are categorized as popular?

A)They are actively disliked by most of their peers.
B)They are liked by their peers and by their teachers.
C)They are neither liked nor disliked by their peers.
D)They are liked by many of their peers and disliked by many of their peers.

Question 13

Which of the following do the textbook authors argue is in part responsible for ethnic differences in school achievement?

A)lower overall ability
B)peer rejection
C)explicit negative stereotyping
D)teacher expectancy effects

Question 14

The gender segregation of children's play groups becomes more pronounced as the children grow older.What characterizes the types of groups that boys and girls form?

A)Boys tend to form packs, whereas girls tend to form pairs.
B)Boys tend to form pairs, whereas girls tend to form packs.
C)Both boys and girls tend to form packs or teams.
D)Both boys and girls tend to form pairs with one best friend.

Question 15

What is the name for the practice of integrating children with special needs into regular classrooms?

A)cooperative learning
B)integrative classroom management
C)inclusion
D)integrative curriculum

Question 16

The French philosopher Voltaire wrote that "To live well, you must live unseen." Which sociometric category of peer status does Voltaire's statement most accurately describe?

A)popular
B)neglected
C)rejected
D)controversial

Question 17

Which of the following research designs would you recommend to an elementary school teacher who wanted to assess the relationship between her students' sociometric popularity and their career success at age 25?

A)retrospective
B)case
C)ethnographic
D)prospective

Question 18

Coaching children on issues of friendship and bullying resembles which cognitive principle?

A)formal reasoning
B)theory of mind
C)private speech
D)scaffolding

Question 19

How did 15-year-old students in Canada perform out of 72 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries?

A)Their scores were significantly lower than scores of same-aged students in the United States.
B)They outperformed students in Singapore.
C)Their scores have improved substantially over time.
D)They performed very differently depending on socioeconomic status.

Question 20

Tobias comes from an economically disadvantaged background, and he has typically performed poorly in school.His parents are sensitive to his needs and wonder if a change in teaching style would be beneficial.According to Good and Brophy, what type of teacher should they look for to increase Tobias's success?

A)one who encourages competition between students
B)one who provides opportunities for the students to do independent work
C)one who is very demanding
D)one who is warm and encouraging

Question 21

Thomas and colleagues measured children's physiological responses to televised violence.They then measured the likelihood of the child seeking help when he or she heard a loud crash.Which statement best describes their findings regarding the impact of watching televised violence?

A)Physiological arousal and speed of response to seek help were decreased.
B)Physiological arousal and speed of response to seek help were increased.
C)Physiological arousal did not change, but speed of response to seek help increased.
D)Physiological arousal increased, but the child made no effort to seek help.

Question 22

Carter appears to be shy and somewhat withdrawn.He is not talkative, rarely tries to enter games with other children, and seldom calls attention to himself.Using sociometric techniques, how would you categorize Carter's peer status?

A)rejected
B)controversial
C)neglected
D)average status

Question 23

What do children have an understanding of when they know that zooming in on an object does not change the actual size of the object and when they can draw inferences from scenes that are widely separated in time?

A)form of a message
B)program content
C)hypothetical deductive reasoning
D)hypermedia

Question 24

According to sociometric methods, what characterizes children who are categorized as neglected?

A)They are actively disliked by most of their peers.
B)They are liked by their peers but disliked by their teachers.
C)They are neither liked nor disliked by their peers.
D)They are liked by many of their peers and disliked by many of their peers.

Question 25

Yael, Tarita, and Amelia are engaged in a role-playing game based on their favourite series of books.As they play, most of their time is spent discussing who will be which character, and which part of the story they will re-enact.If this development in their play is recent, how old are the girls likely to be?

A)3 to 4 years
B)5 to 6 years
C)7 to 8 years
D)10 to 12 years

Question 26

Aamaal and Kayla often assume complementary roles, such as chaser and chasee in a game of tag.If they only recently started to play together in this way, approximately what age are the girls?

A)12 months
B)18 months
C)24 months
D)36 months

Question 27

Which statement best defines the children who are categorized as media literate?

A)They are less likely to watch noneducational television programs.
B)They can interpret the form of television messages.
C)They understand how to operate across a variety of media platforms.
D)They prefer to read than to watch media.

Question 28

At approximately what month of age do children begin to offer toys and communicate verbally with their age-mates in a play situation?

A)4
B)6
C)12
D)18

Question 29

According to Howes and Matheson, what form of play are children engaging in when they display action-based role reversals in social games?

A)cooperative social pretend
B)complex social pretend
C)complementary and reciprocal
D)simple pretend

Question 30

According to sociometric methods, what characterizes children who are categorized as rejected?

A)They are liked by their peers but disliked by their teachers.
B)They are actively disliked by most of their peers.
C)They are neither liked nor disliked by their peers.
D)They are liked by many of their peers yet also disliked by many others.

Question 31

Research has shown that the aggression-instigating effects of active, violent video games are greater than those of passive program exposure to violence.However, what does research by Adachi and Willoughby suggest?

A)There is no link between violent video games and increased levels of aggression in children.
B)These effects are particularly pronounced in early elementary school and are not of concern as children get older and more cognitively mature.
C)Only sexualized content increases levels of aggression in children.
D)The competitive element to violent video games is linked to increased levels of aggression in children.

Question 32

Gavin is described as trying to dominate and control his peers.He is also described as a braggart, who is uncooperative, critical, and hypersensitive to criticism.Using sociometric techniques, how would you categorize Gavin's peer status?

A)neglected
B)antisocial
C)controversial
D)rejected-aggressive

Question 33

Talia wants her twins to be well prepared when they enter Grade 1, but she has heard conflicting evidence about the impact of educational television programs on children's cognitive development.Because you are taking a course in developmental psychology, Talia asks for your advice.Based on the evidence from the research studies reviewed in the text, what is the best information you could provide regarding the long-term effects on children who watch these types of programs?

A)They are more likely to develop problems with executive functions and will have trouble paying attention to classroom lessons.
B)They typically score lower on cognitive tests than peers who watch little or no TV.
C)They tend to be better prepared for learning when they begin formal schooling.
D)They show definite cognitive gains, but are more likely to show deficits in their socialization skills.

Question 34

Based upon longitudinal studies, what happens to close friendships from preschool through middle childhood?

A)They are relatively stable, and friendship networks tend to expand.
B)They often remain stable, but friendship networks tend to reduce in size.
C)They are generally unstable, as friendship networks tend to expand.
D)They are unstable, as friendship networks tend to reduce in size.

Question 35

What impacts the long-term success of social skills training?

A)age, with adolescents in established peer groups showing greater gains than adolescents without established peer groups
B)gender, with boys showing greater rates of improvement than girls
C)having passive, inhibited friends
D)having coercive, mistrusting parents

Question 36

One possible yardstick for measuring the role of schools in children's development is to ask if schooling promotes cognitive development.Does the research evidence support this relationship?

A)Schooling is associated with increased factual knowledge, but does not promote growth in thinking skills or metacognitive knowledge.
B)Schooling promotes both factual knowledge and growth in thinking skills and metacognitive knowledge.
C)Schooling promotes cognitive growth but tends to diminish children's social and interpersonal skills.
D)Schooling has negligible effects on cognitive growth but increases a child's interpersonal skills.

Question 37

According to research literature, which characteristic is most predictive of effective schooling?

A)prompt enforcement of rules by the classroom teacher
B)comprehensive use of ability tracking
C)a high level of financial support for the school
D)small class size

Question 38

Suppose that a teacher tells you that "When I am teaching a lesson, some students learn through independent discovery projects, some students learn via anecdotal stories, and some students learn through collaborative group projects." Which educational principle is emphasized by this approach?

A)representational insight
B)aptitude-treatment interaction
C)Vygotskian scaffolding
D)heteronomous morality

Question 39

According to Parten, when children share toys and swap materials, but do not cooperate to achieve shared goals, which form of play are they engaging in?

A)associative
B)simple pretend
C)parallel
D)onlooker

Question 40

In comparison to Parten, what did Howes and Matheson focus on in their classification of play?

A)social complexity rather than cognitive complexity.
B)complex social behaviours rather than simple social behaviours
C)cognitive complexity rather than social complexity
D)play that was not classified as pretend or fantasy play

Question 41

Beginning with the simplest form, which of the following gives the correct developmental sequence of play complexity during the preschool period?

A)parallel play/associative play/cooperative play
B)associative play/parallel play/cooperative play
C)cooperative play/associative play/parallel play
D)associative play/cooperative play/parallel play

Question 42

What conclusion can be drawn from research on the impact of Sesame Street on intellectual and academic measures as a result of regular viewing of the program?

A)It has benefited only already advantaged children.
B)It has benefited only moderately disadvantaged children.
C)It has widened the intellectual and academic gap between advantaged and disadvantaged children.
D)It has narrowed the intellectual and academic gap between advantaged and disadvantaged children.

Question 43

How do students from cultures that stress cooperative and collaborative approaches to learning perform in school?

A)They excel in the traditional classroom.
B)They spend more time seeking the attention of peers.
C)They spend more time seeking the attention of the teacher.
D)They struggle with group work.

Question 44

There is ample research evidence for a strong positive correlation between the amount of televised and video violence that is viewed and overt aggressive behaviour in children.Based on these findings, which of the following is the most accurate conclusion?

A)Viewing televised and video violence causes children to behave more aggressively.
B)The amount of televised and video violence predicts the likelihood of aggressive behaviour.
C)Viewing televised and video violence has no further effect on those children who are inherently aggressive.
D)Regardless of the content, children who behave aggressively watch more television and play more video games than do nonaggressive children.

Question 45

Which function do childhood friendships NOT serve?

A)helping children form more secure attachments with their family members
B)providing a sense of social support and security
C)contributing to the growth of social problem-solving skills
D)providing the foundations for later intimate love relationships

Question 46

Valentia sees an unfamiliar group of girls playing jump rope on the sidewalk.She rushes over and tells them she knows a much better way to jump rope, and tells them she will show them how to jump her way.Based on Valentia's approach, how would Valentia best be classified?

A)average
B)popular
C)controversial
D)rejected

Question 47

Which of the following best captures the view of most developmentalists regarding peer contacts?

A)They play no special role in children's development.
B)They are a source of pressure that can interfere with cognitive development.
C)They are stressful because of unfavourable social and skill-level comparisons.
D)They are important because they are more equal status than adult-child contacts.

Question 48

Which of the following is an educational strategy that fosters greater acceptance of children with special needs by their school mates?

A)cooperative learning teams that encourage students to assist each other
B)competitive classroom settings that challenge all students and reward individual accomplishments
C)open classroom designs
D)separate classrooms

Question 49

Which of the following statements is accurate with regard to the presence of siblings in the lives of children?

A)Younger siblings are more conscientious than older siblings.
B)Intelligence decreases slightly from older to younger siblings.
C)Two-year-old children are more influenced by a parent than a sibling when choosing whether to play with a toy.
D)Older siblings are more extraverted than younger siblings.

Question 50

In comparison to the data regarding the influence of televised violence, what conclusions can be drawn from the preliminary evidence regarding the impact of violent content in video games?

A)Games have very little impact, because they are interactive, rather than passive.
B)Games have a negligible impact, because children understand that the games do not represent real-life situations.
C)Games cultivate aggressive habits in much the same way as televised violence does, but the competitive aspect of games adds an additional element for increased risk.
D)Games are less harmful, because children are more likely to identify with the hero or heroine, rather than with the aggressor.

Question 51

According to recent research, which statement best summarizes the conclusions regarding the overall effect on developing children of introducing computers into the classroom?

A)Computer-assisted learning fosters creativity and the development of metacognitive skills.
B)Heavy computer usage promotes isolation and disrupts peer relations, regardless of where it takes place.
C)Children who are initially fascinated with the use of computers for academic subjects quickly become bored without the social atmosphere of the typical classroom.
D)Children who use computers for learning are most frequently the ones who have social adjustment problems.

Question 52

Kit comes from a low-SES family.Both of his parents dropped out of high school, and neither can read well.From the time he was less than a year old, his father tried to find educational programming on television and watched with him whenever he could.Based on what you have learned, what effect will his experiences with his father and television have on Kit's behaviour?

A)He will probably show significant cognitive benefits.
B)He will become bored by the shows before he is old enough to gain any benefits.
C)He will show little cognitive gains, given his overall family circumstances.
D)He will have difficulty in sustaining focused attention when he finally enters school.

Question 53

Dakota, Blake, and Anisa are engaged in a role-playing game based on their favourite TV show.As they play, most of their time is spent discussing who will be which character, and which episode will be re-enacted.Based on this description, how would you categorize their play behaviour?

A)as cooperative social pretend
B)as simple pretend
C)as complex social pretend
D)as complementary and reciprocal

Question 54

Based on current research evidence, which statement best describes adult and peer influences on adolescent socialization?

A)They exert opposing pressures.
B)There is an additive influence because peers and parents typically advocate the same behaviours.
C)They are interactive forces working together to contribute to development.
D)They are equal but unrelated influences.

Question 55

Which of the following consequences is NOT associated with higher amounts of television viewing and use of screen technologies in children?

A)poor diet and limited exercise
B)a higher risk for future obesity
C)exposure to inappropriate adult content
D)lowered risk for anxiety and depression

Question 56

Which of the following is an example that best characterizes the term media literacy?

A)constructing a storyline from the activities of characters
B)ignoring commercial messages when viewing a program
C)understanding symbols
D)reading and interpreting information provided about the media (i.e., game or program)

Question 57

Tamera and Eugene are both 6 years old, and they live next door to each other.When the two children play, Tamera is very directive, and she always insists on doing things her way.According to developmentalists, would Tamera and Eugene be considered peers?

A)No, because they are not the same sex.
B)No, because they don't appear to be operating as social equals.
C)Yes, because they are the same age.
D)Yes, because they live in the same neighbourhood.

Question 58

Ethan and Daris are best friends.If both boys are younger than 8 years of age, what is the principal basis for friendship?

A)common cultural backgrounds
B)similarity of cognitive reasoning skills
C)common activities
D)reciprocal emotional responses to conflict

Question 59

What did reviews of research on effective schools lead Rutter and others to conclude?

A)Effective schools are highly eclectic, and there are no consistent patterns regarding teaching or administration, except the enforcement of strict discipline.
B)Effective schools have an academic emphasis, good classroom management of time and atmosphere, firm discipline, and teachers who work as a team.
C)Effective classrooms exist and are dependent on the skills of the individual teacher, but no school has been identified as more effective than others.
D)Effective schools are better funded, have small classes, use open classroom structure, and track students according to ability.

Question 60

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding children's compelling need to remain "connected"?

A)Internet addiction is a recognized disorder in the DSM-5.
B)The compulsion to constantly check messages and to be connected reduces anxiety and depression.
C)Thirty-nine percent of children and young adolescents sleep with their phones.
D)Children diagnosed with ADHD show reduced symptoms given the distraction of remaining connected.

Question 61

Which of the examples below is an accurate example of a video deficit?

A)Young children are able to discriminate between pretend cartoon characters and real-life characters.
B)Toddlers learn more from watching models in media than from face-to-face interactions with a person.
C)Children under 4-years-old believe that realistic characters retain their roles and characteristics in real life.
D)Ten-year-olds recognize a character's deceptive intent and evaluate him negatively.

Question 62

In comparison to children who rarely view Sesame Street, what characterizes children who are heavy viewers of this program?

A)They show insecure attachments.
B)They are bored by other television shows.
C)They show meaningful cognitive gains.
D)They are often rated as gifted by their teachers.

Question 63

According to Parten, when children play side by side and do not try to influence the behaviour of each other, which form of play are they engaging in?

A)simple pretend
B)parallel
C)associative
D)onlooker

Question 64

What has been found to be the impact of television on children's lives?

A)negative in almost all measures of development
B)positive in the areas of family relations and academic achievement
C)less uniformly negative than many critics have claimed
D)positive on almost all measures of development

Question 65

What is the principal basis for friendship for children between the ages of 8 and 10 years?

A)common cultural background
B)common activity
C)reciprocal emotional commitments
D)psychological similarity

Question 66

What do we call a person's ability to understand how information is conveyed and presented through symbols such as pictures, images, and sequenced film?

A)media cognition
B)observational learning through media
C)technological exposure
D)media literacy

Question 67

Suppose you conduct a research study in which you show children of various ages an hour-long television show about a crime.The show features a female character who is initially very helpful and friendly toward the police.Later, it becomes evident that her behaviour was deceitful because she had committed the crime.Some of your participants recognize that her friendliness was an intent to deceive, and some do not.Based on current research evidence, how old are the children who recognized her deceptive intent?

A)5 or 6 years
B)7 or 8 years
C)10 or 11 years
D)15 or 16 years

Question 68

In which circumstance has research shown that access to technology is associated with learning gains such in literacy, reading, science, and math?

A)when well-designed, pedagogically appropriate software is used
B)when individualized instruction is book based
C)when parents do not interfere with the child's media use
D)when computer-supported instruction is presented as a stand-alone activity

Question 69

What does research data suggest about students being prevented from moving forward a grade ("holding back") or being allowed to jump forward a grade ("skipping")?

A)Allowing a child to jump a grade is beneficial, but holding a child back is not.
B)In both cases there is a social cost of removing children from age-matched peers, and that cost outweighs any academic benefit.
C)In both cases individual education plans removed necessary supports and created additional confusion for the child.
D)Holding a child back a grade can be effective if the child is mature for his/her age.

Question 70

Bandar is socially awkward and displays many immature behaviours.He seems to be insensitive to peer group expectations, although he understands most of the other children in his class do not like him.Using sociometric techniques, how would you categorize Bandar's peer status?

A)rejected-withdrawn
B)antisocial
C)controversial
D)rejected-aggressive

Question 71

Which of the following could be a slogan of the educational principle known as aptitude-treatment interaction?

A)"Tailor the teaching to match the student."
B)"One size fits all."
C)"The nail that sticks up will get hammered down."
D)"To live well, you must live unseen."

Question 72

According to Rutter and other researchers, which factor has been found to be highly predictive of "effective" schools?

A)higher levels of monetary support
B)a clear focus on academic goals
C)the introduction of ability tracking
D)the use of an "open" classroom design

Question 73

During which phase of development do peer pressures to conform have the most impact?

A)early childhood
B)middle childhood
C)early adolescence
D)late adolescence

Question 74

Which of the following did Rutter and others find to be most characteristic of ineffective schools?

A)Academic emphasis is strong.
B)Discipline is strict and typically administered by the principal.
C)Administrators provide strong leadership that encourages teamwork among teachers.
D)Teachers assign regular homework and provide feedback.

Question 75

Which of the following is the most accurate generalization about the extent to which media technologies are part of an average Canadian child's life?

A)The time spent in school far outranks the amount of time children are exposed to media technologies.
B)Although media technology is a part of most children's lives, most children average only 30-60 minutes of viewing each day.
C)Next to sleeping, exposure to media technology is the most prevalent activity in the average child's life.
D)During the peak viewing years, children average six hours of program viewing daily.

Question 76

What does research indicate about use of the Internet at home?

A)Use leads to an over-dependency on outside sources for information.
B)Use facilitates academic performance.
C)Use is detrimental if chat platforms are used prior to age 5-years-old.
D)Use is instrumental in facilitating creativity.

Question 77

According to research evidence, what is most effective in promoting academic achievement among underachieving minority students?

A)Directly teach children and parents the importance of learning about the language and culture of the majority.
B)Routinely pass underachieving children during the elementary years so they will not get discouraged and drop out of school.
C)Place underachieving children in the lower-ability track so they will be challenged at their level and not be frustrated.
D)Encourage parents to become active participants in their child's academic and other school-related activities.

Question 78

Adam thinks that he is popular because he easily takes over the games of other children and they comply with him.Adam is greatly disliked by nearly all his peers.Using sociometric techniques, how would you categorize Adam's peer status?

A)rejected-aggressive
B)rejected-withdrawn
C)neglected
D)controversial

Question 79

Samkelo's class was asked to nominate those children they liked best and those they liked least.Samkelo was nominated consistently as one of the children liked the best, and he rarely received negative nominations.Using sociometric techniques, how would you categorize Samkelo's peer status?

A)average
B)controversial
C)rejected
D)popular

Question 80

Omar and Yusuf are brothers and they constantly seek control over the remote for the TV.Omar prefers crime dramas and Yusuf prefers situation comedies.As the boys walk to school one day, they witness one of their classmates being attacked by an older child.According to research on desensitization effects, how will Omar react to this situation?

A)He will attack the older child and ask Yusuf to help him.
B)He will not react at all, but Yusuf may intervene.
C)He will be quicker to seek help for the victim than Yusuf.
D)He will react with panic and fear that the attacker will turn on both him and Yusuf.